Flowering Phenology of Selected Linden (Tilia L.) Taxa in Relation to Pollen Seasons

Abstract All lindens provide Apidae insects with nectar, pollen, and honeydew. Lindens are important melliferous trees in Poland. The first purpose of the study was to carry out phenological observations of the flowering in ten linden taxa. The second aim was to analyse the content of linden pollen grains in the air of Lublin. A correlation between the parameters of the pollen season and meteorological factors was also determined. This study was conducted in the city of Lublin located in the central-eastern part of Poland. The flowering phenophases were analysed, using the method developed by Łukasiewicz, during the growing seasons of 2012-2015. Aerobiological monitoring, which was based on the volumetric method, was carried out over the 2001-2014 time period. As shown in the study, the flowering period of all the analysed linden taxa lasted 7 weeks, on average, from June 7 to July 24. The average length of the flowering period of the investigated taxa and hybrids was in the range of 12-17 days. Their flowering periods overlapped. The atmospheric pollen season lasted, on average, from mid-June to the second 10-day period of July. The highest concentration of airborne pollen was noted at the end of June. The pollen season pattern was significantly affected by temperature and relative air humidity as well as by rainfall in May and June. The investigations indicate a 9-day acceleration of the pollen season, which may be associated with global warming.

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Application of decision tree algorithms for discriminating among woody plant taxa based on the pollen season characteristics

Archives of Biological Sciences ◽

10.2298/abs140919089k ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 67 (4) ◽

pp. 1127-1135 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Agnieszka Kubik-Komar ◽

Elżbieta Kubera ◽

Krystyna Piotrowska-Weryszko ◽

Elżbieta Weryszko-Chmielewska

Keyword(s):

Decision Tree ◽

Pollen Season ◽

Airborne Pollen ◽

Classification Tree ◽

Pollen Grains ◽

Pollen Concentration ◽

Pollen Types ◽

Tree Algorithms ◽

Atmospheric Pollen ◽

Parameter Ranges

The aim of this study was to verify whether and which parameters of the atmospheric pollen season can distinguish between pollen types, the ranges of parameter values that delineate classes of taxa, and finally which taxa are similar to others within the domain of these parameter ranges. Decision tree algorithms were applied and the best tree was chosen to describe the rules of pollen classification. The study material consisted of airborne pollen grains of the following eight taxa: Alnus, Betula, Carpinus, Corylus, Cupressaceae, Fraxinus, Populus and Ulmus. Research was conducted in Lublin in eastern Poland during 2001-2013. The following six atmospheric pollen season parameters were analyzed: season start and end, duration, maximum daily pollen concentration, date of maximum pollen concentration, and the Seasonal Pollen Index (SPI). Four algorithms were used in data analysis and the J4.8 algorithm was chosen as the best for taxa classification, date of the end of season and the SPI value belonging to characteristics that served most to discriminate between pollen types. Based on the classification tree, the following four groups of taxa were identified: (i) Ulmus; (ii) Corylus, Alnus, Populus; (iii) Betula; and (iv) Carpinus, Fraxinus, Cupressaceae.

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The late flowering of invasive species contributes to the increase of Artemisia allergenic pollen in autumn: an analysis of 25 years of aerobiological data (1995–2019) in Trentino-Alto Adige (Northern Italy)

Aerobiologia ◽

10.1007/s10453-020-09663-7 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 36 (4) ◽

pp. 669-682 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Antonella Cristofori ◽

Edith Bucher ◽

Michele Rossi ◽

Fabiana Cristofolini ◽

Veronika Kofler ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Invasive Species ◽

