ON WORD-FORMATION AND SEMANTIC CHANGE IN 19TH CENTURY RUSSIAN: THEIR WEST EUROPEAN ORIGINS

1967 ◽  
pp. 2289-2300
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
Semantic Change ◽  
West European

Adjectival Suffixes: From Latin to Romance

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Franz Rainer
Keyword(s):  
Language Contact ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
Romance Languages ◽  
Change Processes ◽  
Semantic Change ◽  
Semantic Categories ◽  
European Languages

All languages seem to have nouns and verbs, while the dimension of the class of adjectives varies considerably cross-linguistically. In some languages, verbs or, to a lesser extent, nouns take over the functions that adjectives fulfill in Indo-European languages. Like other such languages, Latin and the Romance languages have a rich category of adjectives, with a well-developed inventory of patterns of word formation that can be used to enrich it. There are about 100 patterns in Romance standard languages. The semantic categories expressed by adjectival derivation in Latin have remained remarkably stable in Romance, despite important changes at the level of single patterns. To some extent, this stability is certainly due to the profound process of relatinization that especially the Romance standard languages have undergone over the last 1,000 years; however, we may assume that it also reflects the cognitive importance of the semantic categories involved. Losses were mainly due to phonological attrition (Latin unstressed suffixes were generally doomed) and to the fact that many derived adjectives became nouns via ellipsis, thereby often reducing the stock of adjectives. At the same time, new adjectival patterns arose as a consequence of language contact and through semantic change, processes of noun–adjective conversion, and the transformation of evaluative suffixes into ethnic suffixes. Overall, the inventory of adjectival patterns of word formation is richer in present-day Romance languages than it was in Latin.

scholarly journals Imiennictwo w polskich rodzinach ziemiańskich na przełomie XIX i XX wieku

2020 ◽  
Vol 34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Renata Przybylska
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Personal Names ◽  
Structural Types ◽  
The Family ◽  
Family Language ◽  
Landed Gentry ◽  
The 19Th Century

The article concerns Polish personal names and their various unofficial versions and names of animals in the family language of Polish gentry families. Based on the diaries of representatives of landed gentry families concerning the second half of the 19th century and the first half of the 20th century, the author presents and interprets the unofficial forms of names and nicknames used in these families. She shows the main structural types of word-formation variants of male and female names, discusses their pragmatic functions and typical contexts of use. She reveals the forms of names characteristic of the gentry. The author shows the landowner’s name as an essential component of the family language of this social class.

scholarly journals The Use of Japanese Loanwords in Culinary Content on Instagram

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 68-76
Author(s):  
Linna Meilia Rasiban ◽  
Amalia Rahmayanti ◽  
Renariah Renariah ◽  
Dedi Sutedi
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Method ◽  
Analytical Framework ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
Data Sources ◽  
Compound Word ◽  
Word Form ◽  
Semantic Change ◽  
Structure Changes ◽  
Japanese Learners ◽  
Descriptive Qualitative

The purpose of this study is to examine the phenomenon of Japanese loanwords (gairaigo) used in culinary content on Instagram, and to describe the analytical framework of those meaning and formation. This study used descriptive qualitative method with data sources from 8 Instagram accounts of culinary content. This data in this study including 74 postings and 115 data of loanwords use from the Instagram accounts. The results from this study showed that lexical and word-formation structure that form the Japanese loanwords mostly were the compound word form (fukugougo) because many cuisine terms used two or more words. The results also showed that many of Japanese loanwords in culinary content are using derivative forms and acronyms. It is suggested that teachers and Japanese learners should be aware of these structure changes and semantic change in Japanese loanwords, which can help Japanese learners to understand the meaning of loanwords in Japanese.

scholarly journals Að halda uppi lögum og reglum: Saga og orðmyndun orðsins lögregla

Orð og tunga ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
pp. 105-120
Author(s):  
Matteo Tarsi
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Interesting Case ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
Lexical Item ◽  
Police Force ◽  
Law And Order ◽  
General Meaning ◽  
The 19Th Century

