scholarly journals J. G. Geitlinin Suomalais-latinainen sanakirja (1883) leksikografian traditiossa

Virittäjä ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 122 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kirsi-Maria Nummila ◽  
Minna Seppänen
Keyword(s):  
Cultural History ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Literary Production ◽  
Literary Language ◽  
Source Language ◽  
Significant Period ◽  
Functional Aspects ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century

Suomen kirjakielen sekä suomenkielisen kirjallisuuden ja sivistyksen kannalta 1800-luku on merkittävä vuosisata. Kirjallisen tuotannon monipuolistuessa julkaistiin myös ensimmäiset suomenkieliset oppikirjat ja suomi lähtökielenä -sanakirjat, joissa selityskielenä ei ollut ruotsi. Tässä artikkelissa tarkastelun kohteena on vuonna 1883 ilmestynyt Johan Gabriel Geitlinin laatima Suomalais-latinainen sanakirja. Tutkimuksessa tarkastellaan sanakirjan sanastoa teoksen käyttöfunktioiden ja ortografisten valintojen näkökulmasta analysoimalla lekseemien semanttisia, morfologisia ja kirjoitusasuun liittyviä piirteitä. Artikkelissa selvitetään Geitlinin leksikografisen työn periaatteita ja niiden toteutumista sekä tarkastellaan, miten 1800-luvun kirjallistuminen, kirjalliset pyrkimykset, odotukset ja vaatimukset näyttäytyvät autoritaarisen tahon eli Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seuran kustantamassa sanakirjassa. Analyysi osoittaa, ettei Geitlinin sanakirjan sanastoa ole otettu sellaisenaan aiemmista sanastoista, vaan laatija on pyrkinyt toimittamaan kustantajan määrittämiin tarkoituksiin soveltuvan, ajanmukaisia oikeakielisyysohjeita noudattavan teoksen. Geitlin seuraa sana-aineksen osalta pitkälti Lönnrotia mutta on poiminut myös uutta sanastoa ja tekee esikuvaansa ajanmukaisempia ratkaisuja erityisesti uudissana- ja ortografiakysymyksiss-ä. Kun Geitlin pyrki löytämään kompromissin latinan opetuskäyttöön soveltuvan ja suomen kieleen tutustuville sopivan sanakirjan välillä, hän tuli luoneeksi kirjan, joka ei täysin palvele kummankaan ryhmän tarpeita. Tehtyihin valintoihin ovat vaikuttaneet ennen kaikkea aikakauden käsitykset ja kieli-ihanteet. Puutteistaan huolimatta sanakirja on arvokas kokonaisuus ajan kielellistä ja kulttuurista historiaa.   G. Geitlin’s Finnish-Latin dictionary (1883) in the tradition of lexicography In terms of the Finnish literary language and Finnish literature and culture, the 19th century was a significant period. As literary production became more versatile, the first textbooks in the Finnish language were published, as well as dictionaries with Finnish as the source language, and not using Swedish to explain the terms. This article deals with Johan Gabriel Geitlin’s Finnish-Latin dictionary (Suomalais-latinainen sanakirja) published in 1883. The study examines the lexicon dealt with in the dictionary from the point of view of the functional aspects and orthographic choices made, by analysing features relating to the semantics, morphology and orthographic features of the lexemes. In the article the focus is in the principles applied in Geitlin’s lexicographic work, and how they are put into practice. The study also discussess how the development of the literary Finnish language in the 19th century, and the literary aims, expectations and demands placed on it were manifested in a dictionary published by an authoritarian party, the Finnish Literature Society. The analysis shows that the vocabulary in Geitlin’s dictionary was not taken over as such from earlier dictionaries, but that the author’s purpose was to produce a work that was suited to the purposes defined by the publisher, while following the current grammatical rules. As far as the vocabulary is concerned, Geitlin followed Elias Lönn-rot’s extensive Finnish-Swedish dictionary (Suomalais-Ruotsalainen sanakirja, 1866–1880) to a great extent, but also collected new vocabulary and made more up-to-date decisions than did his predecessor, particularly about neologisms and orthographic issues. In aiming to make compromises between a dictionary suitable for use in teaching Latin and for use by foreigners learning the Finnish language, Geitlin created a work that does not completely serve the needs of either group. The practices and choices made were influenced above all by the perceptions and linguistic ideals of the age. The work does, however, give a rich and valuable overview of the linguistic and cultural history of the age. The lexicon covers many of the central themes of the 19th century.

