scholarly journals Fine-grained lineage for safer notebook interactions

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (6) ◽  
pp. 1093-1101
Author(s):  
Stephen Macke ◽  
Hongpu Gong ◽  
Doris Jung-Lin Lee ◽  
Andrew Head ◽  
Doris Xin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Static Analysis ◽  
Intermediate State ◽  
Data Science ◽  
Safety Issues ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Potential Safety

Computational notebooks have emerged as the platform of choice for data science and analytical workflows, enabling rapid iteration and exploration. By keeping intermediate program state in memory and segmenting units of execution into so-called "cells", notebooks allow users to enjoy particularly tight feedback. However, as cells are added, removed, reordered, and rerun, this hidden intermediate state accumulates, making execution behavior difficult to reason about, and leading to errors and lack of reproducibility. We present nbsafety, a custom Jupyter kernel that uses runtime tracing and static analysis to automatically manage lineage associated with cell execution and global notebook state. nbsafety detects and prevents errors that users make during unaided notebook interactions, all while preserving the flexibility of existing notebook semantics. We evaluate nbsafety's ability to prevent erroneous interactions by replaying and analyzing 666 real notebook sessions. Of these, nbsafety identified 117 sessions with potential safety errors, and in the remaining 549 sessions, the cells that nbsafety identified as resolving safety issues were more than 7X more likely to be selected by users for re-execution compared to a random baseline, even though the users were not using nbsafety and were therefore not influenced by its suggestions.

Compact, tamper-resistant archival of fine-grained provenance

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 485-497
Author(s):  
Nan Zheng ◽  
Zachary G. Ives
Keyword(s):  
Data Science ◽  
Storage Systems ◽  
Data Provenance ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Data Analyses ◽  
Over Time

Data provenance tools aim to facilitate reproducible data science and auditable data analyses, by tracking the processes and inputs responsible for each result of an analysis. Fine-grained provenance further enables sophisticated reasoning about why individual output results appear or fail to appear. However, for reproducibility and auditing, we need a provenance archival system that is tamper-resistant , and efficiently stores provenance for computations computed over time (i.e., it compresses repeated results). We study this problem, developing solutions for storing fine-grained provenance in relational storage systems while both compressing and protecting it via cryptographic hashes. We experimentally validate our proposed solutions using both scientific and OLAP workloads.

Disaster Prevention Strategies: A Study on Underground Commercial Street

2016 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 38-43
Author(s):  
Qin Yan ◽  
Yin Pan
Keyword(s):  
Open Space ◽  
Underground Space ◽  
Disaster Prevention ◽  
Prevention Strategies ◽  
Air Defense ◽  
Safety Issues ◽  
Potential Safety ◽  
Evacuation Routes ◽  
The City ◽  
Commercial Street

Planning for underground spaces has become an effective way to use central areas in cities given the steady economic growth in China. The development of underground spaces in mountainous cities has satisfied the needs of the diversification of the city commercial areas and pedestrian movement. Safety issues exist because these underground spaces were originally used for civil air defense. This study was based on the underground commercial street in Chongqing, which is a typical mountainous city. Based on the results of combined fieldwork and survey, this paper summarized current safety issues, which include the not-fully-open exit, the imbalanced exit location, blocked evacuation routes, and the poor awareness of the potential safety issues. This paper proposed a framework of the safety factors for the underground space and synopsized prevention strategies that are specific to potential disasters in the underground environment. The framework comprises ensuring that the exits are fully open, the underground corridors are kept unblocked, the open space on the street is increased for disaster prevention, and equipment security is maintained and managed. At last, This paper summarized disaster prevention strategies, which include ensuring unimpeded exits, balancing the locations of the exits, avoiding blocks, increasing the disaster prevention square area in the underground space, maintaining and managing the security of the equipment.

Generic Issues Program Overview and Update

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jack W. Foster ◽  
John V. Kauffman
Keyword(s):  
Effective Means ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Nuclear Regulatory Commission ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Body ◽  
Safety Issues ◽  
Potential Safety ◽  
Construction Operation ◽  
Regulatory Commission ◽  
Available Information

The United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) has a Generic Issues Program (GIP) to address Generic Issues (GI). A GI is defined as “a regulatory matter involving the design, construction, operation, or decommissioning of several, or a class of, NRC licensees or certificate holders that is not sufficiently addressed by existing rules, guidance, or programs.” This rather legalistic definition has several practical corollaries: First, a GI must involve safety. Second, the issue must involve at least two plants, or it would be a plant-specific issue rather than a GI. Third, the potential safety question must not be covered by existing regulations and guidance (compliance). Thus, the effect of a GI is to potentially change the body of regulations and associated guidance (e.g., regulatory guides). The GIP was started in 1976, thus it is a relatively mature program. There have been approximately 850 issues processed by the program to date. More importantly, even after 30 years, new GIs continue to be proposed. The entire set of Generic Issues (GIs) is updated annually in NUREG-0933, “A Prioritization of Generic Safety Issues.” GIs tend to involve complex questions of safety and regulation. The efficient and effective means of addressing these issues is very important for regulatory effectiveness. If an issue proves to pose a genuine, significant safety question, then swift, effective, enforceable, and cost-effective action needs to be taken. Conversely, if an issue is of little safety significance, the issue should be dismissed in an expeditious manner, avoiding unnecessary expenditure of resources and regulatory burden or uncertainty. This paper provides an overview of the 5-stage program, from identification through the regulatory assessment stage. The paper also includes a discussion of the program’s seven criteria, sources of proposed GIs, recent improvements, publicly available information, historical performance, and status of current GIs.

