scholarly journals Digital image steganography and steganalysis: A journey of the past three decades

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 296-342
Author(s):  
Aditya Kumar Sahu ◽  
Monalisa Sahu
Keyword(s):  
Digital Image ◽  
Image Steganography ◽  
The Other ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Covert Communication ◽  
Hiding Capacity ◽  
The Past ◽  
Science And Art ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Fair Balance

AbstractSteganography is the science and art of covert communication. Conversely, steganalysis is the study of uncovering the steganographic process. The evolution of steganography has been paralleled by the development of steganalysis. In this game of hide and seek, the two player’s steganography and steganalysis always want to break the other down. Over the past three decades, research has produced a plethora of remarkable image steganography techniques (ISTs). The major challenge for most of these ISTs is to achieve a fair balance between the metrics such as high hiding capacity (HC), better imperceptibility, and improved security. This study aims to present an exhaustive scrutiny of various ISTs from the classical to recent developments in the spatial domain, with respect to various image steganographic metrics. Further, the current status, recent developments, open challenges, and promising directions in this field are also highlighted.

scholarly journals Digital Image Steganography Using Bit Flipping

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aditya Kumar Sahu ◽  
Gandharba Swain ◽  
E. Suresh Babu
Keyword(s):  
Digital Image ◽  
Quality Index ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
The State ◽  
Image Steganography ◽  
Original Image ◽  
Signal To Noise ◽  
Secret Data ◽  
Hiding Capacity ◽  
State Of Art

Abstract This article proposes bit flipping method to conceal secret data in the original image. Here a block consists of 2 pixels and thereby flipping one or two LSBs of the pixels to hide secret information in it. It exists in two variants. Variant-1 and Variant-2 both use 7th and 8th bit of a pixel to conceal the secret data. Variant-1 hides 3 bits per a pair of pixels and the Variant-2 hides 4 bits per a pair of pixels. Our proposed method notably raises the capacity as well as bits per pixel that can be hidden in the image compared to existing bit flipping method. The image steganographic parameters such as, Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR), hiding capacity, and the Quality Index (Q.I) of the proposed techniques has been compared with the results of the existing bit flipping technique and some of the state of art article.

scholarly journals A First Glance at the Pakistan Age Distribution

1961 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 64-75
Author(s):  
Karol J. Krotki
Keyword(s):  
Age Distribution ◽  
The Other ◽  
First Impressions ◽  
Simple Fact ◽  
The Past ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Advance Notice ◽  
Demographic Theory ◽  
And Migration ◽  
Initial Impressions

What follows is not only a summary of first impressions, but it is also limited to Pakistan as a whole, i.e., inter-regional differentials are not inves¬tigated. Furthermore, the following comments are limited to the youngest ages. In particular, no discussion is offered of the age distribution at the oldest ages. In any case the latter is partly a freak of the peculiar assumption on which it is drawn, namely, that nobody in Pakistan lives beyond the age of eighty. These are very severe limitations and in part what follows is more in the nature of advance notice of research to be undertaken than it is a report on substantive findings. Nevertheless, the initial impressions are of a startling enough nature to justify disclosure at this stage, but on the distinct understanding that they may on further inquiry prove illusory. The observations of this note are based on the simple fact that the population of any area at any time is a function of fertility, mortality and migration prevailing in the past. There are two ways in which these three influences show themselves: on the age distribution and the rate of growth. In a way, it may be more helpful to say that age distribution and growth are the other side of the same thing, namely, the combined product of fertility, mortality and migration. In fact, this is such a wide and all-em¬bracing statement that it may seem almost meaningless. However, relatively recent developments in demographic theory furnish powerful tools for analysis of age distribution and growth. Evidence of growth, such as it is, is not considered in this note. As already indicated, the discussion is limited to age distribution.

RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN GEOCHEMICAL PROSPECTING FOR PETROLEUM

Geophysics ◽  
1945 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 487-493 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leo Horvitz
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Geochemical Prospecting ◽  
The Past ◽  
Geochemical Anomalies ◽  
Geochemical Survey ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Petroleum Accumulation

A number of surveys completed during the past two years indicate that the geochemical prospecting technique can be applied successfully only when an area is explored which is sufficiently large to enable ready distinction of the anomaly from the background. Geochemical anomalies found by reconnaissance sampling have been proved to be associated with structure by the reflection seismograph. These confirmations indicate that the two methods can be used to supplement one another; one to detect the possible presence of a petroleum accumulation and the other to determine the probable depth of the accumulation. The result of a reconnaissance geochemical survey over the Heidelberg Area of Jasper County, Mississippi, are presented.