This article deals with the history and word formation of the Icelandic word for ‘police’, i.e. lögregla. The word constitutes an interesting case of word formation in that said lexeme is a dvandva compound whose creation is related to the expression að halda uppi lögum og reglu ‘to maintain law and order’. Moreover, it is argued that the word has arisen in the wake of the Icelandic purist movement in the first half of the 19th century, and that its creator is Konráð Gíslason, who was at the time a member of the Icelandic Literary Society (Hið íslenzka bókmenntafélag) and editor of the journal Fjölnir. According to the sources, the word, lögregla, cannot have been formed as an independent lexical item. In fact, the word appears first in a compound with maður‘man’, meaning ‘policeman’ or, more precisely, ‘a man who is in charge of maintaining law and order’. It is argued that lögregla has in fact been created in order to gradually substitute the Danish loanword pólití, first in compounds such as pólitímaður and pólitíþjónn ‘policeman’, and then as a single lexeme. The Danish loanword pólití had a twofold meaning: ‘policeman’ and ‘police’. Moreover, it is argued that lögregla, as an unbound lexeme, was initially a shortened form for lögreglumaður, and later assumed the general meaning ‘police force’ by means of synecdoche (pars pro toto).

CORONASPEAK-2020: WORD-FORMATION ASPECT

2021 ◽  
pp. 119-130
Author(s):  
O. Ye. Tkachuk-Miroshnychenko
Keyword(s):  
English Language ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
Linguistic Community ◽  
Semantic Change ◽  
Forming Process ◽  
New Words ◽  
Part Of Speech ◽  
Constant Change ◽  
Speech Classification

The article presents a first assessment of the word-stock of “coronaspeak”-2020 — a new language of the Covid-19 pandemic. The English vocabulary is subjected to constant change due to various extralinguistic factors. The Covid-19 pandemic has resulted in the ‘explosion’ of new words. As of today, “coronaspeak” has over 1,000 words with more units appearing each day. The scale of the expansion is unprecedented, which requires reaction of the linguistic community. The article raises the issue of the classification of the “coronaspeak” word-stock. It argues that facilitated by media and social networks new words are changing their status of nonce words to neologisms, which makes the classification untimely and premature. The word-building analysis of 200 new words of “coronaspeak” allows to conclude that the creation of the new “coronavirus” word-stock applies the structural patterns specific for the English language. These various patterns include semantic change in denotation, derivation, compounding, blending, shortening, The analysis of the “coranaspeak” word-stock has demonstrated that the semantic changes in denotation, in particular the extension and the narrowing of a meaning, are scarce, and, hence, non-productive. Affixation, as a word-forming process, has proved semi-productive with the predominantly noun-forming suffixes. Among a limited number of shortenings we have observed final (apocope) and initial (apheresis) clippings, combined with affixation, by adding the suffix — y. Compounding and blending have proved to be highly productive. According to the part of speech classification, most “coronaspeak” compounds and blends are nouns. Of special interest are a group of “coronapuns”, which have demonstrated pragmatic potential.

scholarly journals The Images of Mary of Egypt, Mary Magdalene and Cleopatra in Russian Literature: the Christian and the Pagan

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 42-63
Author(s):  
Galina Yu. Zavgorodnyaya
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Russian Literature ◽  
The West ◽  
Female Images ◽  
Mary Magdalene ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Mary Of Egypt ◽  
West European

<p><span lang="EN-US">The article examines the orthodox tradition of paying homage to Venerable Mary of Egypt. The perception of the image of Mary of Egypt is compared with that one of Mary Magdalene in the West-European World, particularly in literature and art. The different forms of interaction between the hagiography of Mary of Egypt and Russian literature are traced: adaptation of the plot, allusions, insertion of the motif of a repented whore. The plot of Cleopatra, as of an impenitent whore, is opposite to a hagiographic plot (by its semantic pole of attraction). Two female images symbolize two divergent paths&nbsp;&mdash; to spiritual rebirth and to the ruin. As a result of the analysis of the works of A.&nbsp;Pushkin, I.&nbsp;Aksakov, N.&nbsp;Leskov, V.&nbsp;Bryusov, A.&nbsp;Remizov it is deduced that both plots turned out to be productive for Russian literature of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, namely because of their paired relationship.</span></p>

scholarly journals Spremembe v leksiki in skladnji v sodobni slovenščini

2018 ◽  
Vol 165 ◽  
pp. 461-469
Author(s):  
Andreja Žele ◽  
Boris Kern
Keyword(s):  
Word Formation ◽  
Social Changes ◽  
Semantic Change ◽  
Frequent Change ◽  
Syntactic Features ◽  
High Degree

