scholarly journals Academic degrees in the Polish People’s Republic. Part 1. Lower academic degrees

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Krystyna Wojtczak
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Exceptional Case ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Institutions Of Higher Education ◽  
School Graduate ◽  
Doctoral Studies ◽  
Academic Degree ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Academy Of Sciences ◽  
Academic Degrees

In the period researched in this article (1947–1990) the principles of awarding academic degrees were far from stable (or uniform). What is more, difference between individual degrees were of multiple character. In the initial years shortly after the Polish People’s Republic was formed, a lower academic degree was award ed to every higher school graduate. From 1951on this term referred to degrees awarded to science candidates, and as of 1958 to a degree of a doctor. Secondly, the requirements needed to be satisfied in order to qualify for individual degrees differed and were changing. Thirdly, on and off there were instances where ex emptions were made from the generally binding principles governing awarding of academic degrees, especially in the case of a science candidate and a doctor. Those exemptions, or exceptional treatment, was justified by a reference to an exceptional case. Fourthly, lower academic degrees could not always be obtained in every discipline, and the list of the discipline that qualified candidates for a degree was neither closed nor stable. Fifthly, the rights granted to scientific councils of institutions of higher education, and later to scientific councils of units operating within the Polish Academy of Sciences as well, were also changing, mostly to meet the conditions and requirements which those unites were obliged to fulfil. Sixthly, depending on the role and position of other bodies or organs involved in the process (the minister competent for schools of higher education, the Main Council of Higher Education, or the Central Qualifications Committee) their say and role was also changing. For the sake of a certain simplification, it may be stated that solutions adopted as a result of the reforms of 1947 and 1951were comparable, while those implemented in subsequent years, particularly by acts on higher education of 1958, 1982 and 1985 and the act of 1965 on academic degrees and scientific titles as later amended, differed considerably from earlier solutions. The assessment, from a legal point of view, of the conditions of awarding lower academic degrees in the period researched would, however, have been incom- plete if the organisation of doctoral studies as well as the manner of their delivery leading to the preparation and submission of a doctoral dissertation by a degree candidate, had been examined as well. This issue will be the subject of the second part of this article.

scholarly journals Academic degrees in the Polish People’s Republic. Part 1. Lower academic degrees

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Krystyna Wojtczak
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Exceptional Case ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Institutions Of Higher Education ◽  
School Graduate ◽  
Doctoral Studies ◽  
Academic Degree ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Academy Of Sciences ◽  
Academic Degrees

In the period researched in this article (1947–1990) the principles of awarding academic degrees were far from stable (or uniform). What is more, difference between individual degrees were of multiple character. In the initial years shortly after the Polish People’s Republic was formed, a lower academic degree was award ed to every higher school graduate. From 1951on this term referred to degrees awarded to science candidates, and as of 1958 to a degree of a doctor. Secondly, the requirements needed to be satisfied in order to qualify for individual degrees differed and were changing. Thirdly, on and off there were instances where ex emptions were made from the generally binding principles governing awarding of academic degrees, especially in the case of a science candidate and a doctor. Those exemptions, or exceptional treatment, was justified by a reference to an exceptional case. Fourthly, lower academic degrees could not always be obtained in every discipline, and the list of the discipline that qualified candidates for a degree was neither closed nor stable. Fifthly, the rights granted to scientific councils of institutions of higher education, and later to scientific councils of units operating within the Polish Academy of Sciences as well, were also changing, mostly to meet the conditions and requirements which those unites were obliged to fulfil. Sixthly, depending on the role and position of other bodies or organs involved in the process (the minister competent for schools of higher education, the Main Council of Higher Education, or the Central Qualifications Committee) their say and role was also changing. For the sake of a certain simplification, it may be stated that solutions adopted as a result of the reforms of 1947 and 1951were comparable, while those implemented in subsequent years, particularly by acts on higher education of 1958, 1982 and 1985 and the act of 1965 on academic degrees and scientific titles as later amended, differed considerably from earlier solutions. The assessment, from a legal point of view, of the conditions of awarding lower academic degrees in the period researched would, however, have been incom- plete if the organisation of doctoral studies as well as the manner of their delivery leading to the preparation and submission of a doctoral dissertation by a degree candidate, had been examined as well. This issue will be the subject of the second part of this article.

scholarly journals Habilitacje w Polsce Ludowej. Część 2. Warunki i przebieg habilitacji w prawie o stopniach i tytułach naukowych

2019 ◽  
pp. 43-81
Author(s):  
Krystyna Wojtczak
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Education Research ◽  
Polish Academy ◽  
Higher Education Research ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Academic Degree ◽  
Academy Of Sciences ◽  
Academic Degrees

