scholarly journals 50 Years A Slave

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 70-100
Author(s):  
Allain Fonte
Keyword(s):  
Gross Domestic Product ◽  
Migrant Workers ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Labour Migration ◽  
Domestic Product ◽  
Government Agencies ◽  
Skilled Workers ◽  
Communication And Coordination ◽  
And Migration ◽  
Philippine Government

Abstract   The Philippines has been deploying migrant workers to more than 192 countries, with a rising number that exceeds up to a million workers every year.   In 2009, the record of migrant workers’ remittances went up to 17.4 billion US dollars from 10.4 billion US dollars in 2005.  Reports showed that remittances comprise a bigger portion of the Philippines’ gross domestic product, as it contributed 10.8% to the GDP in 2005, and 11.1% in 2009.  After more than 50 years of deploying Filipino workers overseas, the Philippines should have improved with its labour policies and implementing them.  Yet, reports on abuses of Filipino workers can still be read and heard.  This paper reviews the two most controversial cases where the Philippine government had failed to protect its migrant workers by analysing its then labour policies; and how they have impacted the labour and migration sectors to ensure the welfare of its migrant workers.  Further, this research discusses reoccurring issues such as delayed services from government agencies, lack of administrative skills to process complaints and cases of Filipino migrant workers, poor communication and coordination among government offices, labour policies that do not abide by the constitution, and the unfair provisions in the treaties between Philippines and destination countries for low-skilled workers.   Keywords labour migration, migration, migrant workers, labour policies

The ILO and the Global Compact for Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration: labour migration, decent work and implementation of the Compact with specific reference to the Arab states region

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 304-320
Author(s):  
Ryszard Cholewinski
Keyword(s):  
Social Justice ◽  
Migrant Workers ◽  
Labour Migration ◽  
Specific Reference ◽  
International Labour Organization ◽  
Decent Work ◽  
Skilled Workers ◽  
Global Compact ◽  
Governance Challenges ◽  
Arab States

AbstractThis paper explores the role played by the International Labour Organization (ILO) in the consultations and stocktaking during 2017 and the negotiations during 2018 leading up to the adoption of the Global Compact for Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration (GCM). It examines selected parts of the text of the GCM, with particular reference to the ILO's mandate of securing social justice and decent work, as well as the protection of migrant workers and governance of labour migration. The final part of the paper looks ahead to the ILO's role in the implementation of the GCM, with specific reference to the Arab states region, where migration for employment is significant and the governance challenges, particularly in relation to the protection of low-wage and low-skilled workers, are especially acute.

scholarly journals Development Impacts of Irregular Migration: A Study from a Central Province in Vietnam

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Hang Thi Trinh
Keyword(s):  
Migrant Workers ◽  
Human Mobility ◽  
Rural Livelihoods ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Labour Migration ◽  
Central Province ◽  
Sustainable Livelihood ◽  
Irregular Migration ◽  
Skilled Workers ◽  
Migration Theory

<p>Migration is often viewed negatively in development policy terms, and much understandings of migration often portray it as a threat to social security in destination countries, however, the sustainable livelihood approach presents migration as a livelihoods strategy, suggesting that policy should, instead, support human mobility. In the current context where regular labour migration offers various consequences resulting in both positive and negative impacts, irregular labour migration, though complex because of its undocumented nature, has become the choice of many unskilled and low-skilled workers from Vietnam. This study employs a case-study qualitative approach to look at the case of irregular migrant workers from a central province of Vietnam migrating overseas for economic purposes. It applies the New Economics of Labour Migration theory and the Sustainable Livelihoods Approach and brings together their shared premise of viewing migration as a household calculated strategy to sustain rural livelihoods, to explore whether irregular migration can be a sustainable livelihood strategy for the rural people of Ha Tinh province. The study finds that irregular labour migration is a household calculated strategy and, similar to regular migration, it brings about social and economic benefits that affect the migrants, their families and home communities. Although such migration is complex and vulnerable, it is well thought through by migrants and fits in the context of rural Ha Tinh as a flexible, quick and convenient strategy to gain income for the rural poor. The research also finds that the local people have established their own supporting networks and found their own ways to mitigate the risks and ensure their irregular migration is successful in terms of economic gains. The combination of an economic migration theory and a livelihood approach offers this research an in-depth discussion on the complexity of irregular labour migration and its impacts on various aspects of social and economic development.</p>

