scholarly journals Performance Motivation of Elite Athletes, Recreational Athletes and Non-Athletes

2017 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 125-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pavel Šmela ◽  
Petra Pačesová ◽  
Stanislav Kraček ◽  
Dan Hájovský
Keyword(s):  
Elite Athletes ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Sport Activity ◽  
Football Players ◽  
Grammar School ◽  
Research Groups ◽  
Large Effect Size ◽  
National Team ◽  
Recreational Athletes ◽  
Performance Scale

Abstract The aim of the paper is to widen knowledge about motivation of elite, recreational athletes and non-athletes. Participants from the elite athletes group (n = 35, 16.7 ± .70 years old) were football players of the Slovak national team. Recreational athletes (n = 31, 16.8 ± .80 years old) and non-athletes (n = 29, 15.7 ± .60 years old) are visiting Grammar School in Zvolen. D-M-V standardized questionnaire was used to determine performance motivation. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov's test disconfirmed the null hypothesis on the normality of data. We used the non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests to determine the statistical significance of the differences. The results showed that there were significant (p .0.01) differences with large effect size (η2 ≥ .14) in all the three (the performance motives scale, the anxiety inhibiting performance scale and the anxiety supporting performance scale) dimensions among the research groups. The motivation of elite athletes is significantly higher (p = .048; r = .25) compared to the recreational athletes. Also, compared to the non-athletes, the level of performance motivation is significantly higher (p = .002; r = .51) in the elite athletes. Based on the results of the study we can formulate the statement that the level of performance motivation is contingent on the level of sport activity.

A comparison of the balance skills, personality, and temperament traits between elite sports athletes and football players

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bożena Wojciechowska-Maszkowska ◽  
Dorota Borzucka ◽  
Aleksandra Rogowska
Keyword(s):  
Postural Balance ◽  
Center Of Pressure ◽  
Elite Athletes ◽  
Control Sample ◽  
Football Players ◽  
Big Five Personality ◽  
Mean Velocity ◽  
National Team ◽  
Sports Science ◽  
Temperament Traits

Abstract Background: Although research on balance skills and personality were explored in the field of sports science, little is known about the relationship between the two phenomena. This study aims to investigate the association of postural balance with traits of personality and temperament. The differences between elite athletes, football players, and the control sample will also be examined. Methods: Participants in the case-control study were 73 people, aged between 16 and 30 years old (M = 21.29, SD = 2.47), including 59% of men. Three samples of participants consisted of Elite Athletes (AE, n = 17, 23.29%) of the Polish National Team; Football Players (FP, n = 32, 43.84%); and Control Sample (CS, n = 24, 32.88%). Postural control was assessed on a force platform (Type 9286AA, Kistler Instrument AG, Winterthur, Switzerland) with a sampling frequency of 100 Hz. The center of pressure (COP) parameters was measured during 20 seconds in both conditions eye open, and eye closed, in both directions anterior-posterior (AP) and medial-lateral (ML). The COP parameters include standard deviation (SD), mean range (RA), mean velocity (MV), and entropy (SE). The NEO-FFI questionnaire was used to assess Big-Five personality traits, whereas the FCB-TI was used to measure temperament traits. Results: One-way ANOVA revealed that the EA and CS groups were more stable in ML direction than the FP group. In the AP direction, the athletes from the EA group were more stable than the CS group. Nor personality, neither temperament did not differentiate the three groups of participants, beside agreeableness, which was significantly lower in both EA and FP groups. Openness to experiences is positively associated with COP parameters, as it was shown in regression analysis. All COP parameters can explain for about 40% of openness variability. Conclusions: The results of this study showed that EA and CS have better stability than footballers in both ML and AP direction. Openness seems to be related to postural balance skills.

scholarly journals A comparison of the balance skills, personality, and temperament of elite sports athletes and football players

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bożena Wojciechowska-Maszkowska ◽  
Dorota Borzucka ◽  
Aleksandra Rogowska
Keyword(s):  
Postural Balance ◽  
Center Of Pressure ◽  
Elite Athletes ◽  
Control Sample ◽  
Football Players ◽  
Big Five Personality ◽  
Mean Velocity ◽  
National Team ◽  
Sports Science ◽  
Eyes Closed

