Thermal Stability and Decay Resistance Properties of Tropical Wood Polymer Nanocomposites (WPNC)

2013 ◽  
Vol 667 ◽  
pp. 482-489 ◽  
Author(s):  
Md. Saiful Islam ◽  
Sinin Hamdan ◽  
Mohamad Rusop ◽  
Md. Rezaur Rahman
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Stability ◽  
Polymer Nanocomposites ◽  
Phenol Formaldehyde ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Decay Resistance ◽  
White Rot ◽  
Postia Placenta ◽  
Tropical Wood ◽  
Wood Polymer ◽  
The Fourier Transform

The effects of nanoclay on the thermal stability and decay resistance properties of tropical wood polymer nanocomposites (WPNCs) were investigated in this work. WPNC were prepared from several selected tropical wood species by impregnating the selected woods with a combination of nanoclay and phenol formaldehyde (PF) prepolymer mixture. The formation of WPNC was confirmed by the fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis. Thermal property of manufactured WPNC in terms of thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was evaluated, and an improvement in thermal stability was found for fabricated WPNC. The wood was then exposed to two types of fungi; white-rot (polyporous versicolor) and brown-rot (postia placenta), for 12 weeks. Decay was assessed through percentage (%) of weight loss. A significant improvement was found in the treated woods compared to the untreated ones. In addition, the fabricated WPNC showed lower moisture content compared with raw one.

Decay resistance of softwoods and hardwoods thermally modified by the Thermovouto type thermo-vacuum process to brown rot and white rot fungi

Holzforschung ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 70 (9) ◽  
pp. 877-884 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jie Gao ◽  
Jong Sik Kim ◽  
Nasko Terziev ◽  
Geoffrey Daniel
Keyword(s):  
White Rot Fungi ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Decay Resistance ◽  
Fungal Species ◽  
White Rot ◽  
Agar Block ◽  
Pycnoporus Sanguineus ◽  
Postia Placenta ◽  
Soil Block ◽  
Class 1

Abstract Softwoods (SW, spruce and fir) and hardwoods (HW, ash and beech) were thermally modified by the thermo-vacuum (Termovuoto) process for 3–4 h in the temperature range 160–220°C (TMW160–220°C) and their fungal durability were examined in soil-block tests with two brown rot (BR, Postia placenta, Gloeophyllum trabeum) and two white rot (WR, Pycnoporus sanguineus, Phlebia radiata) fungi. SW-TMW160–220°C were exposed to P. placenta and P. sanguineus and HW-TMW190–220°C to all fungal species. Considerable improvement (durability class 1–3) in decay resistance was only achieved for SW- and HW-TMW220°C. Thermal modification (TM) below 200°C influenced decay resistance negatively in case of some fungal species applied for both SW and HW. Judged by the durability class, decay resistance was higher in HW- than in SW-TMW at high TM temperature. Behavior of TM differed significantly between ash (ring-porous HW) and beech (diffuse-porous HW). A comparison between results of soil- and agar-block tests on Termovouoto wood demonstrated that the influence of testing method in terms of assignment to durability classes is not significant.

scholarly journals Mechanical and Morphological Properties of Tropical Wood Polymer Nanocomposite (WPNC)

2013 ◽  
Vol 667 ◽  
pp. 200-205 ◽  
Author(s):  
Md. Saiful Islam ◽  
Sinin Hamdan ◽  
Mohamad Rusop ◽  
Md. Rezaur Rahman
Keyword(s):  
Polymer Nanocomposites ◽  
Wood Species ◽  
Phenol Formaldehyde ◽  
Polymer Nanocomposite ◽  
Xrd Analysis ◽  
Morphological Properties ◽  
Xrd Pattern ◽  
Tropical Wood ◽  
Sem Image ◽  
Wood Polymer

