Fungal biodegradation of genetically modified and lignin-altered quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.)

AbstractBetter access to wood carbohydrates as a result of reduced, or altered, lignin is a goal of biopulping, as well as biofuel research. In the present article, woods from three transgenic trees and one wild-type quaking aspen (Populus tremuloidesMichx.) were analyzed in terms of mass loss of cellulose and lignin after incubation with lignocellulolytic fungi. The transgenic trees had reduced lignin content through transfer of an antisense -4CL gene, elevated syringyl/guaiacyl (S/G) ratio through insertion of a sense CAld5H gene and low lignin content and elevated S/G ratio through simultaneous insertion of -4CL and CAld5H genes, respectively. The lignocellulolytic fungi employed were a lignin-selective white rot fungusCeriporiopsis subvermispora, a simultaneous white rot fungusTrametes versicolorand a brown rot fungusPostia placenta. Reduced lignin degradation was observed in woods with increased S/G ratios indicating that this analytical feature influences decay resistance, regardless of the fungal decay mechanism.

Download Full-text

Thermal Stability and Decay Resistance Properties of Tropical Wood Polymer Nanocomposites (WPNC)

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.667.482 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 667 ◽

pp. 482-489 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Md. Saiful Islam ◽

Sinin Hamdan ◽

Mohamad Rusop ◽

Md. Rezaur Rahman

Keyword(s):

Thermal Stability ◽

Polymer Nanocomposites ◽

Phenol Formaldehyde ◽

Brown Rot ◽

Decay Resistance ◽

White Rot ◽

Postia Placenta ◽

Tropical Wood ◽

Wood Polymer ◽

The Fourier Transform

The effects of nanoclay on the thermal stability and decay resistance properties of tropical wood polymer nanocomposites (WPNCs) were investigated in this work. WPNC were prepared from several selected tropical wood species by impregnating the selected woods with a combination of nanoclay and phenol formaldehyde (PF) prepolymer mixture. The formation of WPNC was confirmed by the fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis. Thermal property of manufactured WPNC in terms of thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was evaluated, and an improvement in thermal stability was found for fabricated WPNC. The wood was then exposed to two types of fungi; white-rot (polyporous versicolor) and brown-rot (postia placenta), for 12 weeks. Decay was assessed through percentage (%) of weight loss. A significant improvement was found in the treated woods compared to the untreated ones. In addition, the fabricated WPNC showed lower moisture content compared with raw one.

Download Full-text

Decay resistance of softwoods and hardwoods thermally modified by the Thermovouto type thermo-vacuum process to brown rot and white rot fungi

Holzforschung ◽

10.1515/hf-2015-0244 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 70 (9) ◽

pp. 877-884 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

Jie Gao ◽

Jong Sik Kim ◽

Nasko Terziev ◽

Geoffrey Daniel

Keyword(s):

White Rot Fungi ◽

Brown Rot ◽

Decay Resistance ◽

Fungal Species ◽

White Rot ◽

Agar Block ◽

Pycnoporus Sanguineus ◽

Postia Placenta ◽

Soil Block ◽

Class 1

Abstract Softwoods (SW, spruce and fir) and hardwoods (HW, ash and beech) were thermally modified by the thermo-vacuum (Termovuoto) process for 3–4 h in the temperature range 160–220°C (TMW160–220°C) and their fungal durability were examined in soil-block tests with two brown rot (BR, Postia placenta, Gloeophyllum trabeum) and two white rot (WR, Pycnoporus sanguineus, Phlebia radiata) fungi. SW-TMW160–220°C were exposed to P. placenta and P. sanguineus and HW-TMW190–220°C to all fungal species. Considerable improvement (durability class 1–3) in decay resistance was only achieved for SW- and HW-TMW220°C. Thermal modification (TM) below 200°C influenced decay resistance negatively in case of some fungal species applied for both SW and HW. Judged by the durability class, decay resistance was higher in HW- than in SW-TMW at high TM temperature. Behavior of TM differed significantly between ash (ring-porous HW) and beech (diffuse-porous HW). A comparison between results of soil- and agar-block tests on Termovouoto wood demonstrated that the influence of testing method in terms of assignment to durability classes is not significant.