scholarly journals Potential Adverse Drug Events and Drug–Drug Interactions with Medical and Consumer Cannabidiol (CBD) Use

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (7) ◽  
pp. 989 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua Brown ◽  
Almut Winterstein
Keyword(s):  
Drug Interactions ◽  
Sleep Disturbances ◽  
Adverse Drug Events ◽  
Alternative Therapy ◽  
Consumer Products ◽  
Medical Cannabis ◽  
Biological Targets ◽  
Safety Issues ◽  
Treatment Regimens ◽  
Potential Safety

Cannabidiol (CBD) is ubiquitous in state-based medical cannabis programs and consumer products for complementary health or recreational use. CBD has intrinsic pharmacologic effects and associated adverse drug events (ADEs) along with the potential for pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic drug–drug interactions (DDIs). Given CBD use among patients with complex conditions and treatment regimens, as well as its expanded consumer use, awareness of potential safety issues with CBD is needed. Prescribing information for federally approved products containing CBD were reviewed. Data on ADEs and DDIs were extracted and summarized. Nearly one-half of CBD users experienced ADEs, which displayed a general dose-response relationship. Common ADEs include transaminase elevations, sedation, sleep disturbances, infection, and anemia. Given CBD effects on common biological targets implicated in drug metabolism (e.g., CYP3A4/2C19) and excretion (e.g., P-glycoprotein), the potential for DDIs with commonly used medication is high. General clinical recommendations of reducing substrate doses, monitoring for ADEs, and finding alternative therapy should be considered, especially in medically complex patients. CBD is implicated as both a victim and perpetrator of DDIs and has its own ADE profile. These effects should be considered in the risk-benefit assessment of CBD therapy and patients and consumers made aware of potential safety issues with CBD use.

A Model-Based Failure Identification and Propagation Framework for Conceptual Design of Complex Systems

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hoda Mehrpouyan ◽  
David C. Jensen ◽  
Christopher Hoyle ◽  
Irem Y. Tumer ◽  
Tolga Kurtoglu
Keyword(s):  
System Architecture ◽  
Early Identification ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Functional Requirements ◽  
Environmental Disturbances ◽  
Safety Issues ◽  
Model Based ◽  
Potential Safety ◽  
Failure Propagation ◽  
Failure Identification

In this paper, a model-based failure identification and propagation (MFIP) framework is introduced for early identification of potential safety issues caused by environmental disturbances and subsystem failures within a complex avionic system. The MFIP framework maps hazards and vulnerability modes to specific components in the system and analyzes failure propagation paths. Block definition diagrams (BDD) are used to represent system functional requirements in the form of demonstrating the relationships between various requirements, their associations, generalizations, as well as dependencies. These concept models help to identify hazardous factors and the relationships through which their detrimental effects are transferred through-out the proposed system architecture. As such, the approach provides the opportunity to reduce costs associated with redesign and provide important information on design viability. Using this technique, designers can examine the impacts of environmental and subsystem risks on the overall system during the early stages of design and develop hazard mitigation strategies.

SAFETY AND REGISTRATION OF MICROBIAL AGENTS FOR CONTROL OF GRASSHOPPERS AND LOCUSTS

1997 ◽  
Vol 129 (S171) ◽  
pp. 83-99 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark S. Goettel ◽  
Stefan T. Jaronski
Keyword(s):  
Pest Control ◽  
Microbial Control ◽  
Host Population ◽  
Control Methods ◽  
Regulatory Oversight ◽  
Safety Testing ◽  
Safety Issues ◽  
The Public ◽  
Potential Safety ◽  
Test Requirements

AbstractMicrobial control agents offer a method of pest control using organisms that are a natural component of the environment and are usually much more selective than chemical pesticides. Furthermore, they can usually be integrated with other methods of control, and may provide prolonged control by establishment within the host population. However, microbial control agents also possess properties that can pose human and environmental risks depending on the nature of the pathogen and its pattern of use. We present an overview of issues concerning the safety and registration of microbial control agents with emphasis on pathogens of locusts and grasshoppers. The potential safety issues and other consequences of concern from the deployment of microorganisms for pest control are: (1) pathogenicity to non-target organisms, (2) toxigenicity to non-target organisms, (3) competitive displacement of microorganisms, and (4) allergenicity. Inundative control methods pose unique risks because the pathogens must be produced in large quantities, stored, transported, and applied, usually in concentrations much higher than would normally ever occur naturally. The overriding concern in introducing an exotic agent is the risk to non-target beneficial organisms, because once the agent becomes established, it will in most situations be impossible to eradicate. However, if indigenous organisms are used, there is relatively little risk of irreversible, long-term detrimental effects. A synopsis of safety testing results of some of the more promising microbial control agents for grasshoppers and locusts and an evaluation of their potential hazards are presented. Safety to vertebrates is evaluated by a tiered series of laboratory test requirements. Assessments on hazards to non-target invertebrates are based principally on results of laboratory bioassays. Safety tests should be chosen with regard to the biological characteristics of the agent and should not impose standards that are more stringent than those imposed on other forms of pest control. Regulatory oversight should assure the integrity of the environment and safety of the public, while at the same time not unduly hampering the development, registration, and use of more sustainable pest control methods.

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