Surfactant Polymer SP vs. Alkali-Surfactant Polymer ASP: Do We Need the a in ASP?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Delamaide ◽  
David Rousseau ◽  
Nicolas Wartenberg ◽  
Mathieu Salaun
Keyword(s):  
Salinity Gradient ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
Early Years ◽  
The Other ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Water Softening ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Pros And Cons ◽  
The 1960S

Abstract The first surfactant-based pilots can be traced back to the 1960s and since then almost a hundred field tests have taken place. Interestingly, almost half of these pilots have used an alkali (ASP) and the other half has not (SP). This reflects the current status of the industry which is divided along the same lines and over the same question: do surfactant-based processes require alkali or not? This paper proposes to address this question by providing explanations and discussing case studies. The paper will start by reminding the reader of the role of both surfactant and alkali and will review the pros and cons of alkali in terms of formulation performances, adsorption but also surface facilities and logistics. Several cases studies (lab and field) will be discussed to show when alkali can and cannot be used, and what solutions are available as alternatives to the use of alkali. Although alkali allows reducing both surfactant concentration and adsorption, it can also cause severe scaling and requires additional facilities including water softening; in addition, the large volumes of alkali required can cause logistical challenges. On the other hand, the main challenges of formulations without alkali is finding surfactants that can develop a low enough Interfacial Tension and low adsorption, or to find an acceptable adsorption mitigation strategy such as salinity gradient or adsorption inhibitors. In the early years of SP projects, very high surfactant concentrations were used (micellar process) and the process was not economic; as a result, alkali was seen as the only realistic solution. This appears to no longer be the case due to the developments of new surfactants. Although most projects in recent years have favoured the use of alkali, it seems that a trend towards SP is growing, with recent field projects in Kuwait, Oman, China and Russia favouring the SP solution. This paper will provide a discussion on the pros and cons of the use of alkali in surfactant-based processes. It will show that although using alkali has been a standard for many years it also entails severe surface issues such as scaling and requires additional capital for water softening and logistics. More importantly, recent developments in surfactants now seem to provide alkali-free solutions that can compete in terms of formulation performances. This now needs to be confirmed in the field.

scholarly journals Role of Piezoelectric Elements in Finding the Mechanical Properties of Solid Industrial Materials

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
pp. 1737 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arshed Mohammed ◽  
Sallehuddin Haris ◽  
Mohd Nuawi
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Material Testing ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Piezoelectric Elements ◽  
Need To Evaluate ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
The Many

Recent developments in ultrasonic material testing have increased the need to evaluate the current status of the different applications of piezoelectric elements (PEs). This research have reviewed state-of-the-art emerging new technology and the role of PEs in tests for a number of mechanical properties, such as creep, fracture toughness, hardness, and impact toughness, among others. In this field, importance is given to the following variables, namely, (a) values of the natural frequency to PEs, (b) type and dimensions of specimens, and (c) purpose of the tests. All these variables are listed in three tables to illustrate the nature of their differences in these kinds of tests. Furthermore, recent achievements in this field are emphasized in addition to the many important studies that highlight the role of PEs.

scholarly journals Introduction: the urban–rural connection: changing issues of belonging and identification

Africa ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. 309-319 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Geschiere ◽  
Josef Gugler
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
National Politics ◽  
Region Of Origin ◽  
Special Aspect ◽  
Power Base ◽  
Home Village ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The Village

Since the 1960s researchers have emphasised the continuing importance of rural–urban connections as a special aspect of urbanisation in Africa. It is clear that since then, in many parts of Africa, the involvement of urbanites with their ‘home’ village has increased rather than decreased. Four of the articles in this issue were originally papers presented at two ASA panels (Toronto, 1994) which set out to explore these rural–urban connections. The content of the exchanges and the moral involvement of city people and villagers in such relations vary greatly. The variations have important implications for regional differences in, for instance, the development of new modes of accumulation or the cementing of ethnic networks. The other article (by Dickson Eyoh) addresses the effects of recent political changes in this context—a theme also raised by the other articles. In many parts of Africa democratisation seems to evoke an obsession with ‘autochthony’, origin and belonging. The increasing role of elite associations, as an alternative to multi-party politics, makes the rural connection of vital importance to urban politicians. Hence ‘the village’, and more generally the region of origin, acquire new importance as a power base in national politics.

The Euthanasia Debate: Attitudes, Practices and Psychiatric Considerations

1995 ◽  
Vol 40 (10) ◽  
pp. 593-602 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harvey Max Chochinov ◽  
Keith G Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health Professionals ◽  
Assisted Suicide ◽  
Psychiatric Morbidity ◽  
Physician Attitudes ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Physician Assisted Suicide ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Hastened Death ◽  
Desire For Death

Objective To review the current status of the euthanasia debate by examining public and physician attitudes towards euthanasia, the practice of euthanasia in the Netherlands, recent developments in Canada and other countries, psychosocial considerations related to the desire for death in terminally inpatients, and the roles that psychiatrists may be asked to play in the event of legislative reform involving decriminalization. Methods A literature review was conducted focusing on recent surveys regarding physician and patient attitudes towards euthanasia, the role of psychiatrists and empirical data pertaining to the mental state of patients who request physician-hastened death. Results Psychiatric morbidity among patients requesting physician-hastened death is considerable. Conclusion As a special case of suicide, euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide are of particular relevance to mental health professionals.

