scholarly journals Electoral Violence and Democratic Consolidation in Nigeria: Issues and Challenges

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (7) ◽  
pp. 140-156
Author(s):  
Deinibiteim M. Harry ◽  
Samuel B. Kalagbor
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Data ◽  
Electoral System ◽  
Democratic Consolidation ◽  
Appropriate Technology ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Electoral Violence ◽  
State Fragility ◽  
Fourth Republic ◽  
Electoral Reforms

The study examined the effects of electoral violence on the democratization efforts and democratic consolidation in Nigeria since the beginning of the Fourth Republic in 1999. The nation’s elections, at all levels of governance, are characterized by violence. Violence mar as high as 70 percent of Nigerian elections resulting in deaths, destruction of properties, maiming, etc. Successive governments have made frantic efforts to institutionalize and consolidate democracy in the country, embarking on various electoral reforms with little or no result with respect to curbing electoral violence. Thus, the main objective of this study is to show that the high rate of electoral violence witnessed over the years has weakened and discredited the democratic consolidation drive of the Nigerian state. The theoretical framework adopted in this study is the “State Fragility Theory”. However, the author’s modified version of “State Compromise Theory” was used to analyze the nature, character and reasons for electoral violence in Nigeria and its effects on the institutionalization of democracy in the country. The study used both primary and secondary data. The primary data were mainly drawn from mainly the authors’ observations during elections, over the years, while secondary data were drawn from existing literature on the subject matter. The study revealed that the pervasive violence at different elections has greatly discredited and emasculated democratic governance in the country. Violence has become both physical and cathartic. It manifests in form of wanton shooting by political thugs to intimidate voters and electoral officials, so as to snatch election materials, disruption of voting, vote suppression, cancellation and annulment of elections in opposition strongholds, etc.  The paper concluded that, to ensure the consolidation of democracy in Nigeria, election management bodies must adopt an electoral system that drastically reduces congregation of people at a voting point(s) so as to reduce violence. Some of the recommendations are that election management bodies should deploy appropriate technology to reduce congregation of people at a voting point, transmission of results should be done electronically to minimize human involvement, contacts error and manipulations.

scholarly journals Assessing the Effect of Federal Universities Academics and National Youth Service Corps Members on the Conduct of General Elections in Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 44
Author(s):  
Aliyu M. Kolawole ◽  
Hope Amoge Ikedinma
Keyword(s):  
Content Analysis ◽  
Political Power ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Electoral System ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Youth Service ◽  
General Elections

This study examined issues that necessitated the use of federal universities academics and national youth service corps members in the conduct of general elections in Nigeria and discussed the credibility of election management with their involvement. It also interrogated the effectiveness and challenges of using them by the Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC). The study utilised primary data that was collected through semi-structured interviews with thirty respondents. Secondary data was sourced from periodicals, journals, election manuals, and electoral act of 2010 as amended. The data collected were analysed using content analysis. The study showed that the need to sanitize the electoral system informed the use of universities academics and national youth service corps members. The study also showed that the academics and national youth service corps members have facilitated the credibility of the electoral system and that the activities of desperate politicians who are driven by the lust for political power are some of the challenges faced in using university academics and national youth service corps members. It is suggested that the current use of universities academics and national youth service corps members in the conduct of future elections should be sustained.   Received: 5 August 2021 / Accepted: 30 september 2021 / Published: 5 November 2021

scholarly journals Impact of rural entrepreneurship on migration- A case study of Dahanu (Maharashtra), India

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachana Patil ◽  
Vineel Bhurke
Keyword(s):  
Scale Up ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Seasonal Migration ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Processing Unit ◽  
School Dropouts ◽  
Entrepreneurial Ventures ◽  
Rural Entrepreneurship ◽  
Indian State

A society’s prosperity critically depends upon the level of success, prosperity and growth opportunities available to its people. Entrepreneurs serve as the catalyst in the economy’s engine, triggering and stimulating all economic activity. The present study is based on primary and secondary data collected from various sources and primary data collected from Dahanu district of the Indian state of Maharashtra India during 2017-18. Qualitative data collected from different stakeholders including rural entrepreneurs concluded that agriculture is predominant occupation in Dahanu district of Maharashtra. Seasonal migration is common due to seasonal nature of rice farming, leading to high rate of school dropouts. Entrepreneurial ventures available in Dahanu categorized into two categories viz. Agriculture based and non-agriculture based ventures. Prospective entrepreneurial ventures in the study area are warli painting, poultry farm, clothes, handicrafts and handlooms, floriculture and perfumery, rice processing unit, ice factory, Sapota processing unit, Bidi making which can operate on commercial basis. There is scope to scale up existing ventures as well. Entrepreneurship helped certain individuals to reduce migration and to continue the education of their children. Hence, rural entrepreneurship can help in mitigating the complex challenges caused by migration.

scholarly journals Managing the Incidence of Electoral Violence in Ghana’s Fourth Republic