International Administrative Tribunals: Current Status and Related Bibliography

1983 ◽  
Vol 11 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 130-142 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linda L. Thompson ◽  
Selma Rodriguez
Keyword(s):  
International Organizations ◽  
The Other ◽  
Current Status ◽  
International Forum ◽  
Staff Members ◽  
The Past ◽  
National Jurisdiction ◽  
The One

International administrative tribunals have gained in popularity during the past several years. These tribunals have been established as the need arose to adjudicate disputes between international organizations and their staff members. Since the disputes are internal in nature, the tribunals filled the lacunae between local or national jurisdiction on the one hand, and a global international forum on the other.

Surfactant Polymer SP vs. Alkali-Surfactant Polymer ASP: Do We Need the a in ASP?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Delamaide ◽  
David Rousseau ◽  
Nicolas Wartenberg ◽  
Mathieu Salaun
Keyword(s):  
Salinity Gradient ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
Early Years ◽  
The Other ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Water Softening ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Pros And Cons ◽  
The 1960S

Abstract The first surfactant-based pilots can be traced back to the 1960s and since then almost a hundred field tests have taken place. Interestingly, almost half of these pilots have used an alkali (ASP) and the other half has not (SP). This reflects the current status of the industry which is divided along the same lines and over the same question: do surfactant-based processes require alkali or not? This paper proposes to address this question by providing explanations and discussing case studies. The paper will start by reminding the reader of the role of both surfactant and alkali and will review the pros and cons of alkali in terms of formulation performances, adsorption but also surface facilities and logistics. Several cases studies (lab and field) will be discussed to show when alkali can and cannot be used, and what solutions are available as alternatives to the use of alkali. Although alkali allows reducing both surfactant concentration and adsorption, it can also cause severe scaling and requires additional facilities including water softening; in addition, the large volumes of alkali required can cause logistical challenges. On the other hand, the main challenges of formulations without alkali is finding surfactants that can develop a low enough Interfacial Tension and low adsorption, or to find an acceptable adsorption mitigation strategy such as salinity gradient or adsorption inhibitors. In the early years of SP projects, very high surfactant concentrations were used (micellar process) and the process was not economic; as a result, alkali was seen as the only realistic solution. This appears to no longer be the case due to the developments of new surfactants. Although most projects in recent years have favoured the use of alkali, it seems that a trend towards SP is growing, with recent field projects in Kuwait, Oman, China and Russia favouring the SP solution. This paper will provide a discussion on the pros and cons of the use of alkali in surfactant-based processes. It will show that although using alkali has been a standard for many years it also entails severe surface issues such as scaling and requires additional capital for water softening and logistics. More importantly, recent developments in surfactants now seem to provide alkali-free solutions that can compete in terms of formulation performances. This now needs to be confirmed in the field.

scholarly journals Notice of Retraction Digital Image Steganography Using Bit Flipping

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Aditya Kumar Sahu ◽  
Gandharba Swain
Keyword(s):  
Digital Image ◽  
Quality Index ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Image Steganography ◽  
Expert Committee ◽  
Original Image ◽  
Signal To Noise ◽  
Secret Data ◽  
Hiding Capacity ◽  
Secret Information

<p><strong>Notice of Retraction</strong><br /><br />-----------------------------------------------------------------------<br />After careful and considered review of the content of this paper by a duly constituted expert committee, this paper has been found to be in violation of IAES's Publication Principles.<br /><br />We hereby retract the content of this paper. Reasonable effort should be made to remove all past references to this paper.<br /><br />The presenting author of this paper has the option to appeal this decision by contacting [email protected].<br /><br />-----------------------------------------------------------------------</p><p>This article proposes bit flipping method to conceal secret data in the original image. Here a section consists of 2 pixels and there by flipping one or two LSBs of the pixels to hide secret information in it. It exists in 2 variants. The variant-1 and variant-2 both use 7<sup>th</sup> and 8<sup>th</sup> bit to conceal the secret data. Variant-1 hides 3 bits per a pair of pixels and the variant-2 hides 4 bits per a pair of pixels. Our proposed method notably raises the capacity as well as bits per pixel that can be hidden in the image compared to existing bit flipping method. The image steganographic parameters such as, peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR), hiding capacity, and the quality index of the proposed techniques has been compared with the existing bit flipping technique</p>

scholarly journals TAREKAT DAN INTELEKTUALITAS: Studi Keterlibatan Kalangan Intelektual dalam Tarekat Tijaniyah di Kota Banjarmasin

