Rebuilding IUPAC after WWII

2019 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 22-25
Author(s):  
Danielle Fauque ◽  
Brigitte Van Tiggelen
Keyword(s):  
San Francisco ◽  
Second World War ◽  
League Of Nations ◽  
International Institute ◽  
World War ◽  
Winston Churchill ◽  
Social Council ◽  
Global Peace ◽  
Franklin Roosevelt ◽  
Second World

Abstract The League of Nations’ failure to ensure global peace by solving conflicts through diplomatic and peaceful means prompted Franklin Roosevelt and Winston Churchill to discuss the creation of a more efficient international organization as soon as the Second World War erupted. These preliminary efforts led to the signing of the Charter of the United Nations (UN) in San Francisco in 1945. In January 1946, the first general UN assembly took place, along with the Security Council and the Economic and Social Council. The latter created several international bodies, among them UNESCO. At first, UNESCO seemed to be the continuation of the International Institute for the Intellectual Cooperation (IIIC) coupled with the International Commission for the Intellectual Cooperation (ICIC), but was actually based on new rules [1].

Pioneers in International Administration: A Prosopography of the Directors of the League of Nations Secretariat

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 190-227 ◽  
Author(s):  
Torsten Kahlert
Keyword(s):  
International Organizations ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Second World War ◽  
League Of Nations ◽  
World War ◽  
Clear Trend ◽  
Organizational Contexts ◽  
Career Trajectories ◽  
Second World ◽  
Over Time

AbstractThis article investigates interwar internationalism from the perspective of the highest personnel of the first large-scale international administration, the League of Nations Secretariat. It applies a prosopographical approach in order to map out the development of the composition of the group of the section directors of the Secretariat over time in terms of its social and cultural characteristics and career trajectories. The analysis of gender, age, nationality, as well as educational and professional backgrounds and careers after their service for the League’s Secretariat gives insight on how this group changed over time and what it tells us about interwar internationalism. I have three key findings to offer in this article: First, the Secretariat was far from being a static organization. On the contrary, the Secretariat’s directors developed in three generations each with distinct characteristics. Second, my analysis demonstrates a clear trend towards professionalization and growing maturity of the administration over time. Third, the careers of the directors show a clear pattern of continuity across the Second World War and beyond. Even though the careers continued in different organizational contexts, the majority of the directors remained closely connected to the world of internationalism of the League, the UN world and its surrounding organizations. On a methodological level, the article offers an example of how prosopographical analysis can be used to study international organizations.

The Conflation of Race and Propaganda in the Mobilization of Africans for the Second World War

2021 ◽  
pp. 002190962110549
Author(s):  
Raphael Chijioke Njoku
Keyword(s):  
African Diaspora ◽  
Jim Crow ◽  
Second World War ◽  
League Of Nations ◽  
Global Politics ◽  
World War ◽  
Benito Mussolini ◽  
Primary Focus ◽  
The Great War ◽  
Second World

The primary focus here is to accentuate the competing roles of race and propaganda in the enlistment of Africans and African Americans for the Second World War. Among other things, the discussion captures on the interwar years and emphasizes the subtleties of African American Pan-Africanist discourses as a counterweight to Black oppression encountered in the racialized spaces of Jim Crow America, colonized Africa, and the pugnacious infraction that was the Italo-Ethiopian war of 1935–1936. Tying up the implications of these events into the broader global politics of 1939–1945 establishes the background in which the Allied Powers sought after Black people’s support in the war against the Axis Powers. Recalling that Italy’s fascist leader Benito Mussolini attacked Ethiopia in 1935 with poisonous gas while the League of Nations refused to act, points to the barefaced conflation of race and propaganda in the Great War and the centrality of African and African Diaspora exertions in the conflict.

Falling Back In

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noel Maurer
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Latin American ◽  
The United States ◽  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Covert Action ◽  
First Case ◽  
The Government ◽  
Franklin Roosevelt ◽  
Second World

This chapter explores how the United States' return to the empire trap played out, starting with Franklin Roosevelt in Mexico through Eisenhower in Guatemala and faraway Iran. Under Franklin Roosevelt, the United States began to provide foreign aid (in the form of grants and loans) and rolled out perhaps the first case of modern covert action against the government of Cuba. Both tools were perfected during the Second World War, which saw the creation of entire agencies of government dedicated to providing official transfers and covertly manipulating the affairs of foreign states. In addition, the development of sophisticated trade controls allowed targeted action against the exports of other nations. For example, after 1948 the United States could attempt to influence certain Latin American governments by granting or withholding quotas for sugar.

Food, the Emergency and the lower-class Irish body, c.1939–45

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bryce Evans
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Lower Class ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Export Market ◽  
World War ◽  
Winston Churchill ◽  
Market Disruption ◽  
Irish Government ◽  
Trade War ◽  
Second World

The ending of the Anglo-Irish Economic War (1932-8) is often represented as a watershed in British-Irish relations. However, it was soon followed by renewed trade hostility. Between 1940 and 1945, Winston Churchill subjected Ireland to an economic squeeze: the price of Irish neutrality in the Second World War. While the length of this trade war has generally been overlooked by historians, the effect of this ‘long’ Economic War on Irish public health has been similarly disregarded. This contribution argues that the Anglo-Irish economic war resulted in the mass slaughter of Irish herds due to the removal of the British export market. Market disruption had a significant knock-on effect on Irish public health, particularly in the countryside. Similarly, the British economic squeeze of the Second World War ensured that Ireland’s agricultural economy was denied fertilisers, feed, chemicals and tractors; modern productive aids that are essential to food production. The Irish government infamously introduced the ‘black loaf’ as wheat production wheat stalled, causing fears of a second Famine. Aggravated by a belatedly introduced rationing system, public health suffered.

