Evaluation of biomarkers of exposure and potential harm in smokers, former smokers and never-smokers

2009 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Frazer J. Lowe ◽  
Evan O. Gregg ◽  
Michael McEwan
Keyword(s):  
Smoking Status ◽  
Research Unit ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Sample Collection ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Potential Harm ◽  
Biomarkers Of Exposure ◽  
Prostaglandin F ◽  
Former Smokers ◽  
Never Smokers

Abstract: The objective of this study was to obtain baseline data on biomarkers of exposure (BoE) and biomarkers of potential harm (BoPH) in smokers, former smokers and never-smokers.: This was a cross-sectional study of 80 healthy male and female volunteers over 21 years old, self-selected for smoking status. Subjects were pre-screened by medical staff at an independent clinical research unit, within 1 week prior to a single overnight residential visit and sample collection.: All BoE were able to differentiate between the two smoking groups and smokers from all non-smokers. There was a strong correlation between cigarettes smoked per day and total urinary nicotine equivalents (TNE; r=0.85). TNE correlated better with 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol levels than cigarettes smoked per day (r=0.75 and r=0.56, respectively). Of the BoPH included in this study, seven (11-dehydro-thromboxane B2, 2, 3-dinorthromboxane B2, 8-epi prostaglandin F: While BoE clearly differentiate between groups based on self-declared smoking status, most BoPH examined could not do so in a consistent manner. The dynamics of BoPH levels are not well understood. Future studies of BoPH should eliminate potential confounding factors and increase the number of subjects to allow the investigation of genetic polymorphism in metabolic pathways.Clin Chem Lab Med 2009;47:311–20.

Role of flavours in vaping uptake and cessation among New Zealand smokers and non-smokers: a cross-sectional study

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 108-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip Gendall ◽  
Janet Hoek
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Smoking Status ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Cigarette Smokers ◽  
Former Smokers ◽  
Never Smokers

BackgroundConcerns about the effects of vaping have prompted calls to restrict e-cigarette flavours. Vaping proponents have criticised these proposals, which they argue may discourage smokers from taking up vaping or trigger relapse to smoking. We explored the role flavours play in vaping uptake and cessation among New Zealand cigarette smokers and vaping-susceptible never smokers (VSNS), and examined current vapers’ preferred flavours.MethodsWe conducted an online survey of 1005 New Zealanders aged 18–70 years that included 324 current vapers (vaped in the last 30 days) and 302 ‘past’ vapers (reported past vaping, but not within the last month). We asked respondents their reasons for vaping and explored current vapers’ preferred e-cigarette flavours; we analysed the data using descriptive statistics and logistic regression.ResultsIrrespective of smoking status, flavour was one of the main reasons respondents gave for vaping (smokers 83%; former smokers 77%; VSNS 80%). Flavour was less important to former vapers; 47% of smokers, 57% of former smokers and 64% of VSNS cited flavour as a reason for originally taking up vaping. Fruit flavours were most popular among all three groups; smokers also favoured tobacco flavour, while former smokers also favoured mint or menthol, and never smokers also favoured confectionery/sweets/lolly flavours.ConclusionsFlavours play a major role in vaping initiation for current smokers, former smokers and vaping-susceptible non-smokers, and remain important to those who continue vaping. Our findings highlight the need for regulation that allows some flavour diversity without the extravagant marketing currently used to promote vaping and e-liquids.

scholarly journals Association between Cigarette Smoking Status and Composition of Gut Microbiota: Population-Based Cross-Sectional Study

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (9) ◽  
pp. 282 ◽  
Author(s):  
Su Hwan Lee ◽  
Yeojun Yun ◽  
Soo Jung Kim ◽  
Eun-Ju Lee ◽  
Yoosoo Chang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Smoking Status ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Former Smokers ◽  
Never Smokers ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Gut Microbiota Composition

There have been few large-scale studies on the relationship between smoking and gut microbiota. We investigated the relationship between smoking status and the composition of gut microbiota. This was a population-based cross-sectional study using Healthcare Screening Center cohort data. A total of 758 men were selected and divided into three groups: never (n = 288), former (n = 267), and current smokers (n = 203). Among the three groups, there was no difference in alpha diversity, however, Jaccard-based beta diversity showed significant difference (p = 0.015). Pairwise permutational multivariate analysis of variance (PERMANOVA) tests between never and former smokers did not show a difference; however, there was significant difference between never and current smokers (p = 0.017) and between former and current smokers (p = 0.011). Weighted UniFrac-based beta diversity also showed significant difference among the three groups (p = 0.038), and pairwise PERMANOVA analysis of never and current smokers showed significant difference (p = 0.01). In the analysis of bacterial composition, current smokers had an increased proportion of the phylum Bacteroidetes with decreased Firmicutes and Proteobacteria compared with never smokers, whereas there were no differences between former and never smokers. In conclusion, gut microbiota composition of current smokers was significantly different from that of never smokers. Additionally, there was no difference in gut microbiota composition between never and former smokers.