Philippine labour migration to Taiwan: Social, political, demographic, and economic dimensions

2014 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen J. Sills
Keyword(s):  
The Philippines ◽  
Destination Country ◽  
Labour Migration ◽  
Policy Decisions ◽  
Potential Relief ◽  
Birth Rates ◽  
Migration Flow ◽  
Philippine Government

The Philippines has become one of today’s leading exporters of migrants. This migration flow largely results from internal demographic and economic pressures, but has also been brought about by the policy decisions of the Philippine government which sees potential relief from remittances and reduction of unemployment. The continued cycling of labour migrants for more than 30 years has resulted in a “culture” of migration. Destinations for temporary labour migrants are influenced as well by demographic determinants such as low birth rates in the destination country, leading to a need for labourers, and high birth rates in the sending country, leading to surplus labourers. 

Multi-level Policy Approach in the Governance of Labour Migration: Considerations From the Philippine Experience

2012 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 419-446 ◽  
Author(s):  
Graziano Battistella
Keyword(s):  
National Policy ◽  
Migration Policy ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Labour Migration ◽  
Multilateral Cooperation ◽  
Bilateral Approach ◽  
Multi Level ◽  
Philippine Government ◽  
Industry Training

Abstract With 40 years of experience in labour migration, the Philippines has designed a comprehensive approach for its governance that other countries of origin in Asia look up to. The objectives of the migration policy consist in facilitating the employment of Filipino workers abroad and the consequent economic benefits, while ensuring safe and decent conditions for the workers, through a variety of measures, including regulating the recruitment industry, training migrants through specific programmes, supervising the terms and conditions in the labour contract, and making available a system of redress for victimised migrants. These objectives are reached through the national migration policy. However, the national policy has inherent limitations, both in terms of design, implementation and reach, as the outreach of the Philippine government while migrants are abroad is limited to diplomatic and other services. For this reason, the Philippines has engaged both in bilateral and multilateral cooperation. This paper, after presenting the development of migration from the Philippines at the three policy levels, will briefly assess the efficacy of such policies, using indicators, such as growth of migration flows and coverage, to conclude that all three levels must be pursued, with some preference for the bilateral approach within a multilateral framework.

International Labour Migration and Migration Policies in Southeast Asia

2012 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 392-418 ◽  
Author(s):  
Graeme Hugo
Keyword(s):  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Best Practice ◽  
Migration Policy ◽  
Southeast Asian ◽  
Labour Migration ◽  
Skilled Workers ◽  
Dominant Form ◽  
Practice Models ◽  
International Labour Migration ◽  
And Migration

Abstract Labour migration is the dominant form of international migration in the Southeast Asian region. It involves movement both within and outside the region with Southeast Asia having some of the world’s major origin and destination countries for labour migrants. There is a bifurcation in policies toward labour migrants between high-skilled and low-skilled workers. While there is a manifest demand for both groups, the former are welcomed and enjoy an array of freedom and rights, while the latter are reluctantly accepted under tight restrictive conditions. The failure to recognise that labour migration is a continuing structural feature of Southeast Asian economies has been a significant barrier to migration being able to deliver the maximum potential positive outcomes, not only to the migrants, but also to the economies of origin and destination countries. There is a pressing need for a more evidence-driven, rights-based approach to all labour migration and a shift from the dominance of a policing model to a management model of governance. There are a number of promising developments in the region with respect to labour migration policy but it still suffers from a lack of management capacity, poor governance, ‘rent taking’, corruption and mismanagement. There is a pressing need for the development and adoption of best practice models, especially in relation to low-skilled migration.

scholarly journals Migration Workers as Political Subjects: Globalization-as-Practices, Everyday Spaces, and Global Labour Migrations

