Wpływ dwujęzyczności na kształtowanie się urzędowej odmiany języka – na przykładzie średniowiecznych wielkopolskich rot sądowych

The article discusses Polish-Latin bilingualism of Polish medieval legal texts and its impact on the shaping of the official language variant. The article presents constructions that, in their own structure of court oath, include a form of set and often repeated formulas. These are: the formula of initial oath (Tako mi pomoży Bog i święty krzyż [so help me God and the holy cross]) and the comparative construction indicating the membership of a social class of the participants of the events (tako dobry jako sam [as good as himself]) or the material value (tako dobry jako [as good as]). These constructions would appear in the Polish text in Latin, both in full or shortened form, or they would be part in Polish, part in Latin. The stable form of constructions that appeared in Latin as calques due to the influence of Polish indicates that they became, as a result of the domination of the Latin template, vivid markers of the official style in medieval Polish.

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An Egyptian Exception?

The Rise of Coptic ◽

10.23943/princeton/9780691198347.003.0001 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 1-39

Author(s):

Jean-Luc Fournet

Keyword(s):

Roman Empire ◽

Official Language ◽

Roman Domination ◽

Legal Texts ◽

Written Form ◽

Official Recognition ◽

Local Languages

This chapter provides an overview of the emergence of Coptic as the written form of Egyptian language. As is well known, a consequence of the Graeco-Macedonian conquest of Egypt and the establishment of the Ptolemaic Dynasty was the institution of Greek as the official language. This situation remained unchanged when Egypt came under Roman domination. Contrary to what was taking place elsewhere with other local languages in the provinces of the Eastern Roman Empire, the Egyptian language was not granted official recognition or used in official contexts during the first three centuries of its history. It remained in the shadows of private relations. Therefore, an Egyptian exception exists. The chapter then looks at the appearance of Coptic literary and documentary texts. It also considers legal texts, which had long been subject to the monopoly of Greek.

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Q7-5a) What are the problems with consulting foreign decisions? Think of language, accessibility, etc. b) Can you imagine what prompted the ‘turn-around’ with respect to quoting foreign CISG decisions? Q7-6a) Compare the UNCITRAL Digest to the Opinions of the Advisory Council. What are their similarities, where are the diﬀerences? b) What are the pros and cons of an oﬃcial case law survey such as the Digest, in particular in light of the Advisory Council, which is a private board? Q7-7 Basically, the interpretation of a legal text begins with its wording. a) Which problems arise from the fact that there are six authentic texts of the CISG? b) Do you know of other countries whose legal texts are published in more than one oﬃcial language? c) How can we ﬁnd out what the purpose of a particular CISG provision is? Q7-8a) Explain the principle of good faith embodied in Art. 7(1) CISG. b) Is it a maxim for the interpretation of the provisions of the CISG only, or should it also be applied in interpreting the contract and the behaviour of the parties? Cf. C7-1. c) What is the consequence of holding ‘good faith’ to be a maxim for the interpretation of the CISG only? d) Can you ﬁnd any other provisions in the CISG which reﬂect the principle of good faith? e) Compare Art. 7(1) CISG with similar provisions from other sets of rules. Which ones provide for a solution similar to that under the CISG, which ones are diﬀerent? f) Can you imagine why the drafters of the CISG refrained from establish-ing a ‘good faith’ principle for interpreting the parties’ contract or any of their statements? Art. 7(2) CISG

International Sales Law ◽

10.4324/9780203945445-49 ◽

2007 ◽

pp. 111-111

Keyword(s):

Case Law ◽

Good Faith ◽

Advisory Council ◽

Official Language ◽

Authentic Texts ◽

Legal Text ◽

Legal Texts ◽

Pros And Cons ◽

Language Accessibility

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Literacy in Thailand

Annual Review of Applied Linguistics ◽

10.1017/s026719050000012x ◽

1983 ◽

Vol 4 ◽

pp. 141-147 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

J. D. Palmer

Keyword(s):

Social Class ◽

Foreign Language ◽

Indigenous Peoples ◽

Foreign Languages ◽

Official Language ◽

Language Of Instruction ◽

Native Languages

There are four major dialects of Thai: Northern (Kam Mueng, Yuan), Northeastern (Isan, Lao), Central (Siamese), and Southern (Pak Tai). Standard Thai, the official language of instruction, is based on a prestigious social class dialect of Siamese. In addition to Thai, a great number of other languages are spoken by indigenous peoples, of whom some individuals are literate in thrir native languages. Foreign languages used in Thailand consist of classical (Pali, Sanskrit, Arabic) and modern (English, Chinese, French, Japanese, German, Spanish, Italian, Russian, Arabic). English is the most widely used foreign language.

