The Relationship of Tree Age with Sapwood and Heartwood. Width in Black Spruce,Picea mariana(Mill) B.S.P

Ten young black spruce (Picea mariana [Mill.] B.S.P.) plantations in northern and central New Brunswick were examined to de termine the influence of aspect, slope, tree age and tree height on pollen-cone and seed-cone production. It was found that a greater proportion of trees growing on southerly aspects produced pollen cones and seed cones than trees growing on northerly aspects. Trees growing on southerly aspects bore 2.5 and 5 times more seed cones and pollen cones, respectively, than trees growing on northerly aspects. Cone production on south-sloping sites was approximately double that on level sites. The number of seed cones was most significantly correlated with tree height. The number of pollen cones was most significantly correlated with number of seed cones.

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Residual-tree growth responses to partial stand harvest in the black spruce (Picea mariana) boreal forestThis article is one of a selection of papers published in the Special Forum IUFRO 1.05 Uneven-Aged Silvicultural Research Group Conference on Natural Disturbance-Based Silviculture: Managing for Complexity.

Canadian Journal of Forest Research ◽

10.1139/x07-148 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 37 (9) ◽

pp. 1563-1571 ◽

Cited By ~ 34

Author(s):

H. C. Thorpe ◽

S. C. Thomas ◽

J. P. Caspersen

Keyword(s):

Boreal Forest ◽

Tree Growth ◽

Picea Mariana ◽

Radial Growth ◽

Growth Response ◽

Black Spruce ◽

Tree Age ◽

Growth Responses ◽

Partial Harvest ◽

Partial Harvesting

Variants of partial harvesting are gaining favour as means to balance ecosystem management and timber production objectives on managed boreal forest landscapes. Understanding how residual trees respond to these alternative silvicultural treatments is a critical step towards evaluating their potential from either a conservation or a wood supply perspective. We used dendroecological techniques combined with a chronosequence approach to quantify the temporal radial growth response pattern of residual black spruce ( Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP) trees to partial harvest in northeastern Ontario. At its peak, 8–9 years after harvest, radial growth of residual trees had doubled. The growth pattern was characterized by a 2-year phase of no response, a subsequent period of increase 3–9 years after harvest, and a stage of declining rates 10–12 years after harvest. The magnitude of tree growth response depended strongly on tree age: peak postharvest growth was substantially higher for young trees, while old trees displayed only modest growth increases. Both the large magnitude and the time delay in postharvest growth responses have important implications for the development of more accurate quantitative tools to project future yields and, more generally, for determining whether partial harvesting is a viable management option for the boreal forest.

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Seasonal trends and effects of temperature and rainfall on stem electrical capacitance of spruce and fir trees

Canadian Journal of Forest Research ◽

10.1139/x90-130 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 20 (7) ◽

pp. 970-977 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Timothy M. Lekas ◽

R. Glenn MacDougall ◽

David A. MacLean ◽

Robert G. Thompson

Keyword(s):

Black Spruce ◽

Red Spruce ◽

Annual Rainfall ◽

Permanent Plots ◽

Dry Period ◽

Seasonal Trends ◽

Influence Of Water ◽

Effects Of Temperature ◽

Relationship Of ◽

The Relationship

Seasonal trends of stem capacitance were generally similar among balsam fir (Abiesbalsamea (L.) Mill.), white spruce (Piceaglauca (Moench) Voss), red spruce (Picearubens Sarg.), and black spruce (Piceamariana (Mill.) B.S.P.) trees and among plots. In 1987, stem capacitance increased following bud break until early June and then slowly declined until September 8, corresponding to an extended dry period (less than 27% of the annual rainfall of the previous 7 years). Dramatic increases in stem capacitance were observed following 55 mm of rain on September 9, 1987. During autumn of both 1987 and 1988, stem capacitance steadily declined; mean capacitance of trees in seven plots in October and November 1987 was 55–89 and 35–74% of values in June and July 1987, respectively. Diameter at breast height increment of 34 red spruce trees and 190 spruce and fir trees in permanent plots was consistently significantly (p <0.001) related to mean monthly capacitance; the strongest relationships (55–83% of the variability explained) were with mean June or July capacitance. The relationship of stem capacitance with growth of fir and spruce trees was corroborated. In addition, a stronger influence of water relations on capacitance than previously thought was demonstrated.

