Vertical transmission of Zika virus (ZIKV) in early pregnancy: two cases, two different courses

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 131-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kimberly Herrera ◽  
James Bernasko ◽  
David Garry ◽  
Sevan Vahanian ◽  
Cynthia Kaplan
Keyword(s):  
Amniotic Fluid ◽  
Early Pregnancy ◽  
Zika Virus ◽  
Pregnancy Termination ◽  
List Type ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Zikv Infection ◽  
Maternal Illness ◽  
Fetal Serum ◽  
Polymerase Chain

Abstract Background: Vertical Zika virus (ZIKV) transmission is actively being studied. Prior cases of ZIKV in pregnancy have suggested an association with infection and adverse fetal outcomes. We describe two cases of maternal illness and their respective pregnancy courses. Case 1: A 30-year-old Hispanic female presented with rash, fatigue, and chills after noticing mosquito bites in Honduras. Fetal anatomy appeared normal on ultrasound at 16 and 17 weeks. ZIKV RNA reverse-transcriptase-polymerase-chain-reaction (RT-PCR) was identified in her serum and amniotic fluid. She opted for pregnancy termination. Fetal serum and tissue analysis confirmed ZIKV infection. Case 2: A 28-year-old Hispanic female presented with rash, fever, and fatigue after sexual intercourse. Her ZIKV serum RNA RT-PCR was positive and amniotic fluid was negative. Fetal anatomy appeared normal at 20 and 22 weeks and her pregnancy remains ongoing. Conclusion: The effects of maternal ZIKV infection in early pregnancy can vary.

scholarly journals Clinical and laboratory diagnosis of congenital Zika virus syndrome and diaphragmatic unilateral palsy: case report

2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 467-473 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alex Sandro Rolland Souza ◽  
◽  
Marli Tenorio Cordeiro ◽  
Jucile do Amaral Meneses ◽  
Emanuele Honorato ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Case Report ◽  
Amniotic Fluid ◽  
Zika Virus ◽  
Serological Test ◽  
Laboratory Diagnosis ◽  
Diaphragmatic Paralysis ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Amniotic Fluid Index ◽  
First Case ◽  
Polymerase Chain

Abstract Introduction: several birth defects associated to congenital Zika virus infection have been reported, although the clinical features have not been fully characterized. Description: this is the first case report on unilateral diaphragmatic paralysis diagnosed on a neonate with congenital Zika confirmed by the examination of the amniotic fluid through polymerase chain reaction (ZIKV RT-PCR) and the examination of cerebrospinal fluid by serological test (IgM ZIKV-ELISA) after birth. The main manifestations detected by intrauterine ultrasound were: microcephaly, ventriculomegaly, intracranial calcifications, enlarged cisterna magna, increased amniotic fluid index and fetal akinesia syndrome. The newborn had acute respiratory failure in the first hours of life, requiring mechanical ventila-tion. The X- ray of the chest showed unilateral diaphragmatic paralysis and cardiomegaly. Discussion: diaphragmatic palsy in congenital Zika has not been previously reported, the etiopathogenic mechanisms of this event in congenital Zika virus needs to be elucidated.

scholarly journals Update on the Transmission of Zika Virus Through Breast Milk and Breastfeeding: A Systematic Review of the Evidence

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 123
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Centeno-Tablante ◽  
Melisa Medina-Rivera ◽  
Julia L. Finkelstein ◽  
Heather S. Herman ◽  
Pura Rayco-Solon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Zika Virus ◽  
Mother To Child Transmission ◽  
Inclusion Criteria ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Child Transmission ◽  
Zikv Infection ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Clinical Complications ◽  
Mother To Child