Abstract Background: Although balance skills and personality have been explored in the field of sports science, little is known about the relationship between the two factors. This study aims to investigate the association of postural balance with traits of personality and temperament. The differences between elite athletes, football players, and the control sample will also be examined.Methods: There were 73 participants in the cross-sectional study, aged between 16 and 30 years (M = 21.29, SD = 2.47), including 59% men. Three samples of participants consisted of elite athletes (AE, n = 17, 23.29%) from the Polish National Team; football players (FP, n = 32, 43.84%); and the control sample (CS, n = 24, 32.88%). Postural control was assessed on a force platform (Type 9286AA, Kistler Instrumente AG, Winterthur, Switzerland) with a sampling frequency of 100 Hz. The center of pressure (COP) parameter was measured for 20 s in both conditions with eyes open, and eyes closed, in both directions, anterior‒posterior (AP) and medial‒lateral (ML). The COP parameters include standard deviation (SD), mean range (RA), mean velocity (MV), and entropy (SE). The NEO-FFI questionnaire was used to assess the Big Five personality traits, whereas the FCB-TI was used to assess temperament.Results: One-way ANOVA revealed that the EA and CS groups were more stable in the ML direction than the FP group. In the AP direction, the athletes from the EA group were more stable than the CS group. Neither personality nor temperament differentiated the three groups of participants, apart from agreeableness, which was significantly lower in both the EA and FP groups. Openness to experience is positively associated with COP parameters, as was shown by the regression analysis. All together, COP parameters can explain for about 40% of openness variability.Conclusions: The results of this study showed that EA and CS have better stability than footballers in both the ML and AP directions. Openness seems to be related to postural balance skills.

scholarly journals Effects of caffeine supplementation on physical performance and mood dimensions in elite and trained-recreational athletes

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Jodra ◽  
A. Lago-Rodríguez ◽  
A. J. Sánchez-Oliver ◽  
A. López-Samanes ◽  
A. Pérez-López ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Performance ◽  
Elite Athletes ◽  
Wingate Test ◽  
Rating Of Perceived Exertion ◽  
Ergogenic Effect ◽  
General Level ◽  
Anaerobic Performance ◽  
Subjective Vitality ◽  
National Team ◽  
Recreational Athletes

Abstract Background Caffeine supplementation (CAFF) has an established ergogenic effect on physical performance and the psychological response to exercise. However, few studies have compared the response to CAFF intake among athletes of different competition level. This study compares the acute effects of CAFF on anaerobic performance, mood and perceived effort in elite and moderately-trained recreational athletes. Methods Participants for this randomized, controlled, crossover study were 8 elite athletes (in the senior boxing national team) and 10 trained-recreational athletes. Under two experimental conditions, CAFF supplementation (6 mg/kg) or placebo (PLAC), the athletes completed a Wingate test. Subjective exertion during the test was recorded as the rating of perceived exertion (RPE) both at the general level (RPEgeneral) and at the levels muscular (RPEmuscular) and cardiorespiratory (RPEcardio). Before the Wingate test, participants completed the questionnaires Profiles of Moods States (POMS) and Subjective Vitality Scale (SVS). Results In response to CAFF intake, improvements were noted in Wpeak (11.22 ± 0.65 vs 10.70 ± 0.84; p = 0.003; $$ {\eta}_p^2 $$ηp2=0.44), Wavg (8.75 ± 0.55 vs 8.41 0.46; p = 0.001; $$ {\eta}_p^2 $$ηp2 =0.53) and time taken to reach Wpeak (7.56 ± 1.58 vs 9.11 ± 1.53; p <  0.001; $$ {\eta}_p^2 $$ηp2 =0.57) both in the elite and trained-recreational athletes. However, only the elite athletes showed significant increases in tension (+ 325%), vigor (+ 31%) and SVS (+ 28%) scores after the intake of CAFF compared to levels recorded under the condition PLAC (p <  0.05). Similarly, levels of vigor after consuming CAFF were significantly higher in the elite than the trained-recreational athletes (+ 5.8%). Conclusions CAFF supplementation improved anaerobic performance in both the elite and recreational athletes. However, the ergogenic effect of CAFF on several mood dimensions and subjective vitality was greater in the elite athletes.