2020 ◽  
pp. 39-46
Author(s):  
Harrison Kofi Belley
Keyword(s):  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Electoral System ◽  
Primary Sources ◽  
Electoral Violence ◽  
Process Factor ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
Qualitative Research Design ◽  
Fourth Republic ◽  
General Elections ◽  
Volta Region

Since the inception of the fourth republic in 1992 [1], Ghana has gone through seven major successive general elections and has received numerous commendations all over the world. Incidentally, all these elections were associated with electoral violence. This study aimed at studying the causes, nature, and effects of electoral violence in the Volta Region of Ghana. The objective of the study included how electoral violence affects the credibility of the electoral system and what measures the Electoral Commission (EC) and the stakeholders in the conduct of elections have put in place to address the occurrence of electoral violence in the Volta Region in particular. The study identified two broad factors as responsible for the occurrence of electoral violence. The first factor is the process factor that serves as immediate cause of an eruption of electoral violence. The second is the external factors which, also serve as fertile grounds for electoral violence to occur. The study used qualitative research design in gathering data. The study used purposive sampling technique. In-depth interviews were conducted as the primary sources of data collection while secondary sources were gathered through existing documents, reports, textbooks, and internet search. The study recommended that EC should be professional in their electoral activities so that their actions would not serve as a spark of electoral violence.

scholarly journals Authoritarian Nature of the People’s Democratic Party on Federal Radio Corporation of Nigeria in the Fourth Republic (1999-2015)

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-106
Author(s):  
Muktar Bashir
Keyword(s):  
Democratic Party ◽  
Qualitative Method ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Factual Information ◽  
The People ◽  
Data Collection And Analysis ◽  
Fourth Republic ◽  
The Government ◽  
Depth Interviews

This article empirically discusses the Authoritarian nature of the ruling Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) on Federal Radio Corporation of Nigeria (FRCN) in Nigeria’s Fourth Republic between 1999-2015. It employed qualitative method as a means of data collection and analysis. The primary data was generated via in-depth Interviews with relevant stakeholders who were purposively selected. Secondary data was also utilized to compliment the interviews. The article is written within the purview of the Authoritarian theory of communication and it was found that FRCN between the period under study has been dominated, controlled and dictated by the ruling PDP, reporting issues unethically. The outfit was mostly dancing to the tune of the party in power (PDP). It is recommended that FRCN should not be directly controlled by the government or party in power. Also, a law should be put in place to make it discharge its responsibility of communicating vital, truthful and objective information fairly for the people to be equipped with factual information capable of bringing the needed informed decision particularly during elections.

scholarly journals Analisis Penerapan Generic Strategies pada Perusahaan (Studi Kasus pada PT Madubaru)

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 114
Author(s):  
Kartika Pradana Suryatimur ◽  
Nibras Anny Khabibah ◽  
Axel Giovanni
Keyword(s):  
Competitive Advantage ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Appropriate Technology ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Financial Reports ◽  
Cost Leadership ◽  
Qualitative Case Studies ◽  
Generic Strategies

This study aims to analyze the implementation of generic strategies implemented by the company. The strategy adopted by the company affects the company's position in competition. The research method used is descriptive qualitative case studies. This study uses investment data from PT Madubaru during 2008 - 2017. The data used are primary and secondary data. Primary data includes the results of interviews, and secondary data includes audited company financial reports. The results of this study indicate that companies cannot reduce production costs by simply improving technology to gain a competitive advantage through cost leadership. The company's failure to reduce production costs was due to the lack of availability of easy and cheap raw materials. Achieve a competitive advantage through cost leadership must meet the requirements, namely; minimizing costs, cheap raw materials, and utilizing appropriate technology.

scholarly journals The Profitability of Paddy Cultivation and Farmers’ Perception in West Bengal with Special Reference to Purba Bardhaman District

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 172-183
Author(s):  
Barun Kumar Paul
Keyword(s):  
West Bengal ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Profit Margin ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Farm Produce ◽  
Paddy Cultivation ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Rental Value

Many economists and experts opined that agriculture is an unprofitable activity in India nowadays, mainly because of increasing cost and low prices of farm produce. However, during the field survey in Galsi-I and Galsi-II Blocks of Purba Bardhaman, it was observed that many farmers do not think so. In this context, using the secondary data on the cost of paddy cultivation for the period 1996–97 to 2015–16, this paper analyses the cost and returns from paddy cultivation in West Bengal. It is observed that the cost has increased at a very high rate. Paid out cost at current prices during the last decade has increased by 12.1 per cent per annum. However, they do not realise the right price of their produce, and consequently, the profit margin has declined. Data reveal that farmers incurred losses in paddy cultivation upto 14 times except for in 2007–08 and in 2009–10 during 2000–01 to 2015–16. They are also being deprived of getting even the minimum support prices (MSP) due to loopholes in government initiatives. Using primary data, this paper explains why many farmers think that paddy cultivation is still a profitable activity. In doing so, the research finds that they miscalculate the cost of cultivation and that is why they perceive the profit margin to be higher. The kinds of cost that they do not calculate include family labour, depreciation charge, interest on capital, the rental value of owned land, and others. Another cause for exaggerated profit is that farmers include income from paddy business as return from agriculture.