We systematically searched regional and international databases and screened 1658 non-duplicate records describing women with suspected or confirmed ZIKV infection, intending to breastfeed or give breast milk to an infant to examine the potential of mother-to-child transmission of Zika virus (ZIKV) through breast milk or breastfeeding-related practices. Fourteen studies met our inclusion criteria and inform this analysis. These studies reported on 97 mother–children pairs who provided breast milk for ZIKV assessment. Seventeen breast milk samples from different women were found positive for ZIKV via RT-PCR, and ZIKV replication was found in cell cultures from five out of seven breast milk samples from different women. Only three out of six infants who had ZIKV infection were breastfed, no evidence of clinical complications was found to be associated with ZIKV RNA in breast milk. This review updates our previous report by including 12 new articles, in which we found no evidence of ZIKV mother-to-child transmission through breast milk intake or breastfeeding. As the certainty of the present evidence is low, additional studies are still warranted to determine if ZIKV can be transmitted through breastfeeding.

Detection of Zika Virus Replication in Human Semen by Reverse-Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction Targeting of Antisense Ribonucleic Acid

2020 ◽  
Vol 222 (2) ◽  
pp. 319-323 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ralph Huits ◽  
Birgit De Smet ◽  
Gilda Grard ◽  
Kaat Eggermont ◽  
Catherine Minto-Bain ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Reverse Transcription ◽  
Zika Virus ◽  
Ribonucleic Acid ◽  
Virus Isolation ◽  
Threshold Values ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Zikv Infection ◽  
Isolation Methods ◽  
Polymerase Chain

Abstract Background Persistence of Zika virus (ZIKV) ribonucleic acid (RNA) in semen is common after infection. Methods We designed a reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction assay that targets antisense ZIKV RNA (asRNA) to assess ZIKV replication competence in ZIKV RNA-positive semen samples. Results We detected ZIKV asRNA in semen of 9 of 19 men (47.4%) diagnosed with ZIKV infection. All asRNA-positive samples had high ZIKV loads (cycle threshold values <26) and were obtained within 21 days of symptom onset. Conclusions The sensitivity of the asRNA assay for detection of ZIKV replication was higher than that of conventional virus isolation methods (47.4% vs 21.1%, P = .032).

scholarly journals High-throughput fitness profiling of Zika virus E protein reveals different roles for N-linked glycosylation during infection of mammalian and mosquito cells

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danyang Gong ◽  
Tian-hao Zhang ◽  
Dawei Zhao ◽  
Yushen Du ◽  
Travis J. Chapa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Zika Virus ◽  
Cell Receptor ◽  
Human Cells ◽  
Nucleotide Position ◽  
List Type ◽  
Zikv Infection ◽  
E Protein ◽  
Mosquito Cells ◽  
Viral Mutant ◽  
Replication Fitness

AbstractZika virus (ZIKV) infection causes Guillain-Barré syndrome and severe birth defects. ZIKV envelope (E) protein is the major viral protein involved in cell receptor binding and entry and therefore considered one of the major determinants in ZIKV pathogenesis. Here, we report a gene-wide mapping of functional residues of ZIKV E protein using a mutant library with changes covering every nucleotide position. By comparing the replication fitness of every viral mutant between mosquito and human cells, we identified that mutations affecting N-linked glycosylation at N154 position display the most divergence. Through characterizing individual mutants, we show that, while ablation of N-linked glycosylation selectively benefits ZIKV infection of mosquito cells by enhancing cell entry, it either had little impact on ZIKV infection on certain human cells or decreased infection through entry factor DC-SIGN. In conclusion, we define the roles of individual residues of ZIKV envelope protein, which contribute to ZIKV replication fitness in human and mosquito cells.HighlightsGene-wide mapping of functional residues of E protein in human and mosquito cells.Mutations affecting N-linked glycosylation display the most dramatic difference.N-linked glycosylation decreases ZIKV entry into mosquito cells.N-linked glycosylation is important for DC-SIGN mediated infection of human cells.

scholarly journals Dengue, chikungunya and zika virus coinfection: results of the national surveillance during the zika epidemic in Colombia