Refuge ◽  
2007 ◽  
pp. 125-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hironori Onuki
Keyword(s):  
Social Relations ◽  
Migrant Workers ◽  
Social Reproduction ◽  
Foreign Currency ◽  
Foreign Debt ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Social Practices ◽  
Global Politics ◽  
Political Resistance ◽  
Philippine Government

Within the currently intensified labour flows from developing societies to highly industrialized areas, the Philippines has been the largest supplier of government-sponsored contract workers. Overseas contract employment was institutionalized by the Philippine government in 1972 to tackle the problems of unemployment and foreign debt. The remittances from migrant workers have become a major source of foreign currency for the national economy, which led the then president Aquino to call overseas workers “national heroes.” In this light, building upon Louise Amoore’s conceptualization of globalization as sets of globalizing social practices, my essay will investigate the concrete, contingen,t and situated practices of global labour migration. By so doing this analysis will stress that these migrant workers are not passive recipients of Philippine state policies but are agential political subjects. It will argue that the structured social practices of global labour migrants not only participate in and depend on, but also contest and negotiate, the (re)constitution of capitalist relations of production and social reproduction within the neo-liberal restructuring of global order. The objective of my essay is to contribute towards both the illustration of global politics as social relations produced by various actors in multiple spheres and emergent crucial efforts to pursue the possibilities for an emancipatory project and political resistance.

scholarly journals Economic Growth at the Expense of Environmental Degradation: Evidence from the Philippines

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 269-287
Author(s):  
Coleen Joyce De Robles ◽  
Jose Rafael De Leon ◽  
Carlos Manapat
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Gross Domestic Product ◽  
Environmental Kuznets Curve ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Domestic Product ◽  
Kuznets Curve ◽  
Foreign Direct Investments ◽  
Environmental Laws ◽  
Fdi Inflows ◽  
Study Support

This study presents an empirical analysis of the impacts of three macroeconomic variables namely, Gross Domestic Product, Foreign Direct Investment, and Urban Population on the emissions of CO2 in the Philippines from the period of 1970 to 2018. The results reveal that Gross Domestic Product and Foreign Direct Investments exhibit a statistically significant relationship with CO2 emissions. The findings of this study suggest that the Philippines’ reliance on high-polluting industries as drivers of economic growth will only worsen its environmental quality. Moreover, its weak environmental laws provide foreign investors the opportunity to exploit the environment in exchange for FDI inflows to the country. Furthermore, the results of this study support the scale effect in the Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis, as well as the Pollution Haven Hypothesis.

scholarly journals Labour Brokers in Migration: Understanding Historical and Contemporary Transnational Migration Regimes in Malaya/Malaysia

2012 ◽  
Vol 57 (S20) ◽  
pp. 225-252 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amarjit Kaur
Keyword(s):  
East Asia ◽  
Migrant Workers ◽  
Transnational Migration ◽  
Labour Migration ◽  
South East Asia ◽  
Regulatory Standards ◽  
Recent Debate ◽  
And Migration ◽  
The Times ◽  
Migration Regimes

SummaryLabour brokerage and its salient role in the mobility of workers across borders in Asia has been the subject of recent debate on the continuing usefulness of intermediaries in labour mobility and migration processes. Some researchers believe that labour brokerage will decline with the expansion of migrant networks, resulting in reduced transaction costs and a better deal for migrant workers. From an economic standpoint, however, reliance on brokers does not appear to have a “use-by date” in south-east Asia. Labour brokers have played an important role in organizing and facilitating officially authorized migration, particularly during the contemporary period. They undertake marketing and recruitment tasks, finance migrant workers’ travel, and enable transnational labour migration to take place. Consequently, both sending and destination states have been able to concentrate on their role as regulatory “agencies”, managing migration and ensuring compliance with state regulatory standards and providing labour protection. Private recruitment firms have simultaneously focused on handling the actual recruitment and placement of migrant workers. Notwithstanding this, the division of responsibilities in the migration regimes has also led to uncontrolled migration and necessitated intervention by the state during both periods. These interventions mirror the ethos of the times and are essential for understanding past and present political environments and transnational labour migration in south-east Asia.

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