A novel route to wood modification by impregnation of nanoclay combined with phenol formaldehyde (PF) resin is developed in this study. Wood polymer nanocomposites (WPNCs) were prepared from several tropical wood species by impregnating the woods with PF/nanoclay formulations. The vacuum-pressure method was used to impregnate the samples with PF/nanoclay prepolymer mixture. The formation of wood polymer nanocomposites and the location of impregnated materials inside wood were confirmed through SEM image and XRD pattern respectively. The PF/nanoclay loading achievable was found to be dependent on the properties of wood species. Low loading was observed for the high density wood species. Mechanical strength of fabricated WPNCs in terms of modulus of elasticity (MOE) was found to be significantly improved. Furthermore, morphological properties of raw wood and WPNC samples were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and XRD analysis and a change in morphological properties was also observed for WPNC.

Fungal biodegradation of genetically modified and lignin-altered quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.)

Holzforschung ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Giles ◽  
Ilona Peszlen ◽  
Perry Peralta ◽  
Hou-Min Chang ◽  
Roberta Farrell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Populus Tremuloides ◽  
Lignin Content ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Decay Resistance ◽  
White Rot ◽  
White Rot Fungus ◽  
Quaking Aspen ◽  
Transgenic Trees ◽  
Postia Placenta ◽  
G Ratio

AbstractBetter access to wood carbohydrates as a result of reduced, or altered, lignin is a goal of biopulping, as well as biofuel research. In the present article, woods from three transgenic trees and one wild-type quaking aspen (Populus tremuloidesMichx.) were analyzed in terms of mass loss of cellulose and lignin after incubation with lignocellulolytic fungi. The transgenic trees had reduced lignin content through transfer of an antisense -4CL gene, elevated syringyl/guaiacyl (S/G) ratio through insertion of a sense CAld5H gene and low lignin content and elevated S/G ratio through simultaneous insertion of -4CL and CAld5H genes, respectively. The lignocellulolytic fungi employed were a lignin-selective white rot fungusCeriporiopsis subvermispora, a simultaneous white rot fungusTrametes versicolorand a brown rot fungusPostia placenta. Reduced lignin degradation was observed in woods with increased S/G ratios indicating that this analytical feature influences decay resistance, regardless of the fungal decay mechanism.

Effect of phenol-formaldehyde (PF) resin oligomer size on the decay resistance of beech wood

Holzforschung ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladimirs Biziks ◽  
Sascha Bicke ◽  
Gerald Koch ◽  
Holger Militz
Keyword(s):  
Phenol Formaldehyde ◽  
Beech Wood ◽  
Treated Wood ◽  
White Rot Fungi ◽  
Molecular Size ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Decay Resistance ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
White Rot ◽  
Vacuum Impregnation

AbstractTreating wood with water-soluble resins is a well-known and effective method to improve the durability of wood. However, there has been no systematic work to date related to the influence of average molecular size of phenol-formaldehyde (PF) resin on the decay resistance of wood, especially of hardwoods. Therefore, the goal of this study was to investigate the effect of average molecular size of PF resin treatment on the resistance of beech wood against brown- and white-rot fungi. Four different average molecular weights (Mw) of resol type resin oligomers (297, 421, 655 and 854 g/mol) were examined. Different weight percent gains (WPGs) in European beech (Fagus sylvatica) wood blocks (15 × 20 × 50 mm3) were attained through vacuum impregnation using various concentrations of aqueous-PF solutions. Afterwards treated wood blocks passed the leaching and were exposed to brown-rot fungi (Gloeophyllum trabeum; Coniophora puteana) and white-rot fungi (Trametes versicolor) for 16 weeks. No effect of oligomer size on the resistance against G. trabeum decay of wood blocks was observed, resulting in resin loadings of 7–8%. The required WPG for resistance to brown-rot decay by C. puteana increased slightly with increasing oligomer molecular size: 6, 7, 10 and 11% for wood treated with 297, 421, 655 and 854 g/mol, respectively. The extent of white-rot fungal decay resistance of treated wood was affected by the molecular size of oligomers. Resin loadings of 8% and of 17% against T. versicolor were required to attain similar durability levels for beech wood treated with Mw = 297 and 854 g/mol, respectively.