2019 ◽  
Vol 147 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcela Mercado-Reyes ◽  
Jorge Acosta-Reyes ◽  
Edgar Navarro-Lechuga ◽  
Sherill Corchuelo ◽  
Angélica Rico ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Zika Virus ◽  
Medical Records ◽  
National Surveillance ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Zikv Infection ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Epidemiologic Surveillance ◽  
Polymerase Chain

AbstractOur objective was to determine the frequency of zika (ZIKV), chikungunya (CHIKV) and dengue (DENV) virus coinfection and describe the mortality cases that occurred during the epidemiologic surveillance of the ZIKV epidemic in Colombia. We analysed all cases of suspected ZIKV infection that were reported to the National Institute of Health (October 2015–December 2016). DENV, CHIKV and ZIKV RNA were detected in serum or tissue samples using polymerase chain reaction assay. Medical records of the fatal cases were reviewed. We identified that 23 871 samples were processed. The frequency of viral agents was 439 (1.84%) for DENV, 257 (1.07%) for CHIKV and 10118 (42.38%) for ZIKV. Thirty-four (0.14%) cases of coinfection were identified. The CHIKV–ZIKV coinfection was present in 28 cases (82.3%), DENV–CHIKV in three (8.8%) and DENV–ZIKV in three (8.8%). Seven (20.6%) coinfection cases were fatal (two DENV–CHIKV cases and five CHIKV–ZIKV cases). Two cases were foetal deaths and the others were related to neurological syndrome and sepsis. In conclusion, the frequency of arbovirus coinfection during epidemic of ZIKV was low, and CHIKV–ZIKV coinfection was the most common. Mortality was high among coinfection patients. The role of each virus in the mortality cases of coinfection warrants further studies.

scholarly journals The proportion of asymptomatic infections and spectrum of disease among pregnant women infected by Zika virus: systematic monitoring in French Guiana, 2016

2017 ◽  
Vol 22 (44) ◽  
Author(s):  
Claude Flamand ◽  
Camille Fritzell ◽  
Séverine Matheus ◽  
Maryvonne Dueymes ◽  
Gabriel Carles ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Zika Virus ◽  
French Guiana ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Zikv Infection ◽  
Younger Women ◽  
Adjusted Risk ◽  
Adjusted Risk Ratio ◽  
Asymptomatic Infections

Zika virus (ZIKV) infection has been associated with complications during pregnancy. Although the presence of symptoms might be a risk factor for complication, the proportion of ZIKV-infected pregnant women with symptoms remains unknown. Following the emergence of ZIKV in French Guiana, all pregnancies in the territory were monitored by RT-PCR and/or detection of ZIKV antibodies. Follow-up data collected during pregnancy monitoring interviews were analysed from 1 February to 1 June 2016. We enrolled 3,050 pregnant women aged 14–48 years and 573 (19%) had laboratory-confirmed ZIKV infection. Rash, arthralgia, myalgia and conjunctival hyperaemia were more frequently observed in ZIKV-positive women; 23% of them (95% confidence interval (CI): 20–27) had at least one symptom compatible with ZIKV infection. Women 30 years and older were significantly more likely to have symptoms than younger women (28% vs 20%). The proportion of symptomatic infections varied from 17% in the remote interior to 35% in the urbanised population near the coast (adjusted risk ratio: 1.6; 95% CI: 1.4–1.9.). These estimates put findings on cohorts of symptomatic ZIKV-positive pregnant women into the wider context of an epidemic with mainly asymptomatic infections. The proportion of symptomatic ZIKV infections appears to vary substantially between populations.

scholarly journals Diagnostic performance of anti-Zika virus IgM, IgAM and IgG ELISAs during co-circulation of Zika, dengue, and chikungunya viruses in Brazil and Venezuela