scholarly journals Attitudinal and normative responses to advertising stimuli and vaping intentions

2020 ◽  
pp. 147078532092920
Author(s):  
Abraham Brown ◽  
Seamus Allison
Keyword(s):  
Structural Equation ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Gas Stations ◽  
Cigarette Advertising ◽  
Retail Outlets ◽  
Former Smokers ◽  
Never Smokers ◽  
Bayesian Structural Equation Modeling

Empirical data to show whether exposure to e-cigarette advertising stimuli may influence former- and never-smokers to consider vaping is lacking. We examined whether former- and never-smokers’ cognitive, affective, and normative responses to e-cigarette stimuli in retail outlets will predict their vaping intention. A repeat cross-sectional study recruited 876 participants aged 18–24 years at Waves 1 and 2 in the United Kingdom. Bayesian structural equation modeling tested mediation and moderation effects of the variables of interest. Results from Waves 1 and 2 revealed that the association of salience of e-cigarette advertising in stores and gas stations with vaping intention was mediated by affect and subjective norms among former smokers. Cognitive attitudes of never smokers mediated the relationship between salience of e-cigarette advertising in retail outlets and vaping intention at Waves 1 and 2. Former smokers were more likely to hold stronger affect toward vaping than never smokers at Wave 2. Our study supports the need for stronger policies to restrict e-cigarette portrayals in retail outlets, as advertising messages can trigger strong thoughts, feelings, and norms of vaping. Interventions may benefit from including attitudinal and normative components to promote pro-social behavior.

scholarly journals Prevalence of smoking among employees of a university hospital

2011 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 179-186 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isabel Cristina Echer ◽  
Ana Paula Almeida Corrêa ◽  
Amália de Fátima Lucena ◽  
Stephani Amanda Lukasewicz Ferreira ◽  
Marli Maria Knorst
Keyword(s):  
Smoking Status ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
University Hospital ◽  
Administrative Positions ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Stop Smoking ◽  
Education Levels ◽  
Former Smokers ◽  
Lower Education ◽  
High Degree

This cross-sectional study aimed to identify the prevalence of smoking among employees of a university hospital in Southern Brazil. Data collection happened in 2008, during the periodic health exam, using a questionnaire, according to the smoking status of the employees. The sample consisted of 1,475 subjects, in which 979 (66.4%) were non-smokers, 295 (20%) former smokers and 201 (13.6%) smokers. Smoking was more prevalent among employees with lower education levels and among professionals in administrative positions. Among smokers, low dependence was identified, as well as desire and high degree of motivation to stop smoking, with health concerns as the main reason. Thus, taking into account the motivation of smokers to stop smoking, this is an appropriate time for health education and specific support to employees in the process of smoking cessation.

scholarly journals Factors Affecting the Perceived Effectiveness of Pictorial Health Warnings on Cigarette Packages in Gulf Countries: A Cross-sectional Study

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 1179173X1769846 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ameerah Y Mansour ◽  
Zuhair Bakhsh
Keyword(s):  
Smoking Status ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Perceived Effectiveness ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Convenience Sample ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Health Warning ◽  
Former Smokers ◽  
Graphic Images

Objectives: To explore the perceived effectiveness of pictorial health warning (PHW) labels required by the Gulf Cooperation Council, to compare them with the Food and Drug Administration–approved PHW labels, and to determine factors affecting their perceived effectiveness. Methods: A cross-sectional study using a convenience sample of adult smokers and nonsmokers was conducted. The data were collected through a self-administered online questionnaire. The perceived effectiveness scores of PHW labels were calculated and compared among different subgroups using the Kruskal-Wallis test and the Dunn multiple comparison test at a .05 significance level. Results: Of the 90 people invited to participate in the survey, 77 (86%) completed it, with 39 (50%) nonsmokers, 22 (29%) smokers, and 16 (21%) former smokers. Overall, labels having graphic images of illness or pathology are perceived to be most effective. Smokers generally perceived labels significantly less effective compared with former smokers and nonsmokers. Also, 55 respondents (71%) suggested that the presence of a telephone quit-line would be effective. Conclusions: Smoking status and image type had the most effect on the perceived effectiveness of the PHW labels on cigarette packs. Pictorial health warning labels with graphic images of pathology and a telephone quit-line are perceived to be most effective.