scholarly journals Immune response to hepatitis B vaccine in elite athletes

2008 ◽  
Vol 61 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 55-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ilija Rosic ◽  
Sead Malicevic ◽  
Snezana Medic
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Viral Infection ◽  
Antibody Titre ◽  
Elite Athletes ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Hepatitis B Vaccine ◽  
Hepatitis B Vaccination ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Football Players

Introduction. Hepatitis B viral infection can create serious health problems, such as acute and chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis of liver and hepatocellular carcinoma. Athletes have bigger risk of hepatitis B infection due to frequent injuries with bleeding, their style of living (promiscuity), close contact with teammates, etc. The aim of this study was to investigate the immune response to hepatitis B vaccine among elite athletes, compared to corresponding control group of male subjects from general non-athlete population, and to test out reaction in relation to age. Method. There were 21 elite football players and 30 control non-athlete males. After written consent, they all received three doses of hepatitis B vaccine (Euvax B, Sanofi Pasteur) during 6 months. Eight weeks later, their immune response (as anti-HBs antibody titre in serum) was assessed and statistical significance of the findings was tested. The level of immune response was also evaluated in different age clusters within test groups. Results. None of the footballers was without response to the vaccine. One of the subjects from the control group did not develop it. The group of athletes was with better mean values of antibody titre (1626621 mIU/ml vs. 1568455 mIU/ml), but without statistical significance (t=0.375; p > 0.05), and with a greater deal of subjects who developed very good immune response (titre over 2000 miU/ml). Younger football players had better immune reaction than older (age 18-24, 1795560 miU/ml, vs. age 25-29 years, 1597470 mIU/ml vs. age 30 and more, 1360904 miU/ml), but without statistical importance (II - 1.593; p > 0.05). Conclusion. Our study has shown that elite athletes respond very well to hepatitis B vaccination and have good immune response. Vaccination against hepatitis B of elite athletes is very important, because viral infection can seriously affect their health and stop their careers. .

scholarly journals The Relative Age Effect On The Selection In The Slovakia National Football Teams

2015 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 122-131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Mikulič ◽  
Pavol Gregora ◽  
Ľuboš Benkovský ◽  
Pavol Peráček
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Significance Test ◽  
Age Effect ◽  
Football Players ◽  
National Team ◽  
Relative Age ◽  
Relative Age Effect ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Age Category ◽  
Selection Of

SummaryThe focus of this research was to determine the relative age effect (RAE) on selection in the Slovakia national football teams. A factor that may have a significant impact on the quality of players chosen for the national teams or may result in a poor selection of players for the elite teams. Anthropometric and cognitive acceleration of players born in the first months of the calendar year concerning the overall context of the competition for placement in the national teams may be considered as a significant advantage. The aim of this research was to examine, determine and verify the presence of relative age effect in the selection of football players for the Slovakia national teams starting with the under 16 age category (U-16) through to the A - senior national football team. We presumed that the elite teams under this review and study consisted predominantly of players born in the first quarter of the calendar year, while also presuming that relative age effect receded with the increasing age category. Our survey sample U16 consisted of 79 players, U17 consisted of 47 players, U18 consisted of 58 players, U19 consisted of 71 players, U21 consisted of 52 players and A - senior national team consisted of 302 Slovakia national football players. The information obtained from the Slovak Football Association has been processed by the application of statistical methods and statistical significance test (T-test). Our research confirmed the presence of relative age effect in the U-16, U-17 and U-18 teams under our investigation (p≤0.01). In the U19 and U21 age categories, statistical significance has not been confirmed. As for the senior national team, statistically significant difference has been found in relation to players born in the last quarter of the year as opposed to players born in the first three months of the year (p≤0.01). Our results have shown that with the increasing age, the relative age effect fades and vanishes in full in the category of senior elite players. In the U-19 and U-21 age categories, statistical significance has not been confirmed. Based on this research results it may be recommended to use the advantage of relative age effect for the selection of players of the particular age category in the particular competition (such as e.g. the European Championship qualification, the European Championship final tournament qualification, or the World Cup qualification in the U-16, U-17, U-18 age categories).