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. e0009336
Author(s):  
Ivonne Morales ◽  
Kerstin D. Rosenberger ◽  
Tereza Magalhaes ◽  
Clarice N. L. Morais ◽  
Cynthia Braga ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Zika Virus ◽  
Test Performance ◽  
Diagnostic Performance ◽  
Cross Reactivity ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Zikv Infection ◽  
Serological Tests ◽  
Sequential Samples

Background Serological diagnosis of Zika virus (ZIKV) infection is challenging because of the antibody cross-reactivity among flaviviruses. At the same time, the role of Nucleic Acid Testing (NAT) is limited by the low proportion of symptomatic infections and the low average viral load. Here, we compared the diagnostic performance of commercially available IgM, IgAM, and IgG ELISAs in sequential samples during the ZIKV and chikungunya (CHIKV) epidemics and co-circulation of dengue virus (DENV) in Brazil and Venezuela. Methodology/Principal findings Acute (day of illness 1–5) and follow-up (day of illness ≥ 6) blood samples were collected from nine hundred and seven symptomatic patients enrolled in a prospective multicenter study of symptomatic patients recruited between June 2012 and August 2016. Acute samples were tested by RT-PCR for ZIKV, DENV, and CHIKV. Acute and follow-up samples were tested for IgM, IgAM, and IgG antibodies to ZIKV using commercially available ELISAs. Among follow-up samples with a RT-PCR confirmed ZIKV infection, anti-ZIKV IgAM sensitivity was 93.5% (43/48), while IgM and IgG exhibited sensitivities of 30.3% (10/35) and 72% (18/25), respectively. An additional 24% (26/109) of ZIKV infections were detected via IgAM seroconversion in ZIKV/DENV/CHIKV RT-PCR negative patients. The specificity of anti-ZIKV IgM was estimated at 93% and that of IgAM at 85%. Conclusions/Significance Our findings exemplify the challenges of the assessment of test performance for ZIKV serological tests in the real-world setting, during co-circulation of DENV, ZIKV, and CHIKV. However, we can also demonstrate that the IgAM immunoassay exhibits superior sensitivity to detect ZIKV RT-PCR confirmed infections compared to IgG and IgM immunoassays. The IgAM assay also proves to be promising for detection of anti-ZIKV seroconversions in sequential samples, both in ZIKV PCR-positive as well as PCR-negative patients, making this a candidate assay for serological monitoring of pregnant women in future ZIKV outbreaks.

Zika Virus and the Water Supply Chain

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (04) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chakaela N Turner
Keyword(s):  
Zika Virus ◽  
Neurological Complications ◽  
Subcortical White Matter ◽  
World Health ◽  
Autoimmune Response ◽  
Response Measure ◽  
Zikv Infection ◽  
The World ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Health Organization

Recently, an epidemic broke out in South America, more specifically Brazil, which is harmful to women baring a child. This epidemic originally began in West Africa. This concern is associated with the increased incident of microcephaly in newborns to mothers infected by the virus. An ultrasound performed at 29 weeks of development uncovered microcephaly with calcifications in the fetal mind and placenta (Miaker, 2016). After the mother asked for a termination of the pregnancy, a fetal post-mortem examination was performed. Microcephaly was seen with verging multifocal dystrophic calcifications in the cortex and subcortical white matter, with related cortical dislodging and gentle central irritation. Zika Virus, or ZIKV, was found in the fetal cerebrum tissue on converse transcriptase–polymerase-chain-response measure, with predictable discoveries on electron microscopy. The complete genome of the virus was recuperated from the fetal mind (Miaker, 2016). The outbreak of “Guillian-Barre Syndrome, [a condition in which the immune system attacks the nerves], and Microcephaly, [meaning little cerebrum], have led the World Health Organization to declare a global health emergency. Gangliosides are crucial in brain development, and their expression correlates with neurogenesis, synaptogenesis, synaptic transmission, and cell proliferation. Targeting the autoimmune response to gangliosides may represent an underexploited opportunity to examine the increased incidence of neurological complications related to ZIKV infection” (Anaya et al., 2016). The purpose of this literature review is to determine the effects of the ZIKV on the nervous system in humans and across other species; we will also determine how Gullain-Barre Syndrome, or GBS, and Microcephaly are developed, and a probable cure to ZIKV.

