scholarly journals Economic Growth at the Expense of Environmental Degradation: Evidence from the Philippines

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 269-287
Author(s):  
Coleen Joyce De Robles ◽  
Jose Rafael De Leon ◽  
Carlos Manapat

This study presents an empirical analysis of the impacts of three macroeconomic variables namely, Gross Domestic Product, Foreign Direct Investment, and Urban Population on the emissions of CO2 in the Philippines from the period of 1970 to 2018. The results reveal that Gross Domestic Product and Foreign Direct Investments exhibit a statistically significant relationship with CO2 emissions. The findings of this study suggest that the Philippines’ reliance on high-polluting industries as drivers of economic growth will only worsen its environmental quality. Moreover, its weak environmental laws provide foreign investors the opportunity to exploit the environment in exchange for FDI inflows to the country. Furthermore, the results of this study support the scale effect in the Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis, as well as the Pollution Haven Hypothesis.

2018 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 473-489 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pooja Sengupta ◽  
Roma Puri

Foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows have been a trigger for accelerating economic growth in a number of countries. The pattern of FDI flows into India and its neighbourhood has been varied and so has been its impact on the economic growth in each of the countries. Although a lot of research has been carried out to establish causality between FDI and economic growth, the results are sometimes varied and conflicting. This study attempted to study the pattern of FDI into the Indian subcontinent and India’s neighbours, such as Pakistan, Nepal, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka, and explore the causality between FDI and gross domestic product (GDP). The results showed that the different economic policies of the respective countries had a role to play in explaining the difference in the quantum of the flow and there is an association between FDI and GDP, and in all the cases, FDI is instrumental in enhancing the economic growth of the countries included in the study.


2014 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 169-190 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aneta Kosztowniak

The purpose of this paper is to analyse the impact of foreign direct investments net inflows on changes in GDP value in Poland in the period between 1994 and 2012 with the use of the Cobb-Douglas production function. The paper consist of five parts. Parts I and II present some aspects of the FDI influence on economic growth from the theoretical and empirical point of view. Part III defines conditions indispensable for the positive FDI impact on the economy of the host country. Part IV outlines changes of FDI flows in Poland in the period of 1994-2012. Part V includes the main assumptions of the Cobb-Douglas production function and an estimate of changes in GDP value for Poland in the period 1994–2012 with the use of the VECM. The factors significant for economic growth are also identified, including the significance of the net FDI inflows. Eventually, the effect of gross fixed capital formation, employment, FDI net inflows, exports and R&D on changes in the GDP value are determined.


2010 ◽  
pp. 39-53
Author(s):  
Stephen M. Mutula

There is a growing impetus internationally for the development of strong SME sectors as engines of economic growth and development. This impetus is driven by the recognition of SMEs as the backbone of most economies. For instance, there are about 30 million enterprises in Europe providing employment to around 122 million people, with the vast majority (99.8%) of these enterprises being SMEs (Riegebauer, 2004). These SMEs therefore generate a large share of the GDP (Gross Domestic Product) in most of the region’s countries. Asian countries are also investing significantly in SMEs. For example, during the 1980s and 1990s, China’s economy was largely driven by SMEs, while the Philippines invested heavily in the same (Gungen, 2003).


2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-71
Author(s):  
Emmanuel O. Okon

Abstract The environmental Kuznets curve is a relationship between various indicators of environmental degradation and income per capita. Empirical studies have produced mixed results concerning Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis given the different indicators of environmental degradation used. But there has not been any validation of Environmental Kuznets Curve for powerful greenhouse gases like fluorinated gases that have a global warming effect up to 23 000 times greater than carbon dioxide (CO2), and their emissions are rising strongly. This paper aimed to test the applicability of the Environmental Kuznets Curve in Nigeria from 1970-2018 by deploying the Auto Regressive Distributed Lag methodology, the bounds test shows that there’s a long-run equilibrium relationship between Gross Domestic Product per capita, square of Gross Domestic Product per capita, alternative and nuclear energy, combustible renewable and waste, and adjusted savings: net forest depletion. Nonetheless, the results do not support the Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis both in the short-run and long-run and inverted U-shaped relationship was not found between fluorinated greenhouse gas emissions and growth in Nigeria. However, adopting fluorinated gas recycling and destruction processes, optimizing production to minimize emissions, and replacing these gases with alternatives are suggested for industrial users.