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Creating Multilingual Legal Texts

Shallow Equality and Symbolic Jurisprudence in Multilingual Legal Orders ◽

10.1093/oso/9780190210335.003.0006 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 157-182

Author(s):

Janny H.C. Leung

Keyword(s):

Target Language ◽

Official Language ◽

Legal Certainty ◽

Power Struggles ◽

Certainty Equivalence ◽

Translation Strategies ◽

Legal Translation ◽

Legal Texts ◽

The Law ◽

Linguistic Engineering

This chapter assesses the challenges in producing multilingual legal texts, especially where these texts are supposed to be equally authentic. The first of these challenges is translation. The risk is that a failure to achieve translation equivalence compromises legal certainty. Equivalence aside, there are also deeper political tensions in the process of legal translation: power struggles among speakers of the source and target language may be reflected in translation strategies adopted. Apart from translating the law, the legislature also needs to revise drafting procedures to ensure that different language versions of the law are consistent with one another, and that they respect linguistic equality where it is emphasized by the law. Where the new official language has not developed a legal vocabulary and a formal register, further linguistic engineering may be necessary. Sometimes ideological engineering is also called for.

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The Role of Slovenian Language in Legal Texts of Town and Market-Town Autonomy until the Spring of Nations of 1848

Lex localis - Journal of Local Self-Government ◽

10.4335/10.2.171-186 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 171-186

Author(s):

Boris Golec

Keyword(s):

16Th Century ◽

Official Language ◽

The Public ◽

Market Town ◽

Legal Texts ◽

Judicial Administration ◽

The 19Th Century ◽

Elected Representatives ◽

Official Records

Up to the 19th century, very little was written in Slovenian language; in the official and business life, the written Slovenian was an exception. This contribution discusses the role of Slovenian language in legal texts of towns and market-towns, namely those few Slovenian environments that through centuries had local self-government with its own elected representatives and judicial administration. Chronologically the contribution is limited to the period up to the Spring of Nations of 1848, after which the conditions for the public use of Slovenian language changed significantly. From the mid-16th century there are only a few dozen known Slovenian official records regarding undertakings of town and market-town autonomies. Among them, there are only a handful of stand-alone documents; and by far the most official oath forms. It is no coincidence that the records from towns and markets emphasizing the Slovenian linguistic image of the population have been preserved, since the bulk of these texts was created in these environments simply because there was a need for them. The vocabulary used is a faithful reflection of the actual terms used in administrative and legal terminology, often adapted German words, and loanwords. The first imperative of the writers of Slovenian official oath texts was their understandability, as they were mainly intended for oral use and wide audiences. Keywords: town autonomy • market-town autonomy • legal texts • Slovenian language • the official language of official functioning • municipality

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Phase behavior of cationic and anionic surfactants at low concentrations

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100123878 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 50 (1) ◽

pp. 694-695

Author(s):

E. Naranjo

Keyword(s):

Phase Behavior ◽

Structural Characterization ◽

Dynamic Systems ◽

Anionic Surfactants ◽

Intermolecular Forces ◽

Stable Form ◽

Surfactant Mixtures ◽

Low Concentrations ◽

Cationic And Anionic Surfactants ◽

General Method

Equilibrium vesicles, those which are the stable form of aggregation and form spontaneously on mixing surfactant with water, have never been demonstrated in single component bilayers and only rarely in lipid or surfactant mixtures. Designing a simple and general method for producing spontaneous and stable vesicles depends on a better understanding of the thermodynamics of aggregation, the interplay of intermolecular forces in surfactants, and an efficient way of doing structural characterization in dynamic systems.

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