scholarly journals Avanços e limites na historiografia da legislação urbanística no Brasil

2001 ◽  
pp. 33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Feldman
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Urban Development ◽  
Public Administration ◽  
Legal System ◽  
The United States ◽  
Historical Research ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 1960S

Este trabalho tem por objetivo analisar a produção recente no campo da história da legislação urbanística no Brasil, procurando detectar avanços e limites para a reflexão sobre desenvolvimento urbano e práticas urbanísticas. O texto organiza-se em três eixos analíticos. Em primeiro lugar, procura-se situar os trabalhos no processo de disseminação de estudos da história urbana no Brasil, vinculando-os ao movimento de ampliação do território da história que ocorre na Europa e nos Estados Unidos, a partir dos anos 60, com a chamada História Nova. Em segundo, baseado em um panorama da produção recente, são detectadas as vertentes dominantes e emergentes nos trabalhos sobre legislação. Em terceiro, são discutidos dois aspectos que se configuram como lacunas na historiografia da legislação: o lugar ocupado pelas normas, a partir do momento em que idéias e práticas urbanísticas têm um espaço institucionalizado na administração pública; e o lugar dos pressupostos modernistas na legislação brasileira, visto que o movimento modernista formula a proposta de um novo sistema legal para o urbanismo.Palavras-chave: legislação urbanística; história; movimento moderno. Abstract: This paper analyses recent developments in the history of Brazilian urban legislation, pointing out the progress made and limits faced, as a basis for reflection in the debate on urban development and planning practice. The analysis is divided into three parts. The first relates the dissemination of urban historical research in Brazil to the expansion of the field of history which began in the 1960s with the "New History" movement in Europe and the United States. The second part sets out the dominant and emerging approaches to urban legislation. Finally, there is a discussion of two aspects that are seen as gaps in the history of urban legislation: the role of norms, as the ideas and practices of urban planning become institutionalised within public administration, and the influences of modernist ideas on Brazilian urban legislation, taking into account that the modern movement proposes a new legal system for urban planning.Keywords: urban legislation; history; modernist movement.

scholarly journals Advances in Engineered Polymer Nanoparticle Tracking Platforms towards Cancer Immunotherapy—Current Status and Future Perspectives

Vaccines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 935
Author(s):  
Ramar Thangam ◽  
Kapil D. Patel ◽  
Heemin Kang ◽  
Ramasamy Paulmurugan
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Immunotherapy ◽  
Anticancer Agents ◽  
Polymeric Nanoparticles ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Polymeric Nanocarriers ◽  
Therapeutic Drugs ◽  
Small Molecule Ligands ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Cancer Immunotherapies

Engineering polymeric nanoparticles for their shape, size, surface chemistry, and functionalization using various targeting molecules has shown improved biomedical applications for nanoparticles. Polymeric nanoparticles have created tremendous therapeutic platforms, particularly applications related to chemo- and immunotherapies in cancer. Recently advancements in immunotherapies have broadened this field in immunology and biomedical engineering, where “immunoengineering” creates solutions to target translational science. In this regard, the nanoengineering field has offered the various techniques necessary to manufacture and assemble multifunctional polymeric nanomaterial systems. These include nanoparticles functionalized using antibodies, small molecule ligands, targeted peptides, proteins, and other novel agents that trigger and encourage biological systems to accept the engineered materials as immune enhancers or as vaccines to elevate therapeutic functions. Strategies to engineer polymeric nanoparticles with therapeutic and targeting molecules can provide solutions for developing immune vaccines via maintaining the receptor storage in T- and B cells. Furthermore, cancer immunotherapy using polymeric nanomaterials can serve as a gold standard approach for treating primary and metastasized tumors. The current status of the limited availability of immuno-therapeutic drugs highlights the importance of polymeric nanomaterial platforms to improve the outcomes via delivering anticancer agents at localized sites, thereby enhancing the host immune response in cancer therapy. This review mainly focuses on the potential scientific enhancements and recent developments in cancer immunotherapies by explicitly discussing the role of polymeric nanocarriers as nano-vaccines. We also briefly discuss the role of multifunctional nanomaterials for their therapeutic impacts on translational clinical applications.

scholarly journals Misrecognition in the making of a state: Ghana’s international relations under Kwame Nkrumah

2018 ◽  
Vol 44 (5) ◽  
pp. 882-901
Author(s):  
Julia Gallagher
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
Early Years ◽  
The Other ◽  
Social Structures ◽  
The West ◽  
Complex State ◽  
Kwame Nkrumah ◽  
The One ◽  
Struggle For Recognition

AbstractThis article draws on a Kleinian psychoanalytic reading of Hegel’s theory of the struggle for recognition to explore the role of international misrecognition in the creation of state subjectivity. It focuses on Ghana’s early years, when international relations were powerfully conceptualised and used by Kwame Nkrumah in his bid to bring coherence to a fragile infant state. Nkrumah attempted to create separation and independence from the West on the one hand, and intimacy with a unified Africa on the other. By creating juxtapositions between Ghana and these idealised international others, he was able to create a fantasy of a coherent state, built on a fundamental misrecognition of the wider world. As the fantasy bumped up against the realities of Ghana’s failing economy, fractured social structures, and complex international relationships, it foundered, causing alienation and despair. I argue that the failure of this early fantasy was the start of Ghana’s quest to begin processes of individuation and subjectivity, and that its undoing was an inevitable part of the early stages of misrecognition, laying the way for more grounded struggles for recognition and the development of a more complex state-subjectivity.