scholarly journals Unraveling the Relationship between Smoking and Weight: The Role of Sedentary Behavior

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annette Kaufman ◽  
Erik M. Augustson ◽  
Heather Patrick
Keyword(s):  
Sedentary Behavior ◽  
Smoking Status ◽  
Anthropometric Measures ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Health And Nutrition ◽  
Former Smokers ◽  
Never Smokers ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Relationship

Research has shown that current smokers have a lower mean body mass index (BMI) than never and former smokers, with former smokers having the highest mean BMI. A number of physiological mechanisms have been hypothesized to explain this pattern, but few studies have explored the possible role of behavioral factors. Using data from the cross-sectional National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999–2006, this descriptive study explored the associations among smoking status, sedentary behavior, and two anthropometric measures (BMI and waist circumference (WC)). Sedentary behavior was significantly higher among current smokers compared to never and former smokers; former smokers had higher levels of sedentary behavior compared to never smokers. The association between smoking status and anthropometric outcomes was moderated by sedentary behavior, with current smokers evidencing higher BMI and WC at higher levels of sedentary behavior compared to lower levels of sedentary behavior. Results are discussed in terms of their implications for interventions, particularly with respect to postcessation weight gain.

Detection of Subclinical Peripheral Artery Ischemia in Healthy Male Smokers by an Ankle–Brachial Index After Exercise: Sasayama Study

Angiology ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 68 (9) ◽  
pp. 769-775 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoshimi Kubota ◽  
Aya Higashiyama ◽  
Mikio Marumo ◽  
Masami Konishi ◽  
Yoshiko Yamashita ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Smoking Status ◽  
Plantar Flexion ◽  
Ankle Brachial Index ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Healthy Male ◽  
Peripheral Artery ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Never Smokers ◽  
Ankle Plantar Flexion ◽  
Plantar Flexion Exercise

We investigated the relationship between smoking and the risk of nonnormal (≤0.99) ankle–brachial index (ABI) at rest and after ankle plantar flexion exercise in healthy male community dwellers. A cross-sectional study was performed including 228 Japanese men aged 40 to 64 years without a history of cardiovascular diseases. Participants were classified as never, ex-, and current smokers. We estimated the multivariate-adjusted odds ratios (ORs) for nonnormal ABI of ex- and current smokers in relation to never smokers after adjusting for age and other confounding factors. At rest, the prevalence of nonnormal ABI was not significantly different by smoking status. After exercise, the prevalence of nonnormal ABI increased from 1.8% to 11.5% in ex-smokers and from 3.8% to 17.0% in current smokers, while the prevalence did not significantly change in never smokers. The multivariate-adjusted OR for nonnormal ABI after ankle plantar flexion exercise, in relation to never smokers, was 3.85 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.79-18.9) for ex-smokers and 6.97 (95% CI: 1.32-36.7) for current smokers. Our results suggest that ABI after ankle plantar flexion exercise is useful for early detection of subclinical peripheral artery ischemia in male smokers without typical symptoms.

scholarly journals Substance Abuse among Students in a Dental School

2018 ◽  
Vol 56 (214) ◽  
pp. 896-899
Author(s):  
Shishir Bhatta ◽  
Manish Raj Sapkota ◽  
Sujita Shrestha ◽  
Rabindra Man Shrestha
Keyword(s):  
Substance Abuse ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Dental Students ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Former Smokers ◽  
Convenience Sampling ◽  
Never Smokers ◽  
Self Administered Questionnaire ◽  
Medical And Dental Students

Introduction: Substance abuse has become a burning issue among the medical and dental students. Dental students, who later transform into dentists, have a significant role in substance abuse cessation. Thus the study was undertaken to quantify substance abuse among dental students of Kantipur Dental College. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted using pretested self-administered questionnaire among undergraduate and post graduate students of Kantipur Dental College. Convenience sampling was done and sample size was calculated.Results: Study revealed 166 (74.10%) as never smokers, 3 (1.30%) as former smokers and 55 (24.60%) as current smokers. Similarly 97 (43.3%) students never used alcoholic drink, 95 (42.41%) consumed alcohol monthly, 29 (12.95%) consumed alcohol 2-4 times a month and 3 (1.34%) consumed alcohol 2-3 times a week. A total of 78 (35%) students used cannabis.Conclusions: Substantial numbers of students were indulged in deleterious habits of smoking, tobacco and cannabis intake. Students need to be properly counseled to discourage substance abuse and create a healthy society.