scholarly journals Archaeological Excursion into Proximal Colony

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 669 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aleksandar Palavestra
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Bosnia And Herzegovina ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
Theoretical Context ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century

Austro-Hungarian rule in Bosnia-Herzegovina by the end of the 19th century, presided by Benjamin Kallay, the Empire’s Minister of Finance and governor of Bosnia and Herzegovina, strived to gain wider international justification for its years’ long project of “civilizing” Bosnia and Herzegovina, or particular “historizing” of this proximal colony. In the summer of 1894 the Austro-Hungarian government in Bosnia and Herzegovina organized the Congress of Archaeologists and Anthropologists in the Landesmuseum in Sarajevo. The aim of the Congress was to inform archaeologists and anthropologists about the results of archaeological investigations in the country, and to seek their advice in directing further work. The wider ideological, political, as well as theoretical context of this congress, however, was much more complex and layered, with the aim to present the constructed image of Bosnia and Herzegovina as a country of tamed and civilized European Orient of rich past and luxurious folklore. The participants of the Congress discussed the archaeological and anthropological data presented to them by the hosts, including the specially organized excavations at Butmir and Glasinac. It is interesting to analyze, from the point of view of the history of archaeological ideas, the endeavours of the participants to adapt the archaeological finds before them to the wishes of the hosts, and, on the other hand, to their favoured archaeological paradigms dominant at the time.

Libraries of Educations Institutions in Russia in the First Half of 19th Century

2010 ◽  
pp. 96-101
Author(s):  
Elena A. Kalinina
Keyword(s):  
Cultural History ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
School Libraries ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
Russian History ◽  
Early 19Th Century ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
In The Beginning ◽  
The 19Th Century

Libraries are the integral part of cultural history of Russia. Widespread opening of school libraries in the Russian Empire began in the early 19th century. They began opening school libraries across Russia in the beginning of the 19th century. The paper aims to show the formation and development of libraries in educational institutions of Russia in the first half of the 19th century. The research is based on legislative documents regulating the functions of activity of school libraries and archival materials on the Russian history of the 19th century.

THE LANGUAGE POLICY IN TURKIC STATES AND COMMUNITIES

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 227-237
Author(s):  
Elchin Ibrahimov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Language Policy ◽  
Central Asia ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Literary Language ◽  
First Order ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The 19Th Century

The history of the language policy of the Turks begins with the work Divanu lugat at-turk, written by Mahmud Kashgari in the 11th century. Despite the fact that the XI-XVII centuries were a mixed period for the language policy of the Turkic states and communities, it contained many guiding and important questions for subsequent stages. Issues of language policy, originating from the work of Kashgari, continued with the publication in 1277 of the first order in the Turkic language by Mehmet-bey Karamanoglu, who is one of the most prominent figures in Anatolian Turkic history, and culminated in the creation of the impeccable work Divan in the Turkic language by the great Azerbaijani poet Imadaddin Nasimi who lived in the late XIV - early XV centuries. Later, the great Uzbek poet of the 15th century, Alisher Navoi, improved the Turkic language both culturally and literally, putting it on a par with the two most influential languages of that time, Arabic and Persian. The appeal to the Turkic language and the revival of the Turkic language in literature before Alisher Navoi, the emergence of the Turkic language, both in Azerbaijan and in Anatolia and Central Asia, as well as in the works of I. Nasimi, G. Burkhanaddin, Y. Emre, Mevlana, made this the language of the common literary language of the Turkic tribes: Uzbeks, Kazakhs-Kyrgyz, Turkmens of Central Asia, Idil-Ural Turks, Uighurs, Karakhanids, Khorezmians and Kashgharts. This situation continued until the 19th century. This article highlights the history of the language policy of the Turkic states and communities.

scholarly journals Otto von Bismarck and Germany Militarization (Legislative Formalization of the Military Reform in Germany in the 80s of the 19th century)

Lex Russica ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 77-87
Author(s):  
V. G. Baev
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Ruling Elite ◽  
Military Reform ◽  
German Army ◽  
History Of ◽  
Otto Von Bismarck ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Military ◽  
Further Development