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Pattern of Growth of Sapwood, Heartwood, and Stem Volume of Open-Grown Eastern Redcedar in Grasslands

Southern Journal of Applied Forestry ◽

10.1093/sjaf/22.3.169 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 22 (3) ◽

pp. 169-174 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Dejene Alemayehu ◽

David M. Engle ◽

Robert F. Wittwer ◽

Steve Anderson

Keyword(s):

Control Measures ◽

Tree Age ◽

Stem Volume ◽

Juniperus Virginiana ◽

Exponential Rate ◽

Eastern Redcedar ◽

Commercial Harvest ◽

Management Alternative ◽

Relationship Of ◽

The Relationship

Abstract The relationship of sapwood width, heartwood width, and stem volume with tree age was studied in 141 open-grown eastern redcedar (Juniperus virginiana L.) trees in central, eastern, and western Oklahoma. The rate of growth of sapwood and heartwood and the increase in stem volume were slow up to 15 to 20 yr of age and increased thereafter at an exponential rate until about age 27. These data reinforce the recommendation that control measures applied to invading eastern redcedar should be taken when the trees are less than about 10 yr old or less than 2 m tall. Allowing the trees to grow for commercial harvest may present a management alternative after the trees are 15 to 20 yr old. South. J. Appl. For. 22(3):169-174.

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Effect of thinning on the relationship between mean ring density and climate in black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.)B.S.P.)

Forestry An International Journal of Forest Research ◽

10.1093/forestry/cpx040 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 91 (3) ◽

pp. 366-381 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Tony Franceschini ◽

Vincent Gauthray-Guyénet ◽

Robert Schneider ◽

Jean-Claude Ruel ◽

David Pothier ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Picea Mariana ◽

Black Spruce ◽

Ring Density ◽

The Relationship

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The method of determining the silvicultural and inventory indices of urban spaces with the use of the equations of communication

Forestry Engineering Journal ◽

10.12737/article_5a3cf017bf5e43.49082745 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 7 (4) ◽

pp. 82-90

Author(s):

Василий Ковязин ◽

Vasiliy Kovyazin ◽

Тхи Нгуен ◽

Thi Nguen

Keyword(s):

Species Diversity ◽

Tree Species ◽

Forest Inventory ◽

Urban Spaces ◽

Tree Age ◽

Coefficient Of Determination ◽

Relationship Of ◽

First Time ◽

The Relationship ◽

Trees And Shrubs

The purpose of our research was to study the species diversity of trees and shrubs in the memorial Park across three centuries after its formation. Such research we carried out for the first time. In addition, we conducted measurements of forest inventory indices of the studied tree species. The calculated equation of the relationship of tree age with a height and diameter that can be measured. The mathematical models should be used to determine the age of trees, as the drill age is not recommended to use for traditional purposes in the memorial parks. The tightness of the obtained relations inventory indices in the form of a parabola is quite high. The coefficient of determination is 0.82 to 0.99, depending on the type of wood.

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Modelling the relationship of tree-level product value with tree characteristics in black spruce

The Forestry Chronicle ◽

10.5558/tfc82690-5 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 82 (5) ◽

pp. 690-699 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

S Y Zhang ◽

Y C Lei ◽

Z H Jiang

Keyword(s):

Black Spruce ◽

Tree Height ◽

Tree Level ◽

Elasticity Analysis ◽

Scale Elasticity ◽

Stem Taper ◽

Product Value ◽

Relationship Of ◽

The Relationship ◽

Tree Characteristics

The establishment of the relationship between tree-level product value and tree characteristics will allow for predicting the potential value of individual trees and a stand directly using tree characteristics. Using statistical and elasticity analysis methods this study examined the relationship of tree-level product value with selected tree characteristics in black spruce (Picea mariana). The study was based a sample of 139 trees from 48-year-old black spruce plantations grown in Ontario, Canada. The sample trees showed large variation in tree characteristics and tree-level product value. Models were developed and compared on the basis of statistics of the estimated and predicted criteria. Results show that the model, including only tree DBH, tree height and stem taper, is the best in describing the relationship of the tree-level product value with tree characteristics. Furthermore, relationships including input-output and interaction factors in the model were analyzed by calculating the elasticity of production and scale and the cross partial derivative of output with respect to the inputs. The analyses indicate that tree DBH has the largest and positive influence on tree-level product value, followed by tree height; however, stem taper has a negative effect on tree-level product value. When tree DBH, tree height and stem taper each increase by 1%, the quantities of output elasticity show 2.53%, 0.64% and -0.37% changes in the product value, respectively; while the scale elasticity shows a 2.81% increase in tree-level product value with a simultaneous 1% change in tree DBH, tree height and stem taper. Results indicate that the model is suitable for predicting tree-level product value using those tree characteristics from forest inventory and also reflects biological behaviour.Key words: black spruce, regression models, elasticity analysis, product value, tree characteristics

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The effect of site quality on the timing of stand breakup, tree longevity, and the maximum attainable height of black spruce

