scholarly journals Effect of Using Coolant on the Formation of Microcracks, Burr and Delamination in Bone Drilling Process

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-26
Author(s):  
Rusnaldy Rusnaldy ◽  
Pratama Eka Putra Sijabat ◽  
Paryanto Paryanto ◽  
Toni Prahasto
Keyword(s):  
Cortical Bone ◽  
Bone Microstructure ◽  
Initial Position ◽  
Burr Formation ◽  
Drilling Process ◽  
Bone Drilling ◽  
Screw Insertion ◽  
Bone Surgery ◽  
Drilling Temperature ◽  
The Stability

Direct approach for bone fracture treatment usually involves restoring the fractured parts to their initial position and immobilizing them with plates, screws and wires. This approach needs a bone surgery drilling to produce hole for screw insertion. But this drilling process causes mechanical damages, i.e microcracks, burr formation and delamination, that can reduce the stability of the fixation. One of the ways to minimize it is by using coolant. Moreover, it is noted that bone has anisotropic microstucture. The object of this study is to understand the effect of coolant on mechanical damages that occur in bone drilling and to understand the effect of microstructure difference on microcracks that occur in the drilled walls holes. Adult bovine bones and adult goat bones were used in this study as the specimens to represent differences in cortical bone microstructure. Five consecutive holes from the distal to the proximal in each specimen were generated using manual hand-drill (spindle speed (n) = 1000 rpm; drill bit (d) = 4 mm diameter) with the use of coolant as variation. The drilling holes then stained and observed using a microscope. As the result, it was found that the use of coolant can significantly reduce the drilling temperature. Microcracks, burr formation and delamination were found to be quite large in the drilling holes without coolant. However, there is no microcrack found in the drilling holes with coolant, there is only a small number of burr formation was found. In addition, it was found that the differences in bone microstructure affect the number and length of microcracks that occur in the wall of the hole. It can be concluded from this study that the application of coolant is very effective to reduce the drilling temperature and enhancing the quality of the hole generated by bone drilling and the higher the density of osteon in cortical bone, the easier the microcrack to initiate and propagate.

Effect of Diamond Coating on Drilling Force and Temperature during High Speed Micro Drilling of Bone

2016 ◽  
Vol 1136 ◽  
pp. 239-244
Author(s):  
Zi Han Zhao ◽  
Liang Wen ◽  
Jin Bang Song ◽  
De Dong Yu ◽  
Ming Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
Drilling Process ◽  
Diamond Coating ◽  
Bone Drilling ◽  
Drilling Force ◽  
Drilling Temperature ◽  
High Speed Drilling ◽  
Development Direction ◽  
Micro Drilling ◽  
Huge Impact

Bone drilling commonly exists in clinical practice and the heat and force generated by the drilling process has a huge impact on the surgery effect and the recovery of patients. High speed drilling, proved to have less injury and be more efficient when compared to the traditional low speed drilling, is considered to be the development direction of bone drilling-related surgeries. In order to make a further study of the controlling of the heat and force during the bone drilling process, the experiment designed to examine the influence of the diamond coating has been conducted and the result indicates that the diamond coating generally has little influence on the drilling force, however, it can increase the drilling temperature to a certain extent which indicates that the diamond coating is not suitable to apply to bone drills under the conditions of the conducted experiments. The result of this research could be of some help to the development of new kinds of medical drills.

Modeling of Temperature in Orthopaedic Drilling Using Fuzzy Logic

2012 ◽  
Vol 249-250 ◽  
pp. 1313-1318 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rupesh Kumar Pandey ◽  
S.S. Panda
Keyword(s):  
Plastic Deformation ◽  
Fuzzy Logic ◽  
Orthopaedic Surgery ◽  
Fuzzy Model ◽  
Bone Drilling ◽  
Common Procedure ◽  
Screw Insertion ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Experimental Values ◽  
Good Agreement

Bone drilling is a common procedure to produce hole for screw insertion to fixate the fracture devices and implants during orthopaedic surgery. A major problem which is encountered during such a procedure is the increase in temperature of the bone due to the plastic deformation of chips and the friction between the bone and drill. This increase in temperature can result in thermal osteonecrosis which may delay healing or reduce the stability and strength of the fixation. In the present work, prediction of temperature in drilling of polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) (as a substitute for bone) is carried out using fuzzy logic. The effectiveness of the fuzzy model is compared with the experimental results. Good agreement is observed between the predictive model values and experimental values which indicates that that the developed model can be effectively used to determine the temperature in the bone drilling.

