scholarly journals The Effectivity of Thymus vulgaris Extract on IL-1 Level and Bacterial Count in The Heart of Balb-c Mice Infected with MRSA

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 105-110
Author(s):  
Galuh Yulieta Nitihapsari ◽  
Helmia Farida ◽  
Muchlis Achsan Udji Sofro
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Immune Response ◽  
Treatment Group ◽  
Negative Correlation ◽  
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Bacterial Count ◽  
Thymus Vulgaris ◽  
Natural Substances ◽  
Mrsa Infection ◽  
Weak Negative Correlation

Background: The increasing phenomenon resistance of bacteria to various types of antibiotics, for example MRSA (Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus) became a serious problem. Over the last few decades S. aureus has become the dominant cause of endocarditis. MRSA data in Indonesia are still rarely reported. This has led to the importance of extracting natural substances that have anti-bacterial effects or that modulate immune response such as Thymus vulgaris (TV). It was hypothesized that TV can overcome MRSA infection by increasing IL-1, which is the initial cytokine in a natural immune response stimulated by the presence of S. aureus. Objective: This study was to investigate the effect of Thymus vulgaris extract on IL-1 and bacterial counts in the heart of balb-c mice infected with MRSA. Methods: There were 30 male Balb-c mice randomly divided into six groups. Group K (mice infected with MRSA without treatment),P1(mice treated with TV extract 7 days later infected with MRSA), P2(mice infected and treated with vancomycin), P3(mice infected and treated with TV+vancomycin extract), P4(mice infected and treated with amoxicillin), and P5 (mice infected and treated with TV extract+amoxicillin). IL-1 and bacterial count was assessed by ELISA and microbiological culture. Results: The result showed that there was a significant increase in IL-1 between groups (p=0.001).The median decrease in the bacterial count in the heart was 0 in almost treatment group except for P4 group which its median was 26.000 (p=0.161). The correlation between IL-1 levels and MRSA count in the heart had a weak negative correlation (r=-0.182). Conclusion: Thymus vulgaris extract was effective to  increase IL-1 levels significantly but was not proven to decrease MRSA count in the heart of balb-c mice.

scholarly journals Rifampicin fails to eradicate mature biofilm formed by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

2012 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 471-474 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keli Cristine Reiter ◽  
Gustavo Enck Sambrano ◽  
Bárbara Villa ◽  
Thiago Galvão da Silva Paim ◽  
Caio Fernando de Oliveira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Molecular Size ◽  
Bacterial Count ◽  
Minimal Bactericidal Concentration ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Infection Treatment ◽  
Mrsa Infection ◽  
Count Recovery

INTRODUCTION: Antimicrobial activity on biofilms depends on their molecular size, positive charges, permeability coefficient, and bactericidal activity. Vancomycin is the primary choice for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection treatment; rifampicin has interesting antibiofilm properties, but its effectivity remains poorly defined. METHODS: Rifampicin activity alone and in combination with vancomycin against biofilm-forming MRSA was investigated, using a twofold serial broth microtiter method, biofilm challenge, and bacterial count recovery. RESULTS: Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration for vancomycin and rifampicin ranged from 0.5 to 1mg/l and 0.008 to 4mg/l, and from 1 to 4mg/l and 0.06 to 32mg/l, respectively. Mature biofilms were submitted to rifampicin and vancomycin exposure, and minimum biofilm eradication concentration ranged from 64 to 32,000 folds and from 32 to 512 folds higher than those for planktonic cells, respectively. Vancomycin (15mg/l) in combination with rifampicin at 6 dilutions higher each isolate MIC did not reach in vitro biofilm eradication but showed biofilm inhibitory capacity (1.43 and 0.56log10 CFU/ml reduction for weak and strong biofilm producers, respectively; p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: In our setting, rifampicin alone failed to effectively kill biofilm-forming MRSA, demonstrating stronger inability to eradicate mature biofilm compared with vancomycin.

scholarly journals The Effects of Thyme on IL-6 Level and the Bacterial Count in the Brain and Spleen of Mice Infected by Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)