scholarly journals KAJIAN PENINGKATAN PENDAPATAN PENGRAJIN GULA KELAPA DI DESA PURBOSARI KECAMATAN SELUMA BARAT KABUPATEN SELUMA

2016 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-44
Author(s):  
. Sriyoto ◽  
Bambang Sumantri
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Analysis ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Business Management ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Appropriate Technology ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Survey Method ◽  
Production Engineering ◽  
Bargaining Position

Coconut sugar is one commodity that has potential importance in the composition of the food in the community. Viewed in terms of quality, the quality of the products are still not equal among the producers. This causes the bargaining position of producers becomes weak and coconut sugar prices tend to be low. Seluma Regency especially Western Seluma District has fertile lowland areas and is one of the main producers of coconut sugar precisely in Purbosari village. This study aimed to determine the income level and income-raising efforts of coconut sugar producers in the Purbosari village, Western Seluma District, Seluma Regency. Location of the study was set intentionally (purposive). Data taken in this study were derived from the primary data (interviews) and secondary data (through literature). This study used survey method and the method of selecting the sample in this study was calculated using census. The data analysis used in this study were a quantitative and qualitative analysis. Quantitative analysis was used to calculate the income of coconut sugar producers and qualitative analysis conducted through a descriptive approach. Based on the research discovered that the average income of coconut sugar producers was Rp715.569,60 per week / 40 trees. Common difficulties faced by coconut sugar producers were capital, production engineering, business management and marketing network. Seluma local governments can play a role in efforts to increase the income of coconut sugar producers by providing them with capital, appropriate technology, improved knowledge of entrepreneurship and innovation, as well as business management assistance. Keywords: income, coconut sugar, producer.

scholarly journals Democracy Establishment on Regional Head Election Observed from the Constitutional Law Perspective in Indonesia

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 42-49
Author(s):  
Sugianto
Keyword(s):  
Local Level ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Electoral System ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Constitutional Court ◽  
Local Elections ◽  
The People ◽  
Election Results ◽  
Democratic Election ◽  
Normative Requirement

The amendment of the 1945 Constitution had opened space for democratic realization process at local level. In Article 18 paragraph (4) mentioned that governors, regents and mayors respectively as the heads of provincial, regency and municipal elected democratically. The local elections were carried out simultaneously by the people show democratic electoral system embodiment. To analyze the phenomena, this study uses a qualitative method, which the data source derived from primary and secondary data. Primary data is data obtained from observations in field, while secondary data obtained from literature or news about the regional head elections. The results showed that in a democratic election, a guarantee of freedom is an absolute and normative requirement. However the normative requirements sometimes ignored either by contestants or supporters. Therefore, the presence of the Constitutional Court is very important for democracy and constitutionality of local elections. In the local elections, the Constitutional Court has the authority to resolve the election results dispute. Although the existence of the Constitutional Court is important, but to resolve the dispute over local elections, researchers assume about the necessary establishment judicial elections at any stage or process level.

scholarly journals Malaysian Electoral System Reform and the Challenges of its Implementation After the 14th General Election

2022 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 299-312
Author(s):  
Mohamad Fairuz Mat Ali ◽  
Mohammad Agus Yusoff
Keyword(s):  
Electoral System ◽  
Electoral Reform ◽  
General Election ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
System Reform ◽  
Simple Majority ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
Federal Constitution ◽  
Main Challenge ◽  
Electoral Reforms

Prior to the 14th general election (GE-14), electoral practices in Malaysia have been often criticised as being obscure and biased since it was plagued with issues such as dubious voter registers and ballot paper fraud. Therefore, in its manifesto during GE-14, Pakatan Harapan (PH) promised to reform this electoral practice to make it more independent, transparent, and fair. PH then won the GE-14 on the strength of this vow, forcing it to keep its manifesto pledge. However, implementing the said promise is not easy as most of the proposals involve amendments to the Federal Constitution that require the support of at least a two-thirds majority. The fact that PH lacks such a majority has raised the issue of whether or not the objective to reform the electoral system can be materialised. Thus, this article examines the aspects of electoral reform implemented by PH during its 22 months in power and assesses the challenges faced in implementing such electoral system reform. The concept of electoral reform was used as an analytical tool in this article. This article mainly obtained its data from secondary sources including books, journals, theses, official government documents and websites, while primary data were collected from unstructured interviews with authoritative informants. Findings revealed that among the important reforms of the country's electoral system that have been accomplished by PH are improving the standard operating procedures of elections, enhancing election rules that do not require amendments, amending laws that require simple majority support in the parliament, and implementing ‘high-impact’ electoral reforms that require amendments to the Federal Constitution. Moreover, it was also discovered that the main challenge to reforming the electoral system was the constraint of electoral rule amendments that require the approval of a two-thirds majority of parliamentarians. Other obstacles included politicians' unwillingness to accept a new electoral system culture, barriers to accessing data and information owned by other agencies, discrepancies between federal and state legislation, and financial constraints on improving existing hardware and systems necessary for electoral reform success.

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