Changes in lexicon and syntax in modern SlovenianBecause of the multifunctional expansion of texts and lexis are the borrow semantic-syntactic features of today’s lexems already a part of system of Slovenian language. Lexical changes, i.e. the properties and the capacity of word-formation/semantic change of modern lexemes, are analysed particularly from the perspective of a high degree of borrowing. In connection with a high de­gree ofborrowed word-formational propositions of neologisms one can note an increase in certain types of suffixes, largely observed in compounds; in connection with borrowed elements systemic unpredictability of formation is highlighted.From the standpoint of syntactic/valence changes the most frequent change is from monovalent verbs to divalent verbs, e.g. abstinirati glasovanje ‘to abstain voting’, blefirati veselje ‘to fake enjoyment’, diplomirati/magistrirati/doktorirati zgodovino ‘to BA/MD/PhD history’.In an increasingly more popular use of agglutinative words certain Slovene prefixes may only preserve their phase quality, e.g. zaasfaltirati, zamoralizirati, zmasakrirati, while others may indi­rectly express social changes, e.g. the prefix ‘pre-’ as in predefinirati ukaze ‘to predefine orders’. Greater individualisation is seen in the use of the pronominal prefix ‘sam-’ in increasingly more extended compounds such as samoaktualizirati potrebe ‘to selfmodernise the needs’ etc.Zmiany leksykalne i składniowe we współczesnym języku słoweńskimW wyniku rozszerzenia wielofunkcyjności tekstowej i leksykalnej oraz wysokiego stopnia za­pożyczeń w ramach właściwości znaczeniowo-składniowych dochodzi do zmian w systemie języka słoweńskiego. Zmiany leksykalne, tak zwane właściwości słowotwórczo-znaczeniowe, i potencjał słowotwórczy nowego słownictwa są analizowane przede wszystkim w kontekście wysokiego sto­pnia zapożyczania. W związku z tym, że podstawy nowych derywatów są w dużej mierze zapoży­czane, można zauważyć znaczący wzrost użycia tylko niektórych prefiksów. Szczególnie częste są złożenia. Charakterystyczna jest jednocześnie nieprzewidywalność derywacji.W przypadku innowacji składniowych i walencyjnych najczęstsza jest zmiana czasowników jednowalencyjnych na dwuwalencyjne, na przykład abstinirati glasovanje ‘powstrzymywać się od głosowania’, blefirati veselje ‘udawać radość’, diplomirati/magistrirati/doktorirati zgodovino ‘ukończyć studia licencjackie/magister-skie/doktoranckie z historii’.W związku z coraz częstszym użyciem derywatów prefiksalnych niektóre słoweńskie przedro­stki mogą wyrażać tylko fazowość, na przykład zaasfaltirati, zamoralizirati, zmasakrirati, podczas gdy inne pośrednio wskazują na zmiany społeczne, dla przykładu pre-: predefinirati ukaze ‘prze­definiować rozporządzenie’. Na większą indywidualizację wskazuje przyimkowy formant sam- w coraz bardziej powszechnych zrostach samoaktualizirati potrebe ‘samoaktualizować potrzeby’.

scholarly journals The replacement of diminutive suffixes in the New High German period

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 273-316 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alfred Lameli
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Time Series Analysis ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Computational Linguistics ◽  
Initial Phase ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
Language Variation And Change ◽  
Replacement Process ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Over Time

Abstract This article addresses the replacement of the diminutive form ‑lein by ‑chen as the leading suffix in written German during the New High German period. A large sample of diminutives from 1600–1900, retrieved from the DTA corpus, forms the basis of this investigation. The study aims to provide a detailed periodization of the replacement process with regard to both types and tokens. By using methods from computational linguistics and time series analysis, clear patterns of language variation and change are demonstrated; these patterns are to some extent interrelated and staggered throughout time. The study additionally shows that there are transfers between genres that coincide with the transition from ‑lein to ‑chen. This indicates that the replacement is due to a strengthening of the semantic effort of the diminutive suffix. Finally, information regarding the writers’ origins is used to map the areal distribution of diminutive forms over time. The maps illustrate the importance of geography as a factor, particularly in the initial phase of the replacement; however, it seems to be without any impact by the end of the 19th century. In doing so, the study offers a particular framework for the analysis of word formation based on historical corpora.

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