Download Full-text

Fungal decay resistance of wood reacted with phosphorus pentoxide-amine system

Holzforschung ◽

10.1515/hf.2004.048 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 58 (3) ◽

pp. 311-315 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

H.-L. Lee ◽

G.C. Chen ◽

R.M. Rowell

Keyword(s):

Brown Rot ◽

Decay Resistance ◽

Phosphorus Pentoxide ◽

White Rot ◽

White Rot Fungus ◽

Gloeophyllum Trabeum ◽

Brown Rot Fungus ◽

Nitro Derivatives ◽

Amine System

Abstract Resistance of wood reacted in situ with phosphorus pentoxide-amine to the brown-rot fungus Gloeophyllum trabeum and white-rot fungus Trametes versicolor was examined. Wood reacted with either octyl, tribromo, or nitro derivatives were more resistant to both fungi. Threshold retention values of phosphoramide-reacted wood to white-rot fungus T. versicolor ranged from 2.9 to 13.3 mmol, while these for brown-rot fungus G. trabeum ranged from 8.1 to 19.2 mmol. Wood reacted with phosphoramide tested to be more resistant to white-rot than brown-rot attack.

Download Full-text

Combined effect of boron compounds and heat treatments on wood properties: Boron release and decay and termite resistance

Holzforschung ◽

10.1515/hf.2006.072 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 60 (4) ◽

pp. 455-458 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

S. Nami Kartal

Keyword(s):

Brown Rot ◽

Wood Properties ◽

Decay Resistance ◽

Heat Treatments ◽

Coptotermes Formosanus ◽

White Rot ◽

White Rot Fungus ◽

Termite Resistance ◽

Brown Rot Fungus ◽

Decay Tests

Abstract The decay and termite resistance of boric acid (BA)- and di-sodium octoborate tetrahydrate (DOT)-treated sugi sapwood was tested in the context of additional heat treatments at two temperature levels. Heat treatments had no effect on boron release and almost all boron was leached from specimens during a 10-day weathering period. Decay tests with the brown-rot fungus Fomitopsis palustris and the white-rot fungus Trametes versicolor and a 3-week termite resistance test with the subterranean termite Coptotermes formosanus were performed. Heat treatments did not increase the decay resistance of either BA- or DOT-treated specimens against the brown-rot fungus. However, the decay resistance of BA-treated specimens against the same fungus increased after heat treatment at 220°C for 2 h. Heat treatments at 180°C for 4 h and 220°C for 2 h also resulted in increased decay resistance of DOT-treated specimens against T. versi-color. Increased resistance against termite attack was observed only in DOT-treated specimens heated at 180°C for 4 h or at 220°C for 2 h. Accordingly, a synergistic effect between heat and DOT treatments was observed for resistance against white-rot decay and termites.

Download Full-text

Treatment of wood with aminofunctional silanes for protection against wood destroying fungi

Holzforschung ◽

10.1515/hf.2006.035 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 60 (2) ◽

pp. 210-216 ◽

Cited By ~ 40

Author(s):

Steffen Donath ◽

Holger Militz ◽

Carsten Mai

Keyword(s):

Quaternary Ammonium ◽

Prolonged Exposure ◽

Sol Gel ◽

Combined Treatment ◽

Brown Rot ◽

Decay Resistance ◽

White Rot ◽

White Rot Fungus ◽

Ammonium Compound ◽

Amino Groups

AbstractDifferent aminofunctional silanes were tested for their suitability to preserve wood against basidiomycetes in a mini-block experiment according to EN 113. High effectiveness against the brown rot fungusConiophora puteanawas maintained over prolonged exposure times of up to 18 weeks. Resistance against the white rot fungusTrametes versicolorwas only enhanced in the initial phase of exposure (6 weeks); after longer exposure times of 18 weeks, considerable mass losses were observed. It was shown that the antifungal resistance was caused by the amino groups of the oligomeric silane systems, while alkyl groups, which influence the water uptake of wood, only had a minor impact. For effective protection, acidic conditions of the treatment solution were important; this promotes the formation of cationised amino groups (ammonium). The silane quaternary ammonium compound (Si-QAC) 3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyldimethyloctadecyl ammonium chloride was applied in combination with an oligomeric silane system to incorporate quaternary ammonium sites into a SiO2matrix via a sol-gel process. This combined treatment significantly enhanced the decay resistance of pine wood againstC. puteana.