Characterization and ontogeny of endothelin receptors in human placenta

1993 ◽  
Vol 264 (3) ◽  
pp. E367-E372 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. J. Kilpatrick ◽  
J. M. Roberts ◽  
D. L. Lykins ◽  
R. N. Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Human Placenta ◽  
Binding Sites ◽  
Pregnancy Termination ◽  
First Trimester ◽  
Receptor Subtype ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Third Trimester ◽  
Single Class ◽  
Mrna Transcripts ◽  
Polymerase Chain

Because of the potent mitogenic and vasoactive properties of endothelin-1 (ET-1) and the presence of its receptor in third trimester placenta, we postulated that ET-1 might be involved in human placental growth and vascularization during development. As an initial approach to test this hypothesis, placental ET receptors were characterized and quantified in each trimester of pregnancy. Membrane-rich particulates were prepared from first-, second-, and third-trimester villous human placenta obtained immediately after pregnancy termination or delivery. ET receptors were characterized by radioligand saturation analysis, ligand competition, and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to determine the concentration, affinity, and specificity of ET binding sites, and to document the presence of specific ET-receptor subtype mRNA transcripts in placentas from each trimester. Kinetic determinations of 125I-labeled ET-1 binding yielded a Kd = 61 pM, consistent with the equilibrium determinations of 34 +/- 6 pM (n = 11). The concentration of ET receptors decreased significantly from 682 +/- 94 fmol/mg protein (n = 4) in the first trimester to 266 +/- 89 fmol/mg protein (n = 4) in the third trimester. Competition studies with unlabeled ET-1 indicated a single class of binding sites with a Ki = 49 +/- 5 pM (n = 9), whereas competition with ET-3 demonstrated binding sites with two affinities. The predominant sites had a Ki = 84 +/- 14 pM, similar to that for ET-1. The RT-PCR data confirmed that both ETA and ETB receptors mRNA transcripts are expressed in human placenta.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

scholarly journals Zika Virus Alters the Viscosity and Cytokines Profile in Human Colostrum

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ocilma B. de Quental ◽  
Eduardo L. França ◽  
Adenilda C. Honório-França ◽  
Tassiane C. Morais ◽  
Blanca E. G. Daboin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Cytokines ◽  
Zika Virus ◽  
Rheological Parameters ◽  
Virus Spread ◽  
Maternal Infection ◽  
Biological Mechanisms ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Zikv Infection ◽  
Human Colostrum ◽  
Polymerase Chain

The resurgence of cases of Zika virus (ZIKV) infection, accompanied by epidemic of microcephaly in Brazil, has aroused worldwide interest in understanding the biological mechanisms of the virus that allow patient management and the viral dissemination control. Colostrum and human milk are possible sources of virus spread. Therefore, the objective of this study was to analyze the repercussions of ZIKV infection on rheological parameters and inflammatory cytokines of colostrum. The prospective cohort study included 40 puerperal donors of colostrum, divided into 2 groups: control (without ZIKV infection, n=20) and a group infected with ZIKV during the gestational period (n=20). Analyses were performed for the detection of ZIKV by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). In addition to obtaining the rheological parameters and quantification of IL-10 and IL-6 cytokines by flow cytometry, ZIKV and other flaviviruses were not detected in colostrum. However, maternal infection reflected increased viscosity, decreased levels of IL-10, and elevated levels of IL-6. The higher viscosity may represent a mechanical barrier that hinders the spread of the virus. The lower levels of anti-inflammatory mediators and higher inflammatory cytokines may possibly alter the viscosity, and it seems the higher viscosity represents a possible mechanism of adaptation of breastfeeding against a response to ZIKV.

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