The history of Germany of the second half of the 19th century and the activities of Otto von Bismarck form an integral unit, provided we bear in mind the process of Germany becoming a centralized state. The author argues that the attainment of German unity could only be achieved on the paths of war with Austria and France. This implies why military reform in Germany has been given so much attention.This study is focused on the second stage of military reform — the strengthening of the German army after the establishment of a centralized state. The author poses the question: if the “German issue” was resolved, what was the need for further armament? The Bismarck Government in 1874 and 1881 successfully sought from Parliament the adoption of septennat laws (seven years of funding for the army). But in 1887 the Parliament refused to extend the septennat. The author uses Bismarck’s collection of political speeches in the Reichstag as the main source of research. It is an important source of official origin, reflecting the approaches of not only of the subject of Bismarck’s legislative initiative, but also of Germany’s ruling elite.A point of view about Bismarck as vehicle of Germanic militarism prevails in historical literature. As a result of the analysis of the debate on the draft law, the author concludes that Bismarck’s military policy was dictated not so much by the militaristic nature of his personality, but by the necessity of strengthening the military potential of Germany, surrounded by strong adversaries, to defend its sovereignty. For the further development of events, the Chancellor who had been removed from his office, cannot be held responsible. The tragedy of Bismarck-era Germany is expressed in the fact that he failed to prepare a successor capable of leading the country during a period of crisis.

scholarly journals Nowe stronice (nie)znanej historii

2019 ◽  
pp. 357-364
Author(s):  
Mariola Walczak-Mikołajczakowa
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Scientific Discipline ◽  
Literary Language ◽  
History Of ◽  
The University ◽  
The 19Th Century

The article discusses the book by Diana Ivanova История на новобългарския книжовен език – a new textbook on the history of literary Bulgarian language. Starting from a discussion of terminology related to concepts the Old Bulgarian and New Bulgarian language, first presents the history of the scientific discipline as the history of the New Bulgarian literary language (NBKE), and then the textbooks used so far in the university didactics. It is necessary to indicate a new content of the discussed monograph, in which a significant novum is the different perception of the beginnings of NBKE and chapters on the activities of the literary society from Brasov and biblical translations into a language understandable to the reader in the 19th century.

scholarly journals KAZAN SCIENTIST MOHAMMED ABDUL KARIM AND TURKISH PHILOSOPHER HILMI ZIYA ULKEN

Al-Farabi ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 74 (2) ◽  
pp. 157-172
Author(s):  
Aytek Mammadova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Systematic Approach ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Great Contribution ◽  
Valuable Source ◽  
Historical Method ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Rich ◽  
The 19Th Century

The article examines the creativity and activities of the Kazan scientist Damulla Mohammed Abdulkarim Hazrat and his great-grandson Hilmi Ziya Ulken. Damulla Muhamamad Abdulkarim Hazrat was known in Kazan in the 19th century as a religious figure and cleric (mudarris). Here are the differences in views between Muhammad Abdulkarim and the famous contemporary Muslim theologian and orientalist Shigabutdin Mardjani in terms of their religious views. In the article, from the point of view of a systematic approach and a historical method, the reasons for the disagreements created under the influence of time and events were considered, in connection with which Sh. Marjani spoke from the position of a reformist scientist in relation to the ideas of the conservative scientist Muhammad Abdulkarim. The article notes that Kazan scientists had relations with the Ottoman state in the 19th century, and the resettlement of Muhammad Abdulkarim to Istanbul with his family took place in 1863. Here, after his move to Istanbul, the Ottoman state paid him and seven members of his family a salary, which was noted in the documents of those times. In this document, Muhammad Abdulkarim was presented as a scientist of scholars and a creator of good deeds. The article says that the granddaughter of Damulla Muhammad Abdulkarim Hazrat - Musfika khanum (1881-1978) was the mother of Hilmi Ziya Ulken. Hilmi Zia Ulken (1901-1974) made a great contribution to the development of science and philosophy in Turkey with his works. The study examines the rich creative heritage of Hilmi Zia Ulken, presents the researches of the scientist on the history of Eastern philosophy, in particular, religion. The article says that the thinker presented the Koran as a valuable source, which is both sacred and vital for the ideology of all Muslims, especially the Turkic peoples living in the countries of the Near and Middle East. Hilmi Zia Ulken regarded the emergence of human religions as a revolutionary event, showing that these religions teach humanity to spiritual uplift and improvement. The study says that religious and philosophical issues also play an important role in the work of Hilmi Ziya Ulken, who, like his great-grandfather, Kazan cleric Damulla Muhammad Abdulkarim Hazret, became famous for his works in various fields of science.