Growth behavior of wood-destroying fungi in chemically modified wood: wood degradation and translocation of nitrogen compounds

Holzforschung ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lukas Emmerich ◽  
Maja Bleckmann ◽  
Sarah Strohbusch ◽  
Christian Brischke ◽  
Susanne Bollmus ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protective Action ◽  
Treated Wood ◽  
Untreated Wood ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Decay Resistance ◽  
White Rot ◽  
Decay Fungi ◽  
Chemically Modified ◽  
Decay Tests ◽  
Modified Wood

Abstract Chemical wood modification has been used to modify wood and improve its decay resistance. However, the mode of protective action is still not fully understood. Occasionally, outdoor products made from chemically modified timber (CMT) show internal decay while their outer shell remains intact. Hence, it was hypothesized that wood decay fungi may grow through CMT without losing their capability to degrade non-modified wood. This study aimed at developing a laboratory test set-up to investigate (1) whether decay fungi grow through CMT and (2) retain their ability to degrade non-modified wood. Acetylated and 1,3-dimethylol-4,5-dihydroxyethyleneurea (DMDHEU) treated wood were used in decay tests with modified ‘mantle specimens’ and untreated ‘core dowels’. It became evident that white rot (Trametes versicolor), brown rot (Coniophora puteana) and soft rot fungi can grow through CMT without losing their ability to degrade untreated wood. Consequently, full volume impregnation of wood with the modifying agent is required to achieve complete protection of wooden products. In decay tests with DMDHEU treated specimens, significant amounts of apparently non-fixated DMDHEU were translocated from modified mantle specimens to untreated wood cores. A diffusion-driven transport of nitrogen and DMDHEU seemed to be responsible for mass translocation during decay testing.

Influence of Nanoclay/Phenol Formaldehyde Resin on Wood Polymer Nanocomposites

2012 ◽  
Vol 12 (14) ◽  
pp. 1481-1487 ◽  
Author(s):  
Md. Rezaur Rahman ◽  
Sinin Hamdan ◽  
Md. Saiful Islam ◽  
Abu Saleh Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
Polymer Nanocomposites ◽  
Phenol Formaldehyde ◽  
Phenol Formaldehyde Resin ◽  
Formaldehyde Resin ◽  
Wood Polymer

Effect of Heat Treatment on Decay Resistance of Chinese Fir and Pine

2012 ◽  
Vol 468-471 ◽  
pp. 1118-1122
Author(s):  
Yan Jun Li ◽  
Lan Xing Du ◽  
Gou Ying Hu ◽  
Xing Xia Ma
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Treatment Time ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Decay Resistance ◽  
Chinese Fir ◽  
Heat Treatment Time ◽  
White Rot ◽  
Heat Treated ◽  
Brown Rot Fungus

To enhance decay resistance, the effect of heat treatment and the variation of chemical composition on Chinese Fir and Pine were investigated in this study — heat treatment temperature was 170°C, 190°C and 210°C, respectively, heat treatment time was 2, 3 and 4hours, respectively. Both of them were subsequently exposed to white-rot fungus and brown-rot fungus. The results showed that:(1) With the increasing of the heat treatment, decay resistance of Chinese Fir and Pine were improved, anti-corrosion of Pine after being heat treated at 190°C which were exposed to write-rot fungus can reach I, anti-corrosion of Chinese Fir after being heat treated at 170°C treated which were exposed to brown-rot fungus could reach I yet, After being heat treated at 210°C for 3 hours , the Chinese fir samples had no measurable weight loss when exposed to the write-rot fungus.(2) There was no remarkable influence on both Chinese Fir and Pine by heat treatment time.(3) The moisture content of Chinese Fir and Pine were lower than the moisture content that the rot fungus need, macromolecule chains such as cellulose and hemicellulose broke down, their contents decreased, and the hemicellulose decomposed into acetic acid, they prevented the growth of rot fungus.

