scholarly journals From the History of the Bulgarian Animalistic Lexis. Names of Animals in the Oldest Bulgarian Translation of Aesop’s Fables

2021 ◽  
pp. 21-35
Author(s):  
Mariola Walczak-Mikołajczakowa

Bulgarian works of a non-religious nature began to be written in the 19th century. They popularized a specific vision of a new literary language and contained suggestions of terms from various fields. Sophronius, bishop of Vratsa belonged to the group of writers who significantly influenced the shape of New Bulgarian literary language. By translating Aesop’s fables into a language understandable to Bulgarians, he laid the foundations of Bulgarian animalistic terminology. The author analyses 66 names of animals contained in the fables translated by Sophronius, indicates their origin and the reasons for using a specific term. She further examines which of these terms are still used, and which have become archaisms or have survived only in folk dialects.

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 227-237
Author(s):  
Elchin Ibrahimov ◽  

The history of the language policy of the Turks begins with the work Divanu lugat at-turk, written by Mahmud Kashgari in the 11th century. Despite the fact that the XI-XVII centuries were a mixed period for the language policy of the Turkic states and communities, it contained many guiding and important questions for subsequent stages. Issues of language policy, originating from the work of Kashgari, continued with the publication in 1277 of the first order in the Turkic language by Mehmet-bey Karamanoglu, who is one of the most prominent figures in Anatolian Turkic history, and culminated in the creation of the impeccable work Divan in the Turkic language by the great Azerbaijani poet Imadaddin Nasimi who lived in the late XIV - early XV centuries. Later, the great Uzbek poet of the 15th century, Alisher Navoi, improved the Turkic language both culturally and literally, putting it on a par with the two most influential languages of that time, Arabic and Persian. The appeal to the Turkic language and the revival of the Turkic language in literature before Alisher Navoi, the emergence of the Turkic language, both in Azerbaijan and in Anatolia and Central Asia, as well as in the works of I. Nasimi, G. Burkhanaddin, Y. Emre, Mevlana, made this the language of the common literary language of the Turkic tribes: Uzbeks, Kazakhs-Kyrgyz, Turkmens of Central Asia, Idil-Ural Turks, Uighurs, Karakhanids, Khorezmians and Kashgharts. This situation continued until the 19th century. This article highlights the history of the language policy of the Turkic states and communities.


2019 ◽  
pp. 357-364
Author(s):  
Mariola Walczak-Mikołajczakowa

The article discusses the book by Diana Ivanova История на новобългарския книжовен език – a new textbook on the history of literary Bulgarian language. Starting from a discussion of terminology related to concepts the Old Bulgarian and New Bulgarian language, first presents the history of the scientific discipline as the history of the New Bulgarian literary language (NBKE), and then the textbooks used so far in the university didactics. It is necessary to indicate a new content of the discussed monograph, in which a significant novum is the different perception of the beginnings of NBKE and chapters on the activities of the literary society from Brasov and biblical translations into a language understandable to the reader in the 19th century.


Virittäjä ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 122 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kirsi-Maria Nummila ◽  
Minna Seppänen