2016 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Saifuddin . ◽  
Wardani . ◽  
Dzikri Nirwana
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Rural Culture ◽  
The Past ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The People ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
The One ◽  
The Individual

The development of tariqat in Indonesia is historically and sociologically related to the climate and culture of the people who in the past was formed by rural culture. However, in recent developments, in South Kalimantan for example, the assumption is very different. Although, this tariqat is usually described as traditional, backward, and associated with the countryside, it is not entirely true. With its tradisional nature, the tariqat become attractions for scholars. Those with rational thingkings entering this world with diverse motivations. There are two complementary sides. On the one hand, rational intellectuals/scholars enter into the tariqat and give a new baseline. On the other hand, the members of the tariqat also renew themselves. Motivations that drive the interest to this tariqat are doctrinal, rational, moral, and psychological. This motivation does not stand alone; it is intertwined and supports each other, in the internalization of the tariqat into the consciousness of the individual.

Immunoferritin localization of intracellular antigens in positively stained frozen sections

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 168-169
Author(s):  
K. T. Tokuyasu
Keyword(s):  
Surface Tension ◽  
Water Surface ◽  
Thin Layers ◽  
The Other ◽  
Positive Staining ◽  
Frozen Sections ◽  
The Past ◽  
Ultrathin Frozen Sections ◽  
Definition Of

During the past investigations of immunoferritin localization of intracellular antigens in ultrathin frozen sections, we found that the degree of negative staining required to delineate u1trastructural details was often too dense for the recognition of ferritin particles. The quality of positive staining of ultrathin frozen sections, on the other hand, has generally been far inferior to that attainable in conventional plastic embedded sections, particularly in the definition of membranes. As we discussed before, a main cause of this difficulty seemed to be the vulnerability of frozen sections to the damaging effects of air-water surface tension at the time of drying of the sections.Indeed, we found that the quality of positive staining is greatly improved when positively stained frozen sections are protected against the effects of surface tension by embedding them in thin layers of mechanically stable materials at the time of drying (unpublished).

Applications of Through-Focus Dark Field Image Shifts to Phase Identification

1975 ◽  
Vol 33 ◽  
pp. 178-179
Author(s):  
Prakash Rao
Keyword(s):  
Dark Field Image ◽  
Thin Foil ◽  
Dark Field ◽  
The Other ◽  
Stereo Image ◽  
Phase Identification ◽  
The Past ◽  
Field Electron Microscopy ◽  
Dark Field Electron ◽  
Recent Extension

Image shifts in out-of-focus dark field images have been used in the past to determine, for example, epitaxial relationships in thin films. A recent extension of the use of dark field image shifts has been to out-of-focus images in conjunction with stereoviewing to produce an artificial stereo image effect. The technique, called through-focus dark field electron microscopy or 2-1/2D microscopy, basically involves obtaining two beam-tilted dark field images such that one is slightly over-focus and the other slightly under-focus, followed by examination of the two images through a conventional stereoviewer. The elevation differences so produced are usually unrelated to object positions in the thin foil and no specimen tilting is required.In order to produce this artificial stereo effect for the purpose of phase separation and identification, it is first necessary to select a region of the diffraction pattern containing more than just one discrete spot, with the objective aperture.

A basic introduction to image processing using NIH-Image as a model

1994 ◽  
Vol 52 ◽  
pp. 392-393
Author(s):  
John Mansfield
Keyword(s):  
Image Processing ◽  
Digital Image ◽  
Image Acquisition ◽  
Digital Instrument ◽  
Novice User ◽  
Nih Image ◽  
The Past ◽  
Digital World ◽  
The World ◽  
Instrument Control

Advances in camera technology and digital instrument control have meant that in modern microscopy, the image that was, in the past, typically recorded on a piece of film is now recorded directly into a computer. The transfer of the analog image seen in the microscope to the digitized picture in the computer does not mean, however, that the problems associated with recording images, analyzing them, and preparing them for publication, have all miraculously been solved. The steps involved in the recording an image to film remain largely intact in the digital world. The image is recorded, prepared for measurement in some way, analyzed, and then prepared for presentation.Digital image acquisition schemes are largely the realm of the microscope manufacturers, however, there are also a multitude of “homemade” acquisition systems in microscope laboratories around the world. It is not the mission of this tutorial to deal with the various acquisition systems, but rather to introduce the novice user to rudimentary image processing and measurement.

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