Canadian Journal of Forest Research ◽

10.1139/x93-191 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 23 (8) ◽

pp. 1514-1519 ◽

Cited By ~ 24

Author(s):

Edgar Robichaud ◽

Ian R. Methven

Keyword(s):

Growth Rate ◽

Black Spruce ◽

Predictive Ability ◽

Site Index ◽

Site Quality ◽

Tree Age ◽

Maximum Height ◽

Resource Limitations ◽

Stage Of Development ◽

The Relationship

The relationship between site quality and tree and stand longevity is examined to test the hypothesis that a reduction in resource availability results in an increase in longevity. A total of 54 black spruce (Piceamariana (Mill.) B.S.P.) stands in New Brunswick and Quebec were sampled. Within each stand the stage of development was established and tree ages, years of suppression, heights, and site indices were determined. Within stands found to be at or near breakup, tree age was found to be linearly and negatively related to site index (r2 = 0.39; p = 0.0001). The addition of suppression to the regression model improved the predictive ability of the model (r2 = 0.48) and indicated that 1 year of suppression increased tree longevity by 0.74 year. Examination of the height–age curves of the trees indicated that maximum heights do not vary with site quality. The correlation between the maximum height of trees (live or dead) within stands at breakup and site index was not significant at the p = 0.05 level (r = 0.15), further supporting this observation. The results support the hypothesis that longevity increases with a decrease in growth rate due to resource limitations. The explanation for this pattern lies in the height–growth rate and maximum attainable height of trees growing under various site conditions.

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Relationship of necrotic disease of beech trunks to the sociological position of trees in the stand

Journal of Forest Science ◽

10.17221/11879-jfs ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 48 (No. 5) ◽

pp. 225-229 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

A. Cicák ◽

I. Mihál

Keyword(s):

Slovak Republic ◽

Point Of View ◽

Tree Age ◽

Age Classes ◽

Age Class ◽

Individual Trees ◽

Relationship Of ◽

The Relationship

The authors analyse the results of investigations into the degree of necrotic damage of beech bark carried out in the whole territory of the Slovak Republic. The aim of these analyses is to answer a question about the relationship between the degree of necrotic damage of beech trunks and sociological position of trees in the stands studied. In the years 1995–2001, the degree of necrotic damage by tracheomycotic type to 6,579 beech trunks was evaluated in 54 selected localities in 33 orographic units. The lowest frequency (4.3%) of trees showing the 3rd and 4th degree of necrotic damage was found in the 1st tree age class. The frequency of damaged trees increased proportionally with the worsening sociological position of trees. The values of the index of trunk necrotisation (INK) increased from 0.71 in the 1st tree age class to 2.14 in the 5<sup>th</sup> tree age class. It also corresponded with dynamics of disease frequency in the tree age classes. The authors found that the extent of necrotic disease of beech trunks expressed by INK was signifi cantly infl uenced by the sociological position of individual trees in the stand. They conclude that strongly infected trees of the 4th and 5<sup>th</sup> tree age class left in the stands is problematic from the phytopathological point of view. Such trees left in the stands may cause a serious epiphytotic because these trees are one of the infection sources ot the necrotic disease.

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The relationship of the scleractinian corals to the rugose corals

Paleobiology ◽

10.1017/s0094837300025707 ◽

1980 ◽

Vol 6 (02) ◽

pp. 146-160 ◽

Cited By ~ 29

Author(s):

William A. Oliver

Keyword(s):

Critical Points ◽

Scleractinian Corals ◽

Convincing Evidence ◽

Early Triassic ◽

Rugose Corals ◽

History Of ◽

The Subject ◽

Relationship Of ◽

The Relationship ◽

Biologic Factors

The Mesozoic-Cenozoic coral Order Scleractinia has been suggested to have originated or evolved (1) by direct descent from the Paleozoic Order Rugosa or (2) by the development of a skeleton in members of one of the anemone groups that probably have existed throughout Phanerozoic time. In spite of much work on the subject, advocates of the direct descent hypothesis have failed to find convincing evidence of this relationship. Critical points are:(1) Rugosan septal insertion is serial; Scleractinian insertion is cyclic; no intermediate stages have been demonstrated. Apparent intermediates are Scleractinia having bilateral cyclic insertion or teratological Rugosa.(2) There is convincing evidence that the skeletons of many Rugosa were calcitic and none are known to be or to have been aragonitic. In contrast, the skeletons of all living Scleractinia are aragonitic and there is evidence that fossil Scleractinia were aragonitic also. The mineralogic difference is almost certainly due to intrinsic biologic factors.(3) No early Triassic corals of either group are known. This fact is not compelling (by itself) but is important in connection with points 1 and 2, because, given direct descent, both changes took place during this only stage in the history of the two groups in which there are no known corals.

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