2012 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 211 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hakan Akar

Bu çalışmada, daha müreffeh bir hayat yaşama gayesiyle gerçekleştirilen sınırsız üretim ve tüketim faaliyetlerinin, çevre tahribatı yoluyla tam aksi yönde etki yapıp yapmadığı incelenmeye çalışılmıştır. Çalışmanın temel amacı, üretim ve tüketim faaliyetlerinin çevreye zarar vermesi durumunda, çevresel vergilerin bu tahribatı azaltmada etkili bir çözüm olup olamayacağı hakkında çıkarımda bulunmaktır. Çalışmanın problemi genelde çevresel bozulma, özelde de emisyondur. Öncelikle çevre ekonomisi başlığı altında çevre ile ekonomi arasındaki ilişki ortaya konulmaya çalışılmış, sonrasında analizimize hazırlık olması mahiyetinde emisyon, çevresel vergiler, GSYİH, kişi başına düşen milli gelir hakkında bilgi verilmiştir. İktisadi büyüme süreciyle çevresel bozulma arasındaki etkileşimi açıklarken Çevresel Kuznets Eğrisi (ÇKE) ve Kirlilik Sığınağı Hipotezi veya Kirlilik Cenneti’nden faydalanılmıştır. Türkiye’nin de ÇKE ile uyumlu olduğu ve milli geliri reel olarak 4090 dolardan sonra çevreye verilen zararların azalacağı tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca milli gelir hesaplamalarında da çevresel maliyetlerin hesaba katılması zaruretine değinilmiştir. Çevresel bozulmayla çevre vergileri arasındaki ilişki de çevresel vergi gelirlerinin toplam vergi gelirlerine oranlanarak ortaya konmaya çalışılmıştır. Nitel analizlerimize temel teşkil edecek veriler Avrupa Çevre Ajansı, Avrupa Komisyonu ve Dünya Bankası’nın internet sitelerinden elde edilmiş, AB ve OECD ülkelerinin iktisadi büyüme, çevresel vergi ve emisyon hacimlerine ilişkin veriler arasındaki ilişki gözlemlenmeye çalışılmıştır. Buna göre; iktisadi büyüme, farklı gelişmişlik düzeylerine göre ülkeden ülkeye farklı çevre tahribatı sonuçları vermektedir. Çevresel vergilerin etkin bir şekilde vergi sistemlerinde bulunan ülkelerde ise, emisyon hacimlerinin daha az olması beklenmektedir. The Effect of Economic Growth and Environmental Taxes On Quantity of Emissions This study has been made to understand whether endless production and consumption activities which aim to achieve a wealthier life, cause environmental destruction. The study aims to determine, if the production and consumption activities have a negative effect on environment, whether environmental taxes would have a positive effect on environment or not. In general, the problem of this essay is environmental destruction, and in particular emissions. Initially, beneath the headline of environmental economics an effort to reveal relationship between environment and economics has been made, later on some information about the emission, environmental taxes, gross domestic product and per capita income has been given as a basis to our analysis. While explaining the interaction between economic growing process and environmental destruction; Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) and Pollution Heaven Hypothesis have been benefited. It is found out that Turkey is coherent with EKC and environmental destruction is in decrease from 4090 dollars of Gross Domestic Product. In addition, environmental costs have to been taken into account in calculation of GDP. The link between environmental destruction and environmental taxes has been exposed via proportion of the environmental tax in total tax revenue. Our analysis has been based on data gathered from European Environmental Agency, European Commission and The World Bank’s web sites. In this way, EU countries have been compared with OECD countries in terms of economic growth, environmental tax and quantity emission. As a result, economic growth cause varied environmental destruction in different level of development and in between countries. Less quantity of emission is expected in some countries which are keen to use effectively environmental taxes in their tax systems.