Habilitation proceedings ending with a conferral of an academic degree were first introduced in the Polish People’s Republic by virtue of the Act on higher education of 1958. The academic title of docent, which the Act also provided for, was later endorsed by the Act of 1965 on academic titles and academic degrees. Another academic degree of ‘habilitated doctor’ (doktor habilitowany) functioned from 1968 and continued through subsequent legislative acts in force until 1990 as well as through the years after later reforms. The changes in higher education implemented in 1965–1990 were not fi nal and continued to be modifi ed in the following areas: (1) the branches and science and disciplines in which the academic degrees of docent or doktor habilitowany could be conferred; (2) the requirements which institutions (establishments of higher education, research units of the Polish Academy of Sciences and other research entities) had to fulfi l before earning the rights to confer the academic degrees referred to above; (3) establishment of the lists of institutions entitled to confer these academic degrees. The solutions then adopted were by no means triggered by the intention to replace the academic degree of docent with a degree of doktor habilitowany. On the contrary, the majority of changes, of which those happening after 1985 were even more politically biased, did not refl ect any legal need but aimed at restricting the autonomy of schools of higher  education in the scope of conferring academic degrees. This tendency extended to the conditions of commencing habilitation proceedings and the very course of the proceedings. As of 1985 one of the requirements of the key factors qualifying successful candidates was an ‘impeccable civic attitude.’ After 1985, most of the activities which had been till then conducted by committees appointed Faculty councils, were to be taken up by the relevant councils, although the latter were allowed to appoint from time to time committees to perform some of the activities related to habilitation proceedings. The Act of 1965 abandoned the requirement of the candidate’s habilitation lecture, re-established in 1985.

Scientific journals of Russia and the activities of international would-be scientific network structures

2021 ◽  
pp. 533-542
Author(s):  
Yuriy Mikhailovich Reznik
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
Network Structures ◽  
Russian Science ◽  
News Magazines ◽  
Publishing Policy ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
The Right ◽  
Academy Of Sciences

The paper deals with the problem of network dependence of Russian news magazines and the actual dictates of international network structures (Scopus, WOS, etc.) that set their own requirements for their content and quality. The latter influence not only the scientific rating of journals, but also the publishing policy of their publications. The situation is further complicated by the fact that the rules of the game imposed by them have been adopted by the country's state authorities and, first of all, by the Ministry of science and higher education of the Russian Federation, which has tightened the requirements for reports of scientific and educational institutions, as well as researchers and teachers, including mandatory publications in Scopus and other international databases. Despite the efforts made by the Presidium of the Russian Academy of Sciences and the leadership of higher education institutions, Russian science was dependent on these structures, which began to determine the directions and priorities of its development, including selecting the subject and language of journal publications. The scientific community of Russia is faced with the task of protecting the interests of journal editors and protecting the right of authors to Express their own scientific position and the ability to present publications in their native language.

A FEW WORDS ABOUT FAMILY PENSION, FAMILY EMOLUMENT AND PROPORTIONALITY OF THE BENEFIT

2021 ◽  
Vol specjalny (XXI) ◽  
pp. 699-706
Author(s):  
Alina Wypych-Żywicka
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Master's Degree ◽  
Doctoral Studies ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Master’S Degree ◽  
The Right

Family pension entitlement applies to children up to the age of 25. If the subject has reached this age in the last year of studies in a higher school, family pension entitlement extends until the end of studies. The problem is the interpretation of the phrase ‘in the last year of studies in a higher school’. It is unknown whether its meaning is limited only to the higher education (up to master’s degree) or whether it covers all forms of studies conducted by a higher school. Extending the meaning of this phrase shall cause the category of children entitled to the family pension to enlarge significantly, because entitled shall be those children who are students as well as those who take up postgraduate or doctoral studies. Such an interpretation seems to go too far. The conditions for acquiring the right to a family emolument after the deceased performing the profession of the judge also need to be specified.

scholarly journals Felsőoktatási és tudományos intézmények képviselete a magyar Országgyűlés Felsőházában 1927-1944

Gerundium ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 79-93
Author(s):  
József Mudrák
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Hungarian Academy ◽  
Institutions Of Higher Education ◽  
Economic Organizations ◽  
Scientific Organizations ◽  
Scientific Institutions ◽  
Higher Educational ◽  
Academy Of Sciences ◽  
The Church ◽  
Main House

Representation of the Higher Educational and Scientific Institutions in the Upper House of the Hungarian Parliament in 1927–1944. The Upper House, what was the second chamber of the Hungarian Parliament, was functioning between 1927 and 1944 and followed the image of the Main House (House of Magnets) before 1918, but operated in a more democratic spirit and structure. Besides the aristocrats and the leaders of the church, the representatives of the higher educational and scientific institutions, and economic organizations deserved a place. The study overviews the Upper House representation of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, universities in the capital and in the country, other scientific organizations, and other institutions of higher education, and there is enclosed a list of the representatives of the above mentioned institutions exactly to the day.