Keep Moving, Stay Tuned

Transfers ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 67-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marith Dieker
Keyword(s):  
Media Studies ◽  
Traffic Control ◽  
Traffic Management ◽  
Sociotechnical Systems ◽  
The Other ◽  
Traffic Information ◽  
Traffic Jams ◽  
Information Updates ◽  
The 1960S

With the rise of privatized automobility and the increase of traffic jams, new sociotechnical systems have emerged that aim at traffic control. Radio traffic information has been a key element in these systems. Through a qualitative analysis of historical radio broadcasts of the largest Dutch news station between 1960 and 2000, this article explores the changing format and content of traffic information updates. I will show how the rather formal, detailed, and paternalistic narratives of the traffic reports in the 1960s gave way to more informal, witty, yet flow-controlling traffic information discourse in later decades. I will explain the dynamics involved by drawing on mobility and media studies and by developing two distinct notions of flow, one of which builds conceptually on Raymond Williams’s work on mobile privatization, the other is grounded in the field of traffic management. In so doing, this article aims to contribute to a better understanding of the role of public radio broadcasts in our world of privatized automobility.

scholarly journals Digital image steganography and steganalysis: A journey of the past three decades

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 296-342
Author(s):  
Aditya Kumar Sahu ◽  
Monalisa Sahu
Keyword(s):  
Digital Image ◽  
Image Steganography ◽  
The Other ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Covert Communication ◽  
Hiding Capacity ◽  
The Past ◽  
Science And Art ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Fair Balance

AbstractSteganography is the science and art of covert communication. Conversely, steganalysis is the study of uncovering the steganographic process. The evolution of steganography has been paralleled by the development of steganalysis. In this game of hide and seek, the two player’s steganography and steganalysis always want to break the other down. Over the past three decades, research has produced a plethora of remarkable image steganography techniques (ISTs). The major challenge for most of these ISTs is to achieve a fair balance between the metrics such as high hiding capacity (HC), better imperceptibility, and improved security. This study aims to present an exhaustive scrutiny of various ISTs from the classical to recent developments in the spatial domain, with respect to various image steganographic metrics. Further, the current status, recent developments, open challenges, and promising directions in this field are also highlighted.

scholarly journals THE MAIN DIRECTIONS OF STUDY OF THE DISSIDENT MOVEMENT IN THE USSR IN RUSSIAN HISTORIOGRAPHY (ON MATERIALS OF DISSERTATION RESEARCH)

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 679-685
Author(s):  
A.V. Merzanova
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Positive Contribution ◽  
National History ◽  
Soviet History ◽  
Pros And Cons ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Sharp Criticism ◽  
The Cold War

The article deals with the historiography of the dissident movement in the USSR, represented by a complex of dissertations for the degree of candidate and doctor of historical Sciences. According to the classification proposed by the author, the dissertations can be divided into 2 areas depending on the researchers' assessment of the place and role of dissidents in Soviet history. Most of the works are characterized by the apologia of dissidence, the consideration of this phenomenon only from the point of view of a positive contribution to the national history, the representation of all dissidents as martyrs and «prisoners of conscience». A smaller part of the work relates to the objective-realistic direction, which considers both the pros and cons in the dissident movement, its role in the years of the «cold war». The author concludes that the studies of the second half of the 1990s - the first decade of the 2000s are more characterized by the mythologization of the dissident movement, which replaced its sharp criticism in the 1960s - the first half of the 1980s.

scholarly journals Broadband Time Domain Diffuse Optical Reflectance Spectroscopy: A Review of Systems, Methods, and Applications

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (24) ◽  
pp. 5465
Author(s):  
Sanathana Konugolu Venkata Sekar ◽  
Pranav Lanka ◽  
Andrea Farina ◽  
Alberto Dalla Mora ◽  
Stefan Andersson-Engels ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Time Domain ◽  
Reflectance Spectroscopy ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Future Trends ◽  
Diffuse Optical Spectroscopy ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Multiple Domains

This review presents recent developments and a wide overview of broadband time domain diffuse optical spectroscopy (TD-DOS). Various topics including physics of photon migration, advanced instrumentation, methods of analysis, applications covering multiple domains (tissue chromophore, in vivo studies, food, wood, pharmaceutical industry) are elaborated. The key role of standardization and recent studies in that direction are discussed. Towards the end, a brief outlook is presented on the current status and future trends in broadband TD-DOS.

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