Pollen Season ◽

Airborne Pollen ◽

Pollen Grains ◽

Late Summer ◽

Natura 2000 ◽

Allergenic Pollen ◽

Pollen Concentration ◽

Pollen Concentrations ◽

Negative Impacts

AbstractArtemisia pollen is an important aeroallergen in late summer, especially in central and eastern Europe where distinct anemophilous Artemisia spp. produce high amounts of pollen grains. The study aims at: (i) analyzing the temporal pattern of and changes in the Artemisia spp. pollen season; (ii) identifying the Artemisia species responsible for the local airborne pollen load.Daily pollen concentration of Artemisia spp. was analyzed at two sites (BZ and SM) in Trentino-Alto Adige, North Italy, from 1995 to 2019.The analysis of airborne Artemisia pollen concentrations evidences the presence of a bimodal curve, with two peaks, in August and September, respectively. The magnitude of peak concentrations varies across the studied time span for both sites: the maximum concentration at the September peak increases significantly for both the BZ (p < 0.05) and SM (p < 0.001) site. The first peak in the pollen calendar is attributable to native Artemisia species, with A. vulgaris as the most abundant; the second peak is mostly represented by the invasive species A. annua and A. verlotiorum (in constant proportion along the years), which are causing a considerable increase in pollen concentration in the late pollen season in recent years.. The spread of these species can affect human health, increasing the length and severity of allergenic pollen exposure in autumn, as well as plant biodiversity in both natural and cultivated areas, with negative impacts on, e.g., Natura 2000 protected sites and crops.

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Seasonal pollen distribution in the atmosphere of Hobart, Tasmania: preliminary observations and congruence with flowering phenology

Australian Journal of Botany ◽

10.1071/bt10095 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 58 (6) ◽

pp. 440 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

D. Y. P. Tng ◽

F. Hopf ◽

S. G. Haberle ◽

D. M. J. S. Bowman

Keyword(s):

Native Plants ◽

Airborne Pollen ◽

Flowering Phenology ◽

Sampling Location ◽

Minor Role ◽

Sampling Effort ◽

Pollen Load ◽

Flowering Duration ◽

Pollen Types ◽

Atmospheric Pollen

The atmospheric pollen loads of Hobart, Tasmania, Australia, were monitored between September 2007 and July 2009. To examine the match of the airborne pollen composition with the flowering duration of their contributing plants, the phenology of native and non-native plants in various habitats near the pollen-trapping site was undertaken between August 2008 and July 2009. The pollen load was found to have a strong seasonal component associated with the start of spring in September. This is incongruent with the peak flowering season of the total taxa in October. In most taxa, atmospheric pollen signatures appeared before flowering was observed in the field. The presence of most pollen types in the atmosphere also exceeded the observed flowering duration of potential pollen-source taxa. Reasons for this may be related to the sampling effort of phenological monitoring, pollen blown in from earlier flowering populations outside of the sampling area, the ability of pollen to be reworked, and the large pollen production of some wind-pollinated taxa. In 2007–2008, 15 pollen types dominated the atmosphere, accounting for 90% of the airborne pollen load. The top six pollen types belonged to Betula, Cupressaceae, Myrtaceae, Salix, Poaceae and Ulmus. Comparatively, the annual pollen load of Hobart is lower than in most other Australian cities; however, the pollen signal of Betula is inordinately high. Native plants play a minor role as pollen contributors, despite the proximity of native habitats to the pollen-sampling location. The implications of the aerobiological observations are discussed in relation to public health.

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An analysis of grass (Poaceae) pollen seasons in Lublin in 2001-2008

Acta Agrobotanica ◽

10.5586/aa.2009.030 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 62 (2) ◽

pp. 91-96 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Agnieszka Dąbrowska

Keyword(s):

Grass Pollen ◽

Pollen Season ◽

Gravimetric Method ◽

Pollen Allergy ◽

Pollen Grains ◽

Maximum Temperature ◽

Air Humidity ◽

Maximum Wind ◽

Relative Air Humidity ◽

Pollen Seasons

Grass pollen allergens are a frequent cause of pollen allergy in Poland and other European countries. The research on aeroplankton conducted in Lublin since 2001 allows characterization of the course of grass pollen seasons and estimation of the effect of maximum and minimum temperatures, relative air humidity, precipitation and maximum wind velocity on the taxon's pollen concentration. The gravimetric method was used in the study. During the eight-year research period, the pollen season usually started in the first or second decade of May and, as a rule, it lasted till the end of August, and quite exceptionally, in 2002 and 2008 till mid-August. The mean length of the pollen season was 107 days. The highest grass pollen risk was observed in the 26th and 27th week. The highest annual counts reaching over 3600 pollen grains × cm-2 were noted in 2008, while in the other study years they ranged from 741 to 1909. The date of the pollen season onset and its course were highly dependent on weather conditions, which was confirmed by the statistical analysis. The greatest significant influence on the pollen season was exerted by maximum temperature, relative air humidity and the maximum wind.

