The impact of exercise intensity on whole body and adipose tissue metabolism during energy restriction in sedentary overweight men and postmenopausal women

To investigate further the mechanisms of developmental programming, we analysed the effects of maternal overnutrition and of postnatal high-fat feeding on adipose tissue metabolism in the offspring. Postnatal changes in serum adiponectin, leptin and TAG [triacylglycerol (triglyceride)] levels, adipose tissue TAGs, fatty acids and enzyme activities were determined in offspring of cafeteria-diet-fed dams during gestation and lactation, weaned on to standard chow or on to cafeteria diet. Obese rats showed higher adiposity (+35% to 85%) as well as a significant increase in serum glucose, insulin, leptin, adiponectin and TAG levels (P<0.01) and adipose tissue LPL (lipoprotein lipase) and GPDH (glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase) activities (P<0.01), compared with control pups at weaning (day 21) and at adulthood (day 90). Adipose HSL (hormone-sensitive lipase) activity was increased only at day 90 (P<0.05), and FAS (fatty acid synthase) activity remained unchanged. The proportions of SFAs (saturated fatty acids) and MUFAs (mono-unsaturated fatty acids) and the Δ9-desaturation index were significantly increased (P<0.05), whereas PUFAs (polyunsaturated fatty acids) were decreased (P<0.01) in serum and adipose TAGs of obese pups compared with controls. The cafeteria diet at weaning induced more severe abnormalities in obese rats. In conclusion, maternal overnutrition induced permanent changes in adipose tissue metabolism of the offspring. These pre-existing alterations in offspring were worsened under a high-fat diet from weaning to adulthood. Consequently, adipose adipokines and enzymes could provide a potential therapeutic target, and new investigations in this field could constitute strategies to improve the impact of early-life overnutrition.

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Chronic stress, epigenetics, and adipose tissue metabolism in the obese state

Nutrition & Metabolism ◽

10.1186/s12986-020-00513-4 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 17 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Yang Xiao ◽

Dongmin Liu ◽

Mark A. Cline ◽

Elizabeth R. Gilbert

Keyword(s):

Adipose Tissue ◽

Whole Body ◽

Epigenetic Changes ◽

Stress Exposure ◽

Adipose Tissue Metabolism ◽

Tissue Metabolism ◽

Adrenal Axis ◽

Chronic Activation ◽

Hypothalamus Pituitary Adrenal Axis ◽

Pituitary Adrenal Axis

Abstract In obesity, endocrine and metabolic perturbations, including those induced by chronic activation of the hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal axis, are associated with the accumulation of adipose tissue and inflammation. Such changes are attributable to a combination of genetic and epigenetic factors that are influenced by the environment and exacerbated by chronic activation of the hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal axis. Stress exposure at different life stages can alter adipose tissue metabolism directly through epigenetic modification or indirectly through the manipulation of hypothalamic appetite regulation, and thereby contribute to endocrine changes that further disrupt whole-body energy balance. This review synthesizes current knowledge, with an emphasis on human clinical trials, to describe metabolic changes in adipose tissue and associated endocrine, genetic and epigenetic changes in the obese state. In particular, we discuss epigenetic changes induced by stress exposure and their contribution to appetite and adipocyte dysfunction, which collectively promote the pathogenesis of obesity. Such knowledge is critical for providing future directions of metabolism research and targets for treating metabolic disorders.

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Differences in Adipose Tissue Metabolism between Postmenopausal and Perimenopausal Women

The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism ◽

10.1210/jc.2001-012034 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 87 (9) ◽

pp. 4166-4170 ◽

Cited By ~ 79

Author(s):

Cynthia M. Ferrara ◽

Nicole A. Lynch ◽

Barbara J. Nicklas ◽

Alice S. Ryan ◽

Dora M. Berman

Keyword(s):

Adipose Tissue ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Free Fatty Acid ◽