2020 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Lisayani Prasetyowati ◽  
Muchlis Achsan Adji Sofro ◽  
Helmia Farida ◽  
Galuh Yulieta
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Bacterial Resistance ◽  
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Bacterial Count ◽  
Thymus Vulgaris ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Microbial Count ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Post Test ◽  
The Brain

<p>The extensive and irrational use of antibiotics causes resistance problems such as Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Widespread bacterial resistance to the existing antibiotics promotes the importance of discovering antibacterial sources or modulating the immune response from natural ingredients. This study aimed to reveal the potential of thyme (Thymus vulgaris) extract in reducing IL-6 level and MRSA bacterial count in the brain and spleen of Balb c mice infected by MRSA. The design of this study was a randomized post-test control group. This study used 30 male BALB/c mice infected by MRSA and randomly divided into six groups. Measurement of IL-6 level was carried out using ELISA. The MRSA count was done by assessing the number of CFU per gram of tissue. There were no bacteria in the spleen tissue of all the groups. The IL-6 level in BALB/c mice infected with MRSA and treated with Thymus vulgaris was higher compared to those without Thymus vulgaris (p&lt;0,005). The greatest decrease in microbial count in the brain was among groups that were given the combination of thyme and amoxicillin. Thymus vulgaris extract can elevate the antibacterial effectiveness of amoxicillin. </p>

scholarly journals PENGARUH EKSTRAK THYME (Thymus vulgaris) TERHADAP IL-6 DAN HITUNG KUMAN PADA HEPAR MENCIT Balb-c YANG DIINFEKSI METHICILLIN RESISTANT Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 159
Author(s):  
Galuh Yulieta Nitihapsari ◽  
Lisayani Lisayani ◽  
Helmia Farida ◽  
Muchlis Achsan Udji Sofro
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Bacterial Count ◽  
T Test ◽  
Thymus Vulgaris ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Control Group Design ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Group Design ◽  
Post Test

Meningkatnya fenomena resistensi bakteri, yaitu Metisilin-Resisten Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), mendorong pentingnya penggalian bahan alam yang memiliki efek antibakteri atau yang memodulasi respon imun. Thymus vulgaris (TV) atau herba timi diketahui memiliki efek antimikroba dan immunomodulator, sehingga diharapkan dapat mengatasi infeksi MRSA melalui peningkatan sitokin IL-6. Efek ekstrak Thymus vulgaris terhadap IL-6 dan hitung kuman pada hepar mencit balb-c yang diinfeksi MRSA diuji pada penelitian ini. Desain penelitian adalah post test only control group design. Populasi studi menggunakan 30 ekor mencit balb-c jantan yang diinfeksi MRSA dan dibagi secara acak dalam enam kelompok. Kelompok penelitian dibagi menjadi enam, yaitu kelompok K1 (mencit diinfeksi MRSA tanpa diterapi), P1 (mencit diterapi ekstrak Thymus vulgaris, 7 hari kemudian diinfeksi MRSA), K2 (mencit diinfeksi dan diterapi vankomisin), P2 (mencit diinfeksi dan diterapi ekstrak TV + vankomisin), K3 (mencit diinfeksi dan diterapi amoksisilin), dan P3 (mencit diinfeksi dan diterapi ekstrak TV + amoksisilin). IL-6 diukur dengan ELISA, hitung kuman dinilai dengan kultur mikrobiologi. Data dianalisis dan diolah menggunakan uji hipotesis dengan uji t-test independent program SPSS 22.0. Hasilnya ditemukan kadar IL-6 yang tidak bermakna antara kelompok K1-P1 (p>0,05), K2-P2 (p>0,05), dan K3-P3 (p>0,05). Penurunan hitung kuman bermakna pada kelompok K1-P1 (p<0,05), tidak bermakna pada K2-P2 (p>0,05) dan K3-P3 (p>0,05). Kadar IL-6 dengan penurunan hitung kuman MRSA di hepar memiliki korelasi positif yang sangat lemah (r=0,086). Ekstrak Thymus vulgaris terbukti efektif dalam menurunkan hitung kuman MRSA pada kelompok yang tidak mendapatkan antibiotik tetapi tidak terbukti meningkatkan kadar IL-6.       The increasing phenomenon of bacterial resistance, namely Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), encourages the importance of extracting natural substances that have anti-bacterial effects or which modulate immune responses. Thymus vulgaris (TV) or herbal thyme is known to have antimicrobial and immunomodulatory effects, so it is expected to overcome MRSA infection through increased IL-6 cytokines. The effect of Thymus vulgaris extract on IL-6, and bacterial counts on the liver of balb-c mice infected by MRSA tested in this study. The study design was Post-test only control group design. The population of the study was used 30 male balb-c mice infected with MRSA and randomly divided into six groups. The study group divided into 6 groups; K1 group (mice infected by MRSA without being treated), P1 (mice treated with Thymus vulgaris extract 7 days later infected with MRSA), K2 (mice infected and treated with vancomycin), P2 (mice infected and treated with TV + vancomycin extract), K3 (mice infected and treated with amoxicillin), and P3 (mice infected and treated with TV + amoxicillin extract). IL-6 was measured by ELISA, the bacterial count was assessed by microbiological culture. Data were analyzed and processed using hypothesis testing with an independent t-test program SPSS 22.0. The results showed that IL-6 levels were not significant between groups K1- P1 (p > 0.05), K2-P2 (p >0.05), and K3-P3 (p>0.05). The decrease in bacterial count was significant in the K1-P1 group (p< 0.05), not significant in K2-P2 (p>0.05) and K3-P3 (p>0.05). The level of IL-6 with a decrease in MRSA count in the liver has a very weak positive correlation (r = 0.086). Thymus vulgaris extract was proven to be effective in reducing MRSA counts in groups that did not get antibiotics but were not proven to increase IL-6 levels