Download Full-text

Durability and Fire Performance of Charred Wood Siding (Shou Sugi Ban)

Forests ◽

10.3390/f12091262 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (9) ◽

pp. 1262

Author(s):

Laura Hasburgh ◽

Samuel Zelinka ◽

Amy Bishell ◽

Grant Kirker

Keyword(s):

Oxygen Consumption ◽

Cone Calorimeter ◽

Brown Rot ◽

Decay Resistance ◽

White Rot ◽

White Rot Fungus ◽

Fire Performance ◽

Soil Block ◽

Brown Rot Fungus ◽

Charred Wood

Shou sugi ban, also known as yakisugi, or just sugi ban, is an aesthetic wood surface treatment that involves charring the surface of dimensional lumber, such as exterior cladding. The goal of this research is to examine the effect of shou sugi ban on the flammability and decay resistance of wood. Several species and variants of commercially available sugi ban were tested. The flammability was examined from the heat release rate curves using the oxygen consumption method and cone calorimeter. Durability was examined with a soil block assay for one white-rot fungus and one brown-rot fungus. The testing showed that the shou sugi ban process did not systematically improve the flammability or durability of the siding

Download Full-text

Cell Wall Bulking by Maleic Anhydride for Wood Durability Improvement

Forests ◽

10.3390/f11040367 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (4) ◽

pp. 367 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Mingming He ◽

Dandan Xu ◽

Changgui Li ◽

Yuzhen Ma ◽

Xiaohan Dai ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cell Wall ◽

Maleic Anhydride ◽

Wood Cell Wall ◽

Brown Rot ◽

Decay Resistance ◽

White Rot ◽

White Rot Fungus ◽

Hydroxyl Group ◽

Hydroxyl Groups ◽

Decay Fungi

Wood is susceptible to swelling deformation and decay fungi due to moisture adsorption that originates from the dynamic nanopores of the cell wall and the abundant hydroxyl groups in wood components. This study employed as a modifier maleic anhydride (MAn), with the help of acetone as solvent, to diffuse into the wood cell wall, bulk nanopores, and further chemically bond to the hydroxyl groups of wood components, reducing the numbers of free hydroxyl groups and weakening the diffusion of water molecules into the wood cell wall. The derived MAn-bulked wood, compared to the control wood, presented a reduction in water absorptivity (RWA) of ~23% as well as an anti-swelling efficiency (ASE) of ~39% after immersion in water for 228 h, and showed an improvement in decay resistance of 81.42% against white-rot fungus and 69.79% against brown-rot fungus, respectively. The method of combined cell wall bulking and hydroxyl group bonding could effectively improve the dimensional stability and decay resistance with lower doses of modifier, providing a new strategy for wood durability improvement.

Download Full-text

Decay resistance of wood treated with amino-silicone compounds

Holzforschung ◽

10.1515/hf.2008.016 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 62 (1) ◽

pp. 112-118 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

Oliver Weigenand ◽

Miha Humar ◽

Geoffrey Daniel ◽

Holger Militz ◽

Carsten Mai

Keyword(s):

Beech Wood ◽

White Rot Fungi ◽

Brown Rot ◽

Decay Resistance ◽

Solute Concentration ◽

White Rot ◽

White Rot Fungus ◽

European Standard ◽

Brown Rot Fungi ◽

Amino Silicone

AbstractAn amino-silicone (AS; amino-polydimethylsiloxane) micro-emulsion was tested for its suitability to preserve wood against basidiomycetes in a mini-block experiment and in a test according to the European standard (1996) EN 113. Decay resistance was assessed against the white rot fungiTrametes versicolor,Ceriporiopsis subvermispora, andHypoxylon fragiforme, as well as the brown rot fungiConiophora puteana,Antrodia vaillantii,Gloeophyllum trabeumandSerpula lacrymans. Pine sapwood and beech wood were treated with AS emulsions at solute concentration levels of 2%, 5% and 15%. The mini-blocks treated with 15% concentrations of AS resisted decay byT. versicolorandC. puteanaover a long time (12 weeks), while samples treated with low and moderate concentrations underwent considerable mass losses. Accordingly, microscopic studies revealed a high degree of colonisation by the white rot fungus and loss of cell wall integrity (brown rot) in samples treated with 2% AS. At high AS content (15%), no or only initial stages of decay could be observed. In the European standard (1996) test EN 113, the mass loss in all fungal cultures except for the white rot ascomyceteH. fragiformewas below 5%, when the samples were treated with 15% AS. The effect of low and moderate AS concentration on the decay resistance was dependent on the fungal strain. The mode of action of AS treatment against basidiomycete decay is discussed.