Part I Historical Overview, Ch.2 Intellectual Cooperation Organisation, Unesco, And The Culture Conventions

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vrdoljak Ana Filipa ◽  
Meskell Lynn
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
Legal Protection ◽  
Second World War ◽  
League Of Nations ◽  
Historical Overview ◽  
World War ◽  
Cultural Field ◽  
Adoption And Implementation ◽  
Second World

This chapter provides an overview of multilateral interventions in the field of cultural heritage and its legal protection over the last century by focusing on the work of specialist cultural international organizations that have spearheaded the adoption and implementation of the leading treaties. The first part examines the early work of the League of Nations’ Intellectual Cooperation Organisation from the 1920s to the Second World War. The second part considers the work of its successor, UNESCO from the mid-twentieth century to the present day. The concluding observations consider the challenges which both organizations faced in realizing their mission in the cultural field. A deeper understanding of the ideals, challenges, and tensions which have marked the internal workings of UNESCO, its forerunner, and their Members States is fundamental to appreciating the instruments and initiatives in the cultural field that they adopted and seek to implement.

Correction

1967 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 287-287 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Second World War ◽  
League Of Nations ◽  
World War ◽  
Uniform Law ◽  
The Hague ◽  
The Law ◽  
International Sale Of Goods ◽  
Second World

A. Szakats, “The Influence of Commonwealth Law Principles on the Uniform Law on the International Sale of Goods” (1966) I.C.L.Q. (July) 749–779.In the July issue of I.C.L.Q. on p. 749, note 6, and on p. 779, reference was made to the Donaldson Committee and it was quoted that in their view “there was no demand or need for any changes in the law as contained in the Sale of Goods Act.” As source, L. A. Ellwood, “The Hague Uniform Laws Governing the international Sale of Goods,” Some Comparative Aspects of the Law Relating to Sale of Goods, I.C.L.Q. Suppl. Publication No.9 (1964), pp. 38–42, was referred to. In fact no such comment was made by the Committee. The author expresses his regret for the error. [The Board of Trade point out that the passage cited by Dr. Szakats summarised the views of H.M. Government on the original Draft Law, which was issued through the League of Nations before the second World War. Editor]

2. Historical development and contemporary concerns

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Clapham
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Historical Development ◽  
Second World War ◽  
League Of Nations ◽  
Universal Declaration ◽  
General Assembly ◽  
World War ◽  
Un General Assembly ◽  
Second World

The content of human rights is usually understood by reference to the legal catalogue of human rights we find developed through international texts. ‘Historical development and contemporary concerns’ examines the key text for human rights today—The Universal Declaration of Human Rights—adopted in 1948 by the UN General Assembly. Since that time many treaties and intergovernmental Declarations have supplemented this proclamation of rights. The treaties are best viewed as providing a framework against which we can legitimately judge the performance of governments. How did this human rights catalogue come about? What roles did the League of Nations and Second World War play?

The Clear and Present Danger

Worldview ◽  
1975 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-24
Author(s):  
J. W. Fulbright
Keyword(s):  
Human Nature ◽  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Winston Churchill ◽  
Clear And Present Danger ◽  
Second World

It is one of the perversities of human nature that people have a far greater capacity for enduring disasters than for preventing them, even when the danger is plain and imminent. Winston Churchill, for all his prescience and eloquence, was powerless to prevent the Second World War: He wrote in 1936 of an England “decided only to be undecided, resolved to be irresolute, adamant for drift, solid for fluidity, all-powerful to be impotent.” The question for us today is whether, we can succeed where Churchill failed—a tall order Indeed— by preventing disaster so as not to have to endure it.

The Womanpower Problem in Britain during the Second World War

1984 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 925-945 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harold L. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Women Workers ◽  
Second World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Women Studies ◽  
Winston Churchill ◽  
The Status ◽  
War Effort ◽  
The Government ◽  
Second World ◽  
Status Of Women

At the national women's conference convened by the government in September 1943 Winston Churchill assured the women delegates that the contribution to the war effort by British women had ‘definitely altered those social and sex balances which years of convention had established’. His belief that the war had brought about profound changes in the status of women was shared by contemporary authors attempting to evaluate the effect of the war on British women. Studies written near the end of the war by Margaret Goldsmith and Gertrude Williams refer to a wartime ‘revolution’ in the position of women. Both authors defined this revolution primarily in terms of the changed position of women workers.

A Study of Bias in British and American History Textbooks

1965 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 31-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. L. Mowat
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
American History ◽  
The United States ◽  
Second World War ◽  
History Textbooks ◽  
League Of Nations ◽  
World War ◽  
Council Of Europe ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Second World

The examination of historical works, and especially school textbooks on history, for evidence of national bias, is nothing new. Between the wars the focus was on British and German histories, which were an object of concern to the Committee on Intellectual Cooperation of the League of Nations. Since the Second World War the subject of national bias in historical works has been taken up by the Council of Europe and UNESCO. A recent study has been concerned with current British and American textbooks, which have been examined for evidences of bias against the United States and Britain respectively.

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