scholarly journals Ceftobiprole Is Superior to Vancomycin, Daptomycin, and Linezolid for Treatment of Experimental Endocarditis in Rabbits Caused by Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus

2009 ◽  
Vol 54 (2) ◽  
pp. 610-613 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Tattevin ◽  
L. Basuino ◽  
D. Bauer ◽  
B. A. Diep ◽  
H. F. Chambers
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Treatment Group ◽  
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Methicillin Resistance ◽  
Rabbit Model ◽  
Laboratory Strain ◽  
Penicillin Binding Protein ◽  
Beta Lactam ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
High Affinity

ABSTRACT Beta lactam agents are the most active drugs for the treatment of streptococci and methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis. However, methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) is resistant to all beta lactam agents licensed to date, and alternative treatments are limited. Ceftobiprole is a novel broad-spectrum cephalosporin that binds with high affinity to PBP 2a, the penicillin binding protein that mediates the methicillin resistance of staphylococci and is active against MRSA. Ceftobiprole was compared to vancomycin, daptomycin, and linezolid in a rabbit model of MRSA aortic valve endocarditis caused by the homogeneously methicillin-resistant laboratory strain COL. Residual organisms in vegetations were significantly fewer in ceftobiprole-treated rabbits than in any other treatment group (P < 0.05 for each comparison). In addition, the numbers of organisms in spleens and in kidneys were significantly lower in ceftobiprole-treated rabbits than in linezolid- and vancomycin-treated animals (P < 0.05 for each comparison). Anti-MRSA beta lactam agents such as ceftobiprole may represent a significant therapeutic advance over currently available agents for the treatment of MRSA endocarditis.

scholarly journals Utility of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Nares Screening in Hospitalized Children with Acute Infectious Disease Syndromes

Antibiotics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 1434
Author(s):  
Ashley Sands ◽  
Nicole Mulvey ◽  
Denise Iacono ◽  
Jane Cerise ◽  
Stefan H. F. Hagmann
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Hospitalized Children ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Osteoarticular Infections ◽  
Clinical Culture ◽  
Acute Infectious Disease ◽  
Mrsa Infection ◽  
Age Range ◽  
Mrsa Colonization