Pullout Strength of Screws in Foal Third Metacarpal Bone after Overdrilling a 4.5 mm Hole

1998 ◽  
Vol 11 (04) ◽  
pp. 200-204 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Kelly ◽  
G. S. Martin ◽  
D. J. Burba ◽  
S. A. Sedrish ◽  
R. M. Moore
Keyword(s):  
Cortical Bone ◽  
Metacarpal Bone ◽  
Pullout Strength ◽  
Cancellous Screw ◽  
Bone Screw ◽  
Screw Insertion ◽  
Holding Power ◽  
Cortical Screw ◽  
Metaphyseal Bone

SummaryThe purpose of the study was to determine and to compare the in vitro pullout strength of 5.5 mm cortical versus 6.5 mm cancellous bone screws inserted in the diaphysis and metaphysis of foal third metacarpal (MCIII) bones in threaded 4.5 mm cortical bone screw insertion holes that were then overdrilled with a 4.5 mm drill bit. This information is relevant to the selection of a replacement screw if a 4.5 mm cortical screw is stripped during orthopaedic surgery. In vitro pullout tests were performed in two independent cadaver studies, each consisting of 12 foal MCIII bones. Two 4.5 mm cortical screws were placed either in the mid-diaphysis (study 1) or distal metaphysis (study 2) of MCIII bones. The holes were then overdrilled with a 4.5 mm bit and had either a 5.5 mm cortical or a 6.5 mm cancellous screw inserted; screw pullout tests were performed at a rate of 0.04 mm/s until screw or bone failure occurred.The bone failed in all of the tests in the diaphyseal and metaphyseal bone. The holding power for 6.5 mm cancellous screws was significantly (p <0.05) greater than for 5.5 mm cortical screws in both the diaphysis and metaphysis. There was not any difference in the holding power of screws in either the diaphysis or the metaphysis between proximal and distal screw holes.If a 4.5 mm cortical bone screw strips in MCIII diaphyseal or metaphyseal bone of foals, a 6.5 mm cancellous screw would provide greater holding power than a 5.5 mm cortical screw.In order to provide information regarding selection of a replacement screw if a 4.5 mm cortical screw is stripped, the in vitro pullout strength was determined for 5.5 mm cortical and 6.5 mm cancellous screws inserted in third metacarpal diaphyseal and metaphyseal bone of foals in which threaded 4.5 mm cortical bone screw insertion holes had been overdrilled with a 4.5 mm bit. The holding power of the 6.5 mm cancellous screw was significantly greater than the 5.5 mm cortical screw in both the diaphysis and metaphysis of foal third metacarpal bone. Thus, it appears that if a 4.5 mm cortical screw is stripped during orthopaedic surgery in foals, a 6.5 mm cancellous screw would provide superior holding power.

Cortical bone drilling: A time series experimental analysis of thermal characteristics

2021 ◽  
Vol 64 ◽  
pp. 606-619
Author(s):  
Shihao Li ◽  
Liming Shu ◽  
Toru Kizaki ◽  
Wei Bai ◽  
Makoto Terashima ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Cortical Bone ◽  
Experimental Analysis ◽  
Thermal Characteristics ◽  
Bone Drilling

Depth of vertebral screw insertion using a cortical bone trajectory technique in lumbar spinal fusion: radiological significance of a long cortical bone trajectory

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Keitaro Matsukawa ◽  
Yoshihide Yanai ◽  
Kanehiro Fujiyoshi ◽  
Takashi Kato ◽  
Yoshiyuki Yato
Keyword(s):  
Cortical Bone ◽  
Vertebral Body ◽  
Screw Loosening ◽  
Lumbar Spinal Fusion ◽  
Insertion Depth ◽  
Cortical Bone Trajectory ◽  
Screw Insertion ◽  
Bone Fusion ◽  
Screw Length ◽  
Lumbar Spinal