Author(s):  
Anahit Mkrtchyan ◽  
Gevorg Petrosyan

The article presents the development of methods for forecasting economic growth. Since the 1950s, researchers have paid more attention to economic growth research. Many analysts and economists have focused on methods of forecasting economic growth and have tried to find the principal methods that influenced it. In the 2000s, economists found out that more than 500 exogenous or indigenous factors affect economic growth. Every national economy has its specifications which makes the forecast of its economic growth uncorrelated with the others. Some of them are heavily affected by oil and gas production, the others – by financial or customer service and a dozen of national economies are affected by the production in agriculture [3]. The economy of Armenia is not an exception. The author showed dynamics of Armenian economic growth, by which factors it has been affected, brought some comparisons with the region's countries. The authors used various econometric models to predict economic growth. The tiniest model, which the author constructed based on the ordinary least squares method, showed that Armenia's economic growth is mainly affected by four factors: Foreign Direct Investments, exports, national savings, and the amount of provided loans in Armenia. The quality of the model was 98% which is very high. The most considerable affection have foreign direct investments (FDI). If the FDI increases by 1 billion dollars, gross domestic product (GDP) will rise by 4.52 billion dollars, 36% of Armenia's GDP in 2019. The affection of Exports is not low either. If the amount of Exports increases by 1 billion dollars, that would raise gross domestic product (GDP) by 1.58 billion dollars which is 13.6% of Armenia's GDP in 2019. The author also tried to predict the economic growth of Armenia for ten years, from 2020-2029. The author used both ARIMA and SARIMA models to forecast economic growth. The results were interesting because they showed the economic crisis of 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic and the need for change in fiscal and monetary policies. It can be a warning sign to the ministry of Finances, Central Bank of Armenia, to consider critical changes in these policies.


Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (12) ◽  
pp. 3415
Author(s):  
Bartosz Jóźwik ◽  
Antonina-Victoria Gavryshkiv ◽  
Phouphet Kyophilavong ◽  
Lech Euzebiusz Gruszecki

The rapid economic growth observed in Central European countries in the last thirty years has been the result of profound political changes and economic liberalization. This growth is partly connected with reducing carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. However, the problem of CO2 emissions seems to remain unresolved. The aim of this paper is to test whether the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis holds true for Central European countries in an annual sample data that covers 1995–2016 in most countries. We examine cointegration by applying the Autoregressive Distributed Lag bound testing. This is the first study examining the relationship between CO2 emissions and economic growth in individual Central European countries from a long-run perspective, which allows the results to be compared. We confirmed the cointegration, but our estimates confirmed the EKC hypothesis only in Poland. It should also be noted that in all nine countries, energy consumption leads to increased CO2 emissions. The long-run elasticity ranges between 1.5 in Bulgaria and 2.0 in Croatia. We observed exceptionally low long-run elasticity in Estonia (0.49). Our findings suggest that to solve the environmental degradation problem in Central Europe, it is necessary to individualize the policies implemented in the European Union.


2015 ◽  
Vol 07 (04) ◽  
pp. 52-64
Author(s):  
Chien-Hsun CHEN

The benefits deriving from rapid economic growth have chiefly accrued to capital returns. Consequently, the decline in the share of Chinese gross domestic product (GDP) accounted for by labour income has been most pronounced. To sustain growth, China will have to ensure robust consumption. Increasing the labour share in GDP and hence promoting domestic consumption will play a decisive role in rebalancing China’s economy.


2016 ◽  
Vol 83 (1) ◽  
pp. 233-252 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaosheng Li ◽  
Xia Yan ◽  
Qingxian An ◽  
Ke Chen ◽  
Zhen Shen

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