scholarly journals Die Entwicklung der Homöopathie in den Vereinigten Staaten

Gesnerus ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 51 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 84-100
Author(s):  
Josef M. Schmidt
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Cultural History ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
San Francisco ◽  
United States Of America ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Past ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century

After an enormous spread in the United States of America during the 19th century homeopathy had almost completely vanished from the scene by the beginning of the 20th century. For the past two decades, however, it seems once again to experience a kind of renaissance. Major aspects of this development—in terms of medical and cultural history, sociology, politics, and economics—are illustrated on the basis of a general history of homeopathy in the United States. Using original sources, a first attempt is made to reconstruct the history of homeopathy in San Francisco which has some institutional peculiarities that make it unique within the whole country.

scholarly journals Periodization of the history of Ukrainian culture of the nineteenth century: basic models

2019 ◽  
pp. 11-18
Author(s):  
Oksana Malanchuk-Rybak
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Cultural History ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Educational Organizations ◽  
Political Processes ◽  
History Of ◽  
Historical Heritage ◽  
New Phenomena ◽  
The 19Th Century

The article explores the historiographical developments concerning the periodization of the history of Ukrainian culture of the 19th century. The first model is the periodization of cultural and national revival in 19th century Ukraine. Main periods: academic (the time of collecting cultural and historical heritage); organizational (the time of creation of national cultural and educational organizations); political (the time of creation of parties and other organizations that enable the nation to participate in political processes). The basic idea of this periodization is to show the processes of building of the nation and building of the country in the nineteenth century through the emergence and development of new phenomena in culture. The second model is the Pan-European cultural and historical periodization, which identifies such major periods of the nineteenth-century cultural history like Romanticism and Positivism.

The history of Iberian archaeology: one archaeology for two Spains

Antiquity ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 76 (291) ◽  
pp. 184-190 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arturo Ruiz ◽  
Alberto Sánchez ◽  
Juan P. Bellón
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
The State ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Political ◽  
Current Debate ◽  
Political Problem ◽  
History Of ◽  
Political Model ◽  
The 19Th Century

IntroductionIn this article we set out to analyse, from an archaeological point of view, a political problem which, as demonstrated by current debate, including acts of violence, goes well beyond archaeology. Throughout the 19th century, and especially in its latter half, a centralist political model for Spain was developed in which a political balance could not be found between the State and [lie autonomous traditions of the varions regions of the Iherian Peninsula. As a result of this failure, legitimation programmes began to be constructed towards the end of 19th century, based on the history of the peoples of these regions. This led to a search in protohistorical archaeology [Iberians, Celts, Tartessians, etc.) for a possible solution to the political problems caused by a lack of institutional agreement between states and regions.

scholarly journals The Morphology of Early Towns in Malay Peninsula

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (3.9) ◽  
pp. 77
Author(s):  
Sharyzee Mohmad Shukri ◽  
Mohammad Hussaini Wahab ◽  
Rohayah Che Amat ◽  
Idris Taib ◽  
Syuhaida Ismail
Keyword(s):  
Cultural History ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Urban Form ◽  
Peninsular Malaysia ◽  
Urban Morphology ◽  
Malay Peninsula ◽  
Depth Interview ◽  
History Of ◽  
Historical Sites ◽  
The 19Th Century

Malay Peninsula has a very compelling socio geographical, cultural history and town setting comprises historical sites, fortress and early towns that has formed an evolution of the urban sprawl. The history of the early towns on the Malay Peninsula goes as far back as the beginning of the ancient Malay kingdom of Lembah Bujang and Langkasuka; and maybe far before that period. Early Malay towns in Malay Peninsula (currently known as Peninsular Malaysia) have unique characteristics in terms of architecture urban form and history. The morphology study of towns in Malay Peninsula have found characteristics of urban form and setting dating from 5000 BC maybe earlier to 19th century may be classified into four phases of pre-modern settlements cycles. This research employs qualitative approach that encompasses of literature review of scholarly articles and reports, in-depth interview and structured observation. Based on the historical and physical evidences that are still exist, thirteen (13) early town will be selected as a study area. This paper present the finding of urban morphology and characteristic in a chronicle of urban form and setting in the Malay Peninsula dating from 5000 BC up to the 19th century.    

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