OBJECTIVE Contrary to original cortical bone trajectory (CBT), “long CBT” directed more anteriorly in the vertebral body has recently been recommended because of improved screw fixation and load sharing within the vertebra. However, to the authors’ knowledge there has been no report on the clinical significance of the screw length and screw insertion depth used with the long CBT technique. The aim of the present study was to investigate the influence of the screw insertion depth in the vertebra on lumbar spinal fusion using the CBT technique. METHODS A total of 101 consecutive patients with L4 degenerative spondylolisthesis who underwent single-level posterior lumbar interbody fusion at L4–5 using the CBT technique were included (mean follow-up 32.9 months). Screw loosening and bone fusion were radiologically assessed to clarify the factors contributing to these outcomes. Investigated factors were as follows: 1) age, 2) sex, 3) body mass index, 4) bone mineral density, 5) intervertebral mobility, 6) screw diameter, 7) screw length, 8) depth of the screw in the vertebral body (%depth), 9) facetectomy, 10) crosslink connector, and 11) cage material. RESULTS The incidence of screw loosening was 3.1% and bone fusion was achieved in 91.7% of patients. There was no significant factor affecting screw loosening. The %depth in the group with bone fusion [fusion (+)] was significantly higher than that in the group without bone fusion [fusion (−)] (50.3% ± 8.2% vs 37.0% ± 9.5%, respectively; p = 0.001), and multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that %depth was a significant independent predictor of bone fusion. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis identified %depth > 39.2% as a predictor of bone fusion (sensitivity 90.9%, specificity 75.0%). CONCLUSIONS This study is, to the authors’ knowledge, the first to investigate the significance of the screw insertion depth using the CBT technique. The cutoff value of the screw insertion depth in the vertebral body for achieving bone fusion was 39.2%.

Investigation, sensitivity analysis, and multi-objective optimization of effective parameters on temperature and force in robotic drilling cortical bone

2017 ◽  
Vol 231 (11) ◽  
pp. 1012-1024 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vahid Tahmasbi ◽  
Majid Ghoreishi ◽  
Mojtaba Zolfaghari
Keyword(s):  
Sensitivity Analysis ◽  
Feed Rate ◽  
Process Temperature ◽  
Drilling Process ◽  
Drilling Speed ◽  
Multi Objective Optimization ◽  
Bone Drilling ◽  
Multi Objective ◽  
Tool Diameter ◽  
First Time

The bone drilling process is very prominent in orthopedic surgeries and in the repair of bone fractures. It is also very common in dentistry and bone sampling operations. Due to the complexity of bone and the sensitivity of the process, bone drilling is one of the most important and sensitive processes in biomedical engineering. Orthopedic surgeries can be improved using robotic systems and mechatronic tools. The most crucial problem during drilling is an unwanted increase in process temperature (higher than 47 °C), which causes thermal osteonecrosis or cell death and local burning of the bone tissue. Moreover, imposing higher forces to the bone may lead to breaking or cracking and consequently cause serious damage. In this study, a mathematical second-order linear regression model as a function of tool drilling speed, feed rate, tool diameter, and their effective interactions is introduced to predict temperature and force during the bone drilling process. This model can determine the maximum speed of surgery that remains within an acceptable temperature range. Moreover, for the first time, using designed experiments, the bone drilling process was modeled, and the drilling speed, feed rate, and tool diameter were optimized. Then, using response surface methodology and applying a multi-objective optimization, drilling force was minimized to sustain an acceptable temperature range without damaging the bone or the surrounding tissue. In addition, for the first time, Sobol statistical sensitivity analysis is used to ascertain the effect of process input parameters on process temperature and force. The results show that among all effective input parameters, tool rotational speed, feed rate, and tool diameter have the highest influence on process temperature and force, respectively. The behavior of each output parameters with variation in each input parameter is further investigated. Finally, a multi-objective optimization has been performed considering all the aforementioned parameters. This optimization yielded a set of data that can considerably improve orthopedic osteosynthesis outcomes.

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