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Flowering and airborne pollen - a novel statistical approach

Acta Agrobotanica ◽

10.5586/aa.2007.030 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 60 (2) ◽

pp. 51-55 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Idalia Kasprzyk ◽

Adam Walanus

Keyword(s):

Pollen Season ◽

Statistical Approach ◽

Airborne Pollen ◽

Pollen Grains ◽

Weather Conditions ◽

Time Pattern ◽

Se Poland ◽

Full Flowering ◽

High Concentrations ◽

Intensive Growth

The time pattern of flowering significantly affects the pollen season, its beginning, length and the concentration of pollen grains in air. The forecasting models used in aerobiological studies were chiefly based on the elements of weather conditions; however, recently the phenology of pollen shedding has been taken into consideration in these models more and more frequently. The aim of the presented investigations was to determine to what extent the flowering and the occurrence of allergenic pollen grains in air coincided in time. The investigation was carried out in Rzeszów (SE Poland) in the years 2003-2004. The flowering of 19 allergenic plant species was observed and seven phenophases were distinguished. Aerobiological monitoring was based on the volumetric method. In the case of most herbaceous plants, the flowering period overlapped the pollen season, high concentrations of pollen being recorded throughout several phenophases. In general, the pollen of trees occurred during very short periods, frequently during one phenophase, while the investigated phenomena were missing each other. The most intensive growth of inflorescences of alder, hazel and birch was observed at the beginning of full fl owering or towards the end of full flowering.

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The influence of weather conditions on the course of pollen seasons of alder (Alnus spp.), hazel (Corylus spp.) and birch (Betula spp.) in Lublin (2001-2006)

Acta Agrobotanica ◽

10.5586/aa.2008.006 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 61 (1) ◽

pp. 53-57 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Agnieszka Dąbrowska

Keyword(s):

Pollen Season ◽

Birch Pollen ◽

Correlation Coefficients ◽

Pollen Grains ◽

Thermal Conditions ◽

Weather Conditions ◽

Air Humidity ◽

Relative Air Humidity ◽

Beginning Of Flowering ◽

Pollen Seasons

The start and rate of florescence of Alnus, Corylus and Betula are dependent on meteorological conditions. In the present paper we have analysed the effect of mean, maximum and minimum temperature, relative air humidity and precipitation on the onset of the pollen season as well as on its length and annual count of pollen grains in alder, hazel and birch. The measurement of pollen fall was done by the gravimetric methods with the use of Durham sampler. Correlation coefficients were calculated between the determined characteristics of the pollen season and weather conditions. In the six-year research period 2001-2006 it was observed that low temperatures in January produced a delayed start of the pollen season in alder, hazel and birch. The beginning of flowering in these taxa was also influenced by thermal conditions prevailing directly before the season (ca. 10 days). The pollen season of the trees in question tended to be prolonged alongside with the increase in relative air humidity, but it was shortened due to higher temperatures. The volume of alder and hazel pollen release increased together with the rise in relative air humidity and precipitation. The annual counts of birch pollen increased along with rising temperature and decreasing relative air humidity and precipitation in the season.