Postmenopausal Women ◽

Body Fat ◽

Adipose Tissue Metabolism ◽

Tissue Metabolism ◽

Fat Depots ◽

Perimenopausal Women ◽

Adipose Cells

Changes in adipose tissue metabolism may contribute to the changes in body fat distribution seen during the menopause transition. We compared in vitro abdominal and gluteal sc adipose tissue metabolism [basal and stimulated lipolysis and activity of adipose tissue lipoprotein lipase (AT-LPL)] in postmenopausal and perimenopausal women (n = 12/group), matched for race, body mass index (29.5 ± 3.8 kg/m2; mean ± sd), and percentage body fat (42 ± 6%). The postmenopausal women were older (54 ± 3 vs. 48 ± 3 yr; P < 0.01) and had higher FSH (55.5 ± 26.4 vs. 16.6 ± 22.5 IU/ml; P < 0.01) and lower estradiol (33.8 ± 14.9 vs. 97.4 ± 61.7 pmol/liter; P < 0.05) concentrations than the perimenopausal women. Despite similar fat cell size and β-adrenergic receptor and postreceptor (dibutyryl-cAMP)-stimulated lipolysis, basal lipolysis was 77% lower in gluteal adipose cells from postmenopausal compared with perimenopausal women (P < 0.05). Within each group, AT-LPL activity in the gluteal region was significantly higher than in the abdominal region (P < 0.05). In addition, AT-LPL activity was significantly higher in the postmenopausal compared with perimenopausal women in both gluteal (4.9 ± 3.6 vs. 2.0 ± 1.4 nmol free fatty acid/g·min; P < 0.05) and abdominal (3.2 ± 2.6 vs. 1.3 ± 0.9 nmol free fatty acid/g·min; P < 0.05) adipose cells. The results of this study suggest that menopause status is associated with differences in adipose tissue metabolism in both the abdominal and gluteal fat depots. The lower lipolysis and higher AT-LPL activity in postmenopausal women may predispose them to gain body fat after menopause.

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Fecal microbiota and bile acid interactions with systemic and adipose tissue metabolism in diet-induced weight loss of obese postmenopausal women

Journal of Translational Medicine ◽

10.1186/s12967-018-1619-z ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 16 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 25

Author(s):

José O. Alemán ◽

Nicholas A. Bokulich ◽

Jonathan R. Swann ◽

Jeanne M. Walker ◽

Joel Correa De Rosa ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Weight Loss ◽

Adipose Tissue ◽

Bile Acid ◽

Postmenopausal Women ◽

Fecal Microbiota ◽

Adipose Tissue Metabolism ◽

Tissue Metabolism

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Exercise- and resveratrol-mediated alterations in adipose tissue metabolism

Applied Physiology Nutrition and Metabolism ◽

10.1139/apnm-2013-0316 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 39 (2) ◽

pp. 109-116 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

David C. Wright

Keyword(s):

Skeletal Muscle ◽

Adipose Tissue ◽

Whole Body ◽

Lipid Homeostasis ◽

Adipose Tissue Metabolism ◽

Tissue Metabolism ◽

Beneficial Effects ◽

Important Player ◽

Response To Exercise

Owing to its obligatory role in locomotion and the fact that it accounts for the vast majority of whole-body glucose and lipid oxidation, much work has focused on studying the biochemical adaptations that occur in skeletal muscle in response to exercise. However, over the past several years there has been a growing appreciation that adipose tissue is an important player in regulating systemic carbohydrate and lipid homeostasis. Despite this, the examination of how exercise alters adipose tissue function and metabolism is, when compared with skeletal muscle, in its infancy. The purpose of the current review is to highlight some of the recent findings from our laboratory and others that focus on the emerging area of adipose tissue exercise biochemistry. Specifically, the role of exercise on the induction of mitochondrial and glyceroneogenic enzymes will be examined and will be compared with the well-characterized effects of thiazolidinediones, which are insulin-sensitizing drugs. A particular emphasis will be placed on the role of interleukin-6 in mediating the effects of exercise. Finally, we will discuss recent data from our laboratory demonstrating beneficial effects of resveratrol supplementation on adipose tissue metabolism.

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