scholarly journals “WOULD YOU BE SO KIND NOT TO WITHHOLD MY APPLICATION”. THE 1920-S RABFAK STUDENTS' PROBLEMS REFLECTED IN THEIR APPEALS TO THE AUTHORITIES

2020 ◽  
pp. 175-185
Author(s):  
E. S. Studenikina ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
Student Life ◽  
Personal Problems ◽  
Higher Education System ◽  
Student Transfer ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Moment ◽  
The Individual

Workers’ faculties (rabfak) began their work to help the workers and the poorest countrymen in gaining necessary knowledge for admission to higher educational institutions. The article examines the moment of the rabfak establishment from the point of view of students who wrote to the authorities. The analysis of letters helps us trace milestones in students’ lives, such as entering workers’ faculties, studies, graduation, along with the related problems. Most of the letters to the authorities dealt with the students’ personal problems and their involvement into getting proper education, without considering systemic issues, such as inefficient learning in some institutions or the lack of students with a certain specialization. Students’ letters also help us look more closely at the problems of rabfak students, especially since those letters are rarely allocated into individual cases; much more often they are mixed with the appeals of students and/or other citizens to certain authorities. Partially, the topics contained in the letters were the subject of a wide public discussion of the 1920s (overload of educational and social work, difficult living conditions, the need to work additionally, etc.); others concerned the individual situation of a particular student: transfer to another university for family reasons, disappointment in the profession, etc. The letters give an idea not only about the peculiarities of studying at the workers’ faculty, but also about the student life of that time, relations between students, and the perception of the higher education system by young people as well

scholarly journals The Question of World University Rankings, Or: On the Challenges Facing Contemporary Higher Education Systems

2010 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 185-204
Author(s):  
Ivana Gačanović
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Institutions Of Higher Education ◽  
University Rankings ◽  
Anthropology Of Science ◽  
World University Rankings ◽  
Anthropology Of Education ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The One ◽  
Methodology Of Science ◽  
University Reforms

In the context of the interrelatedness of the general methodology of science and the methodology of ethnology and anthropology, on the one hand, and the subject of research of the anthropology of science and the anthropology of education, on the other, as exemplified by the current European and Serbian university reforms, the paper considers one of the fundamental consequences of globalization – the increasing need to compare things on a global level. Comparison often involves easily quantifiable. The increasingly popular, and politically increasingly relevant, world university rankings are a case in point. By highlighting the phenomenon of the reduction of comparison to competition and the rehabilitation of positivism, the paper explores the way in which the reduction of criteria for "quality control" and "determining the excellence" of institutions of higher education through their ranking leads to the possibly irreversible reconceptualization of the concept of higher education, i.e. of the parameters that define it. the reduction of phenomena to just a few features, preferably those that are

scholarly journals Problems of teaching the discipline “Agricultural Law” in institutions of higher education

2019 ◽  
pp. 28-32
Author(s):  
Yuliya Aleksandrovna Kasprova
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
Industrial Complex ◽  
Institutions Of Higher Education ◽  
Educational Standards ◽  
Bachelor Degree ◽  
Educational Standard ◽  
Legal Method ◽  
The Subject

The subject of the research is the peculiarities of teaching the discipline “Agricultural Law” in institutions of higher education oriented towards the training of bachelors in the field of agriculture and agro-industrial complex. The author analyzes the Federal Educational Standard in Jurisprudence (bachelor degree course), educational standards of institutions of higher education authorized to develop them, and the curricula of some institutions of higher education for the presence of the discipline “Agricultural Law”. The author also gives attention to the up-to-date scientific literature in this discipline.   The research is based on the methods of analysis, observation, description, the formal-legal method and sociological method. The author arrives at the following conclusions: 1) in specialized agricultural universities, even if they have the faculty of law, the discipline “Agricultural law” is often not taught in bachelor degree courses. The author suggests introducing the compulsory discipline “Agricultural Law” in field-oriented educational institutions (primarily those under the Ministry of Agriculture). 2) the author notes students’ low motivation for studying this discipline. 3) there’s a lack of up-to-date agricultural law textbooks.   

scholarly journals Teaching Practice for the 21st Century: Challenges and Prospects for Teacher Education in Uzbekistan

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 457-461
Author(s):  
R. Azimbaeva
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Teaching Practice ◽  
Professional Competence ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
School Graduate ◽  
Higher Education System ◽  
Quality Of Higher Education ◽  
Key Characteristics ◽  
Methods Of Control

The paper considers the interrelation of the problem of maintenance of quality of higher education and professionalism of the teacher. The result of the research made it possible to prove the value of professionally important qualities of the teacher in the improvement of the quality of educational services in the conditions of competitiveness of higher education system. Qualitative foreign teaching is one of the most important key characteristics defining the professional competence of a higher school graduate as a whole and is considered from the point of view of systemacy, of integral content, of teaching technologies, of methods of control and assessment of the results.

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