Studies in adults support the use of a negative methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) nares screening (MNS) to help limit empiric anti-MRSA antibiotic therapy. We aimed to evaluate the use of MNS for anti-MRSA antibiotic de-escalation in hospitalized children (<18 years). Records of patients admitted between 1 January 2015 and 31 December 2020 with a presumed infectious diagnosis who were started on anti-MRSA antibiotics, had a PCR-based MNS, and a clinical culture performed were retrospectively reviewed. A total of 95 children were included with a median age (range) of 2 (0–17) years. The top three diagnosis groups were skin and soft tissue infections (n = 38, 40%), toxin-mediated syndromes (n = 17, 17.9%), and osteoarticular infections (n = 14, 14.7%). Nasal MRSA colonization and growth of MRSA in clinical cultures was found in seven patients (7.4%) each. The specificity and the negative predictive value (NPV) of the MNS to predict a clinical MRSA infection were both 95.5%. About half (n = 55, 57.9%) had anti-MRSA antibiotics discontinued in-house. A quarter (n = 14, 25.5%) were de-escalated based on the negative MNS test alone, and another third (n = 21, 38.2%) after negative MNS test and negative culture results became available. A high NPV suggests that MNS may be useful for limiting unnecessary anti-MRSA therapy and thereby a useful antimicrobial stewardship tool for hospitalized children. Prospective studies are needed to further characterize the utility of MNS for specific infectious diagnoses.

scholarly journals 1230. Epidemiology and Risk Factors for Recurrent Invasive Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Infection: nine US States, 2006–2013

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (suppl_1) ◽  
pp. S373-S374
Author(s):  
Ian Kracalik ◽  
Kelly Jackson ◽  
Joelle Nadle ◽  
Wendy Bamberg ◽  
Susan Petit ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Infection Type ◽  
The United States ◽  
Emerging Infections ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Initial Infection ◽  
Joint Infections ◽  
Mrsa Infection

Abstract Background Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) causes &gt;70,000 invasive infections annually in the United States, and recurrent infections pose a major clinical challenge. We examined risk factors for recurrent MRSA infections. Methods We identified patients with an initial invasive MRSA infection (isolation from a normally sterile body site) from 2006 to 2013, through active, population-based surveillance in selected counties in nine states through the Emerging Infections Program. Recurrence was defined as invasive MRSA isolation &gt;30 days after initial isolation. We used logistic regression with backwards selection to evaluate adjusted odds ratios (aOR) associated with recurrence within 180 days, prior healthcare exposures, and initial infection type, controlling for patient demographics and comorbidities. Results Among 24,478 patients with invasive MRSA, 3,976 (16%) experienced a recurrence, including 61% (2,438) within 180 days. Risk factors for recurrence were: injection drug use (IDU) (aOR; 1.38, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.15–1.65), central venous catheters (aOR; 1.35, 95% CI: 1.22–1.51), dialysis (aOR; 2.00, 95% CI: 1.74–2.31), and history of MRSA colonization (aOR; 1.35, 95% CI: 1.22–1.51) (figure). Recurrence was more likely for bloodstream infections (BSI) without another infection (aOR; 2.08, 95% CI: 1.74–2.48), endocarditis (aOR; 1.46, 95% CI: 1.16–1.55), and bone/joint infections (aOR; 1.38, 95% CI: 1.20–1.59), and less likely for pneumonia (aOR: 0.75, 95% CI: 0.64–0.89), compared with other initial infection types. When assessed separately, the presence of a secondary BSI with another infection increased the odds of recurrence over that infection without a BSI (aOR: 1.96, 95% CI: 1.68–2.30). Conclusion Approximately one in six persons with invasive MRSA infection had recurrence. We identified potential opportunities to prevent recurrence through infection control (e.g., management and early removal of central catheters). Other possible areas for preventing recurrence include improving the management of patients with BSI and bone/joint infections (including both during and after antibiotic treatment) and mitigating risk of infection from IDU. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.

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