Suomen kirjakielen sekä suomenkielisen kirjallisuuden ja sivistyksen kannalta 1800-luku on merkittävä vuosisata. Kirjallisen tuotannon monipuolistuessa julkaistiin myös ensimmäiset suomenkieliset oppikirjat ja suomi lähtökielenä -sanakirjat, joissa selityskielenä ei ollut ruotsi. Tässä artikkelissa tarkastelun kohteena on vuonna 1883 ilmestynyt Johan Gabriel Geitlinin laatima Suomalais-latinainen sanakirja. Tutkimuksessa tarkastellaan sanakirjan sanastoa teoksen käyttöfunktioiden ja ortografisten valintojen näkökulmasta analysoimalla lekseemien semanttisia, morfologisia ja kirjoitusasuun liittyviä piirteitä. Artikkelissa selvitetään Geitlinin leksikografisen työn periaatteita ja niiden toteutumista sekä tarkastellaan, miten 1800-luvun kirjallistuminen, kirjalliset pyrkimykset, odotukset ja vaatimukset näyttäytyvät autoritaarisen tahon eli Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seuran kustantamassa sanakirjassa. Analyysi osoittaa, ettei Geitlinin sanakirjan sanastoa ole otettu sellaisenaan aiemmista sanastoista, vaan laatija on pyrkinyt toimittamaan kustantajan määrittämiin tarkoituksiin soveltuvan, ajanmukaisia oikeakielisyysohjeita noudattavan teoksen. Geitlin seuraa sana-aineksen osalta pitkälti Lönnrotia mutta on poiminut myös uutta sanastoa ja tekee esikuvaansa ajanmukaisempia ratkaisuja erityisesti uudissana- ja ortografiakysymyksiss-ä. Kun Geitlin pyrki löytämään kompromissin latinan opetuskäyttöön soveltuvan ja suomen kieleen tutustuville sopivan sanakirjan välillä, hän tuli luoneeksi kirjan, joka ei täysin palvele kummankaan ryhmän tarpeita. Tehtyihin valintoihin ovat vaikuttaneet ennen kaikkea aikakauden käsitykset ja kieli-ihanteet. Puutteistaan huolimatta sanakirja on arvokas kokonaisuus ajan kielellistä ja kulttuurista historiaa.   G. Geitlin’s Finnish-Latin dictionary (1883) in the tradition of lexicography In terms of the Finnish literary language and Finnish literature and culture, the 19th century was a significant period. As literary production became more versatile, the first textbooks in the Finnish language were published, as well as dictionaries with Finnish as the source language, and not using Swedish to explain the terms. This article deals with Johan Gabriel Geitlin’s Finnish-Latin dictionary (Suomalais-latinainen sanakirja) published in 1883. The study examines the lexicon dealt with in the dictionary from the point of view of the functional aspects and orthographic choices made, by analysing features relating to the semantics, morphology and orthographic features of the lexemes. In the article the focus is in the principles applied in Geitlin’s lexicographic work, and how they are put into practice. The study also discussess how the development of the literary Finnish language in the 19th century, and the literary aims, expectations and demands placed on it were manifested in a dictionary published by an authoritarian party, the Finnish Literature Society. The analysis shows that the vocabulary in Geitlin’s dictionary was not taken over as such from earlier dictionaries, but that the author’s purpose was to produce a work that was suited to the purposes defined by the publisher, while following the current grammatical rules. As far as the vocabulary is concerned, Geitlin followed Elias Lönn-rot’s extensive Finnish-Swedish dictionary (Suomalais-Ruotsalainen sanakirja, 1866–1880) to a great extent, but also collected new vocabulary and made more up-to-date decisions than did his predecessor, particularly about neologisms and orthographic issues. In aiming to make compromises between a dictionary suitable for use in teaching Latin and for use by foreigners learning the Finnish language, Geitlin created a work that does not completely serve the needs of either group. The practices and choices made were influenced above all by the perceptions and linguistic ideals of the age. The work does, however, give a rich and valuable overview of the linguistic and cultural history of the age. The lexicon covers many of the central themes of the 19th century.


Slovene ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 222-243
Author(s):  
Amir Kapetanović

The article discusses the history of the Croatian language, particularly the paths of the gradual linguistic integration of all Croats and the development of the standard language (based upon the Štokavian dialect) within Croatian society, whose members have spoken three dialects (Čakavian, Štokavian, Kajkavian) since the Middle Ages. Because of the multidialectal situation (all three dialects played an important role in the history of the Croatian language), linguistic integration was a complex process. The use of the Croatian language before national integrality in the 19th century may look complicated and disunified, but this article attempts to show the old connections between different dialectal areas and the realization of two the main conceptions of the construction of Croatian superdialectal (literary) expression in linguistic history: a literary language with a single-dialect basis (but with multi-dialectal infiltration within the superstructure) and a literary (hybrid) type of language based upon at least two dialects.