Efficacy of Pinosylvins against White-Rot and Brown-Rot Fungi

Holzforschung ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 53 (5) ◽  
pp. 491-497 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine C. Celimene ◽  
Jessie A. Micales ◽  
Leslie Ferge ◽  
Raymond A. Young
Keyword(s):  
Picea Glauca ◽  
Pinus Banksiana ◽  
White Rot Fungi ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Monomethyl Ether ◽  
Decay Resistance ◽  
White Rot ◽  
Red Maple ◽  
Brown Rot Fungi ◽  
Agar Media

Summary Three stilbenes, pinosylvin (PS), pinosylvin monomethyl ether (PSM) and pinosylvin dimethyl ether (PSD), were extracted from white spruce (Picea glauca), jack pine (Pinus banksiana), and red pine (Pinus resinosa) pine cones, and their structures were confirmed by spectroscopic and chromatographic (HPLC, GC/MS, NMR and FTIR) analysis. PS, PSM, PSD or a 1:1:1 mixture of these stilbenes at concentrations of 0.1 % and 1.0 % were examined for their fungal inhibitory activity by two bioassay methods. Growth of white-rot fungi (Trametes versicolor and Phanerochaete chrysosporium), and brown-rot fungi (Neolentinus lepideus, Gloeophyllum trabeum and Postia placenta) on agar media in the presence of each of the stilbenes or a 1:1:1 mixture inhibited growth of white-rot fungi, but slightly stimulated growth of brown-rot fungi. Soil-block assays, conditions more representative of those found in nature, did not correlate with those from the screening on agar media. PS, PSM, PSD or a 1:1:1 mixture of the three compounds at concentrations of 0.1 % and 1.0 % did not impart any significant decay resistance to white-rot fungi inoculated on a hardwood (Red maple). However under the same conditions, decay resistance was observed against brown-rot fungi on a softwood (Southern yellow pine). It appears that stilbenes at least partially contribute to wood decay resistance against brown-rot fungi.

scholarly journals Comparative Transcriptome and Secretome Analysis of Wood Decay Fungi Postia placenta and Phanerochaete chrysosporium

2010 ◽  
Vol 76 (11) ◽  
pp. 3599-3610 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amber Vanden Wymelenberg ◽  
Jill Gaskell ◽  
Michael Mozuch ◽  
Grzegorz Sabat ◽  
John Ralph ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phanerochaete Chrysosporium ◽  
Cellulose Degradation ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Wood Decay ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
White Rot ◽  
Glycosyl Hydrolases ◽  
Decay Fungi ◽  
Postia Placenta ◽  
Wood Decay Fungi

ABSTRACT Cellulose degradation by brown rot fungi, such as Postia placenta, is poorly understood relative to the phylogenetically related white rot basidiomycete, Phanerochaete chrysosporium. To elucidate the number, structure, and regulation of genes involved in lignocellulosic cell wall attack, secretome and transcriptome analyses were performed on both wood decay fungi cultured for 5 days in media containing ball-milled aspen or glucose as the sole carbon source. Using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), a total of 67 and 79 proteins were identified in the extracellular fluids of P. placenta and P. chrysosporium cultures, respectively. Viewed together with transcript profiles, P. chrysosporium employs an array of extracellular glycosyl hydrolases to simultaneously attack cellulose and hemicelluloses. In contrast, under these same conditions, P. placenta secretes an array of hemicellulases but few potential cellulases. The two species display distinct expression patterns for oxidoreductase-encoding genes. In P. placenta, these patterns are consistent with an extracellular Fenton system and include the upregulation of genes involved in iron acquisition, in the synthesis of low-molecular-weight quinones, and possibly in redox cycling reactions.

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