Download Full-text

Fungicidal Activity of 3'-Substituted-3-Stilbenols

Holzforschung ◽

10.1515/hf.2001.092 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 55 (6) ◽

pp. 568-572 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

T.H. Fisher ◽

Y. Jin ◽

T.P. Schultz

Keyword(s):

Fungicidal Activity ◽

Agar Plate ◽

Brown Rot ◽

Quantitative Structure Activity Relationship ◽

White Rot ◽

White Rot Fungus ◽

Cinnamic Acids ◽

Postia Placenta ◽

Brown Rot Fungi ◽

Structure Activity

Summary Twenty 3′-substituted-3-stilbenols were synthesized and tested for fungicidal activity (agar plate IC50 values) against two brown-rot fungi rot Gloeophyllum trabeum and Postia placenta and one white-rot fungus Trametes versicolor. Compounds synthesized were eight trans-3-X-3′-stilbenols (X = OMe, Me, Cl, OH, OPr, OBu, OOct, and O-p-Tol), three cis-3-X-3′-stilbenols (X = OMe, Me, Cl), three 3-hydroxy-α-(3-X-phenyl)cinnamic acids (X = OMe, Me, Cl), and six multisubstituted-3′-substituted-3-stilbenols (3′,4-diOMe, 3′-Me-4-OMe, 3′-Cl-4-OMe, 3′-OH-4-OMe, 3′-Cl-4-OMe-4′-OH, and 3′-Cl-4′-OH). The three cinnamic acids and 3′-OOct showed low to no activity against all three fungi. Most of these 3′-substituted-3-stilbenols (15 of 20) had fungicidal activity against the white-rot fungus T. versicolor, in contrast to earlier studies on 3′-substituted-4-stilbenols which were inactive against T. versicolor. These 3′-substituted-3-stilbenols also had fungicidal activity against G. trabeum and P. placenta, with the latter fungus having a parabolic lipophilic Quantitative Structure Activity Relationship (QSAR). 3′-O-p-Tol-3-stilbenol was the most active against T. versicolor and fifth most active against P. placenta of the twenty 3′-substituted-3-stilbenols examined here.

Download Full-text

Growth behavior of wood-destroying fungi in chemically modified wood: wood degradation and translocation of nitrogen compounds

Holzforschung ◽

10.1515/hf-2020-0252 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 0 (0) ◽

Author(s):

Lukas Emmerich ◽

Maja Bleckmann ◽

Sarah Strohbusch ◽

Christian Brischke ◽

Susanne Bollmus ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Protective Action ◽

Treated Wood ◽

Untreated Wood ◽

Brown Rot ◽

Decay Resistance ◽

White Rot ◽

Decay Fungi ◽

Chemically Modified ◽

Decay Tests ◽

Modified Wood

Abstract Chemical wood modification has been used to modify wood and improve its decay resistance. However, the mode of protective action is still not fully understood. Occasionally, outdoor products made from chemically modified timber (CMT) show internal decay while their outer shell remains intact. Hence, it was hypothesized that wood decay fungi may grow through CMT without losing their capability to degrade non-modified wood. This study aimed at developing a laboratory test set-up to investigate (1) whether decay fungi grow through CMT and (2) retain their ability to degrade non-modified wood. Acetylated and 1,3-dimethylol-4,5-dihydroxyethyleneurea (DMDHEU) treated wood were used in decay tests with modified ‘mantle specimens’ and untreated ‘core dowels’. It became evident that white rot (Trametes versicolor), brown rot (Coniophora puteana) and soft rot fungi can grow through CMT without losing their ability to degrade untreated wood. Consequently, full volume impregnation of wood with the modifying agent is required to achieve complete protection of wooden products. In decay tests with DMDHEU treated specimens, significant amounts of apparently non-fixated DMDHEU were translocated from modified mantle specimens to untreated wood cores. A diffusion-driven transport of nitrogen and DMDHEU seemed to be responsible for mass translocation during decay testing.

Download Full-text