2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nurman Kholis

Abstract. Many Muslims in the Riau Islands do not know the history of the development of Islamic theory from the center of power to spread to various corners. This is as the existence of the Great Mosque of Raja Haji Abdul Ghani (MBRHAG) on Buru Island, Karimun. Thus, to uncover the existence of this mosque, qualitative research methods are used so that history, architecture, and socio-religious functions can be known. Based on the results of the study it was concluded that the establishment of MBRHAG was initiated by Raja Haji Abdul Ghani. He was the first Amir (sub-district level government) of the kingdom of Riau-Lingga on Buru Island, in the 19th century. The architecture is a Chinese. Therefore, on the right side of this mosque is around 200 m, there is also the Sam Po Teng Temple and the Tri Dharma Dewa Bumi. Thus, the close location of the mosque with Chinese and Confucian worship houses's shows a harmonious relationship between Malay Muslims and Chinese Buddhists. In fact, in the continuation of this relationship there was information that a Chinese Buddhist had joined a Muslim friend to fast for half a month of Ramadan.Keywords: Mosque, Malay Muslims, Chinese Buddhists/Confucians, Harmonious RelationsAbstrak. Umat Islam di Kepulauan Riau banyak yang tidak mengenal sejarah perkembangan ajaran Islam dari pusat kekuasaan hingga tersebar ke berbagai pelosok. Hal ini sebagaimana keberadaan Masjid Besar Raja Haji Abdul Ghani (MBRHAG) di Pulau Buru, Karimun. Dengan demikian, untuk mengungkapkan keberadaan masjid ini digunakan metode penelitian kualitatif  agar dapat diketahui sejarah, arsitektur, dan fungsi sosial keagamaannya.  Berdasarkan hasil penelitian diperoleh kesimpulan bahwa pendirian MBRHAG diprakarsai oleh Raja Haji Abdul Ghani. Ia adalah Amir (pemerintah setingkat kecamatan) pertama kerajaan Riau-Lingga di Pulau Buru, pada abad ke-19. Adapun arsitekturnya adalah seorang Tionghoa. Karena itu, di sebelah kanan masjid ini sekitar 200 m juga terdapat Kelenteng Sam Po Teng dan cetya Tri Dharma Dewa Bumi. Dengan demikian, dekatnya lokasi masjid dengan rumah ibadah umat Tionghoa dan Khonghucu ini menunjukkan hubungan yang harmonis antara muslim Melayu dengan Budhis Tionghoa. Bahkan, dalam kelangsungan hubungan ini terdapat informasi seorang Buddhis Tionghoa pernah ikut temannya yang beragama muslim untuk berpuasa selama setengah bulan Ramadhan.Kata Kunci: Masjid, Muslim Melayu, Buddhis/Khonghucu Tionghoa, Hubungan Harmonis


2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 74 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric R. Scerri

<span>The very nature of chemistry presents us with a tension. A tension between the exhilaration of diversity of substances and forms on the one hand and the safety of fundamental unity on the other. Even just the recent history of chemistry has been al1 about this tension, from the debates about Prout's hypothesis as to whether there is a primary matter in the 19th century to the more recent speculations as to whether computers will enable us to virtually dispense with experimental chemistry.</span>


This is a comprehensive, illustrated catalogue of the 200+ marine chronometers in the collections of Royal Museums Greenwich. Every chronometer has been completely dismantled, studied and recorded, and illustrations include especially commissioned line drawings as well as photographs. The collection is also used to illustrate a newly researched and up-to-date chapter describing the history of the marine chronometer, so the book is much more than simply a catalogue. The history chapter naturally includes the story of John Harrison’s pioneering work in creating the first practical marine timekeepers, all four of which are included in the catalogue, newly photographed and described in minute detail for the first time. In fact full technical and historical data are provided for all of the marine chronometers in the collection, to an extent never before attempted, including biographical details of every maker represented. A chapter describes how the 19th century English chronometer was manufactured, and another provides comprehensive and logically arranged information on how to assess and date a given marine chronometer, something collectors and dealers find particularly difficult. For further help in identification of chronometers, appendices include a pictorial record of the number punches used by specific makers to number their movements, and the maker’s punches used by the rough movement makers. There is also a close-up pictorial guide to the various compensation balances used in chronometers in the collection, a technical Glossary of terms used in the catalogue text and a concordance of the various inventory numbers used in the collection over the years.


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