Skin Diseases in Elite Athletes

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christoph Liebich ◽  
V. Vanessa Wegin ◽  
Christine Marquart ◽  
Irene Schubert ◽  
Marie-Luise von Bruehl ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Tinea Pedis ◽  
Skin Diseases ◽  
Reference Group ◽  
Elite Athletes ◽  
Advanced Age ◽  
Physical Strain ◽  
Recreational Athletes ◽  
Sporting Activity ◽  
Skin Integrity

AbstractAn athlete’s skin has to cope with various stressors that influence skin integrity. This study investigated the effect of intense sporting activity at a competitive level on skin health, independent of the type of sport. The prevalence of dermatoses in elite athletes who exercise 8 or more hours per week was compared to recreational athletes. By applying a questionnaire, we acquired data from n=492 recruited athletes and recreational athletes regarding the prevalence of dermatoses, the extent of physical activity, and sports discipline practiced. Compared to the reference group, elite athletes showed less inflammatory, traumatic, infectious, and sebaceous skin diseases and especially neurodermitis, pruritus, bullae, tinea pedis, acne, and herpes were less common. Women suffered from skin diseases more often than men. With advanced age, the incidence of dermatoses increased, but less so among elite athletes. The discipline practiced and the duration of training, especially when performed outdoors, strongly influenced the development of dermatoses. Even though the skin of athletes is exposed to higher stress levels and physical strain, we can state that intensive physical activity seems to act as a protecting factor against skin diseases and significantly promotes skin health.

scholarly journals Differences in the Psychological Profiles of Elite and Non-elite Athletes

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Petar Mitić ◽  
Jasmina Nedeljković ◽  
Željka Bojanić ◽  
Mirjana Franceško ◽  
Ivana Milovanović ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Achievement Motivation ◽  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Time Perspective ◽  
Elite Athletes ◽  
Sport Performance ◽  
Future Time Perspective ◽  
National Team ◽  
Talent Selection ◽  
Positive Time ◽  
Negative Time

One of the main goals of sport psychology is to identify those psychological factors that are relevant for sport performance as well as possibilities of their development. The aim of the study was to determine whether the set of specific psychological characteristics [generalized self-efficacy, time perspective, emotional intelligence (EI), general achievement motivation, and personality dimensions] makes the distinction between athletes based on their (non)-participation in the senior national team, that is, their belonging to the subsample of elite or non-elite athletes depending on this criterion. According to the group centroids it can be said that elite athletes are characterized by a positive high score in self-efficacy, emotionality, present fatalistic time perspective, past positive time perspective, and openness to experience. They are also characterized by low past negative time perspective, emotional competence, and future time perspective. Non-elite athletes have the opposite traits. The results have been discussed in the context of their application in the process of talent selection and development in sport as well as the development of life skills in athletes.

Qatari Female Footballers

2019 ◽  
pp. 73-92
Author(s):  
Charlotte Lysa
Keyword(s):  
Young Women ◽  
International Organizations ◽  
Government Policies ◽  
Safe Space ◽  
Football Players ◽  
National Team ◽  
Safe Spaces ◽  
Women's Football

Female Qatari footballers are being encouraged by government policies to pursue sports careers in accordance with pressure from international organizations. At the same time, they are subject to a conservative in which it is largely unacceptable for women to play football. This tension has driven many female football players in Qatar to create a safe space for their activities through forming university teams. Using interviews with young women engaged in football activities, this chapter shows that these safe spaces do not carry the same negative connotations of masculinity as the official clubs and national team do – which subsequently enables women to challenge the perception that it is impossible for them to play football, while preserving their femininity and adhering to societal moral codes at the same time. By establishing women’s football as a university activity rather than something that conflicts with their academic priorities, they are able to play football without getting into conflicts with their families. These women seek the freedom to pursue their objectives and shape their own lives.

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