scholarly journals Effect of Smoking Cessation On Tooth Loss: A Systematic Review With Meta-Analysis

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Luisa Silveira Souto ◽  
Emanuel Silva Rovai ◽  
Cristina Cunha Villar ◽  
Mariana Minatel Braga ◽  
Claudio Mendes Pannuti
Keyword(s):  
Smoking Cessation ◽  
Tooth Loss ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Smoking Status ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Former Smokers ◽  
Meta Regression ◽  
Never Smokers

Abstract Background: Smoking is a major risk factor for periodontitis and tooth loss. Smoking cessation has a positive impact in periodontal treatment. However, so far, no systematic reviewhas evaluatedthe effect of smoking cessation on tooth loss. Therefore, this review aimed to evaluate if smoking cessation reduces the risk of tooth loss. Methods: Observational (cross-sectional and longitudinal) studiesthat investigated the association between smoking cessation and tooth loss were included. MEDLINE, EMBASE and LILACS databases were searched for articles published up to November 2018. Pooled results for subgroups of current and former smokers were compared in meta-analysis. Meta-regression was used to test the influence of smoking status on estimates and explore the heterogeneity. Results: Of 230 potentially relevant publications, 21 studies were included in the qualitative review and 12 in the quantitative analysis. Meta-analysis of cross-sectional studies did not show any differences between former and current smokers in the chance of losing 1 or more teeth (OR = 1.00; 95% CI = 0.80 to 1.24, I 2 = 80%), losing more than 8 teeth (OR = 1.02; 95% CI = 0.78 to 1.32, I 2 = 0%) or being edentulous (OR = 1.37; 95% CI = 0.94 to 1.99, I 2 = 98%). Meta-analysis from longitudinal studies showed that, when compared to never smokers, former smokers presented no increased risk of tooth loss (RR = 1.15; 95% CI = 0.98 to 1.35, I 2 = 76%), while current smokers presented an increased risk of tooth loss (RR = 2.60; 95% CI = 2.29 to 2.96, I 2 = 61%). Meta-regression showed that, among former smokers, the time of cessation was the variable that better explained heterogeneity (approximately 60%). Conclusions: Risk for tooth loss in former smokers is comparable to that of never smokers. Moreover, former smokers have a reduced risk of tooth loss, when compared to current smokers.

scholarly journals Cigarette smoking and metabolic syndrome components: a cross-sectional study from Maracaibo City, Venezuela

F1000Research ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 565
Author(s):  
Valmore Bermudez ◽  
Luis Carlos Olivar ◽  
Wheeler Torres ◽  
Carla Navarro ◽  
Robys Gonzalez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Cigarette Smoking ◽  
Smoking Status ◽  
Smoking Habit ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Abdominal Circumference ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Former Smokers ◽  
Metabolic Syndrome Components

Background: A growing body of evidence suggests that cigarette smoking can cause the onset of metabolic syndrome prior to cardiovascular diseases. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the relationship between smoking habit and metabolic syndrome components in an adult population from Maracaibo city, Venezuela. Methods: The Maracaibo City Metabolic Syndrome Prevalence Study is a descriptive, cross-sectional study with random and multi-stage sampling. In this sub-study, 2212 adults from both genders were selected. On the basis of their medical background, they were classified as smokers, non-smokers and former smokers. Metabolic syndrome was defined according to Harmonizing 2009 criteria, using population-specific abdominal circumference cut-off points. The association between risk factors was evaluated using a logistic regression model. Results: In the studied population, 14.8% were smokers, 15.4% were former smokers. In the multivariate analysis, the presence of metabolic syndrome (smokers: OR, 1.54; 95% CI, 1.11–2.14; p=0.010) and its components were related to cigarette smoking, with the exception of hyperglycemia. High blood pressure was inversely associated with current smoking status (smokers: OR, 0.70 (0.51–0.95); p=0.025). Conclusion: Cigarette smoking represents an independent risk factor for the development of metabolic syndrome, being associated with low high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, increased abdominal circumference and elevated triacylglyceride levels. Former smokers did not present a greater risk for developing this metabolic disease when compared to non-smokers. The effect of avoiding this habit should be evaluated in future studies in our population.

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