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The relationship between flowering phenology and pollen seasons of Alnus Miller

Acta Agrobotanica ◽

10.5586/aa.2012.058 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 65 (2) ◽

pp. 57-66 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Agnieszka Dąbrowska ◽

Bogusław Michał Kaszewski

Keyword(s):

Wind Speed ◽

Pollen Season ◽

Meteorological Factors ◽

Airborne Pollen ◽

Gravimetric Method ◽

Air Humidity ◽

Inflorescence Development ◽

Relative Air Humidity ◽

Pollen Seasons ◽

The Relationship

The dynamics of flowering and pollen release in anemophilous plants and the length of the particular phases depend largely on the geobotanical features of a region, its climate, meteorological factors, biological characteristics of vegetation, and abundance of pollen resources. The aim of the study was to determine the relationship between the flowering phases in eight Alnus taxa and the dynamics of occurrence and abundance of airborne pollen grains as well as the meteorological factors (maximum and minimum temperature, relative air humidity, maximum wind speed, and precipitation). The flowering phenophases and pollen seasons were studied in 2008–2011. Phenological observations of flowering were conducted in the Maria Curie-Skłodowska University Botanical Garden in Lublin and they involved the following taxa: Alnus crispa var. mollis, A. glutinosa, A. incana, A. incana ‘Aurea’, A. incana ‘Pendula’, A. maximowiczii, A. rubra and A. subcordata. Spearman’s r correlation coefficients were calculated in order to determine the relationship between the dynamics of inflorescence development and meteorological conditions. Aerobiological monitoring using the gravimetric method was employed in the determination of Alnus pollen content in the air. The annual phenological cycles in 2008-2011 varied distinctly in terms of the time of onset of successive flowering phases in the Alnus taxa studied, which depended largely on the taxonomic rank and meteorological factors. The following flowering sequence was revealed in the 2008-2011 growing seasons: A. subcordata (December or January), A. incana ‘Pendula’, A. incana, A. maximowiczii, A. rubra, A. glutinosa, A. incana ‘Aurea’ (February or March), and A. crispa var. mollis (April). The study demonstrated that the pollen of the taxa persisted in the air, on average, from mid-December to early May. The mean length of the flowering period, which coincided with various phases of the pollen season, was 17 days. The Alnus pollen season in 2008 started at the end of January and lasted until mid-March. In 2009, 2010, and 2011, the beginning of the pollen season was recorded in the first week of March and the end in the first week of April. The maximum concentration of airborne Alnus pollen was found at the full bloom stage of mainly A. glutinosa and A. rubra. Inflorescence development was most closely related to temperature and relative air humidity; there was a weaker relationship with wind speed and precipitation.

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General characteristics of airborne pollen in Montevideo city, Uruguay.

Boletín de la Sociedad Argentina de Botánica ◽

10.31055/1851.2372.v53.n2.20581 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 53 (2) ◽

pp. 239-253

Author(s):

Leticia Tejera ◽

Ángeles Beri ◽

Ximena Martínez Blanco

Keyword(s):

Wind Speed ◽

Pollen Season ◽

Airborne Pollen ◽

Ricinus Communis ◽

Meteorological Conditions ◽

Air Humidity ◽

Relative Air Humidity ◽

Main Pollen Season ◽

Pollen Concentrations ◽

Pollen Sources

: This paper analyses daily and seasonal variations on pollen concentrations and the influence of meteorological conditions on the airborne pollen from June 2011 to May 2014. Data is also compared with results from a previous pollen survey from 2000-2001. Ninety-three taxa were identified, belonging to 49 trees and shrub taxa and 44 herbaceous taxa. The most important pollen sources were Poaceae, Platanus, Cupressaceae/Taxaceae, Eupatorieae type, Celtis, Urticaceae, Myrtaceae, Casuarina, Amaranthaceae, Cyperaceae, Fraxinus, Arecaceae, Ricinus communis, Moraceae, Myrsine, Ambrosia, Quercus, and Pinaceae. Pollen was recorded all year round but the main pollen season was from August to April. Inter-annual differences were observed on pollen indexes, dates and values of daily peak concentrations and monthly accumulated concentrations. Temperature, relative air humidity and wind speed and direction seem to be the most influential meteorological variables on pollen concentrations. The number of days that pollen concentrations are above moderate and high thresholds levels is estimated and woody and non-woody pollen concentrations would be above moderate levels on average 182 days per year.

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RANDOMNESS IN AIRBORNE POLLEN: CHAOS OR NOISE?

Fractals ◽

10.1142/s0218348x95000138 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 03 (01) ◽

pp. 155-160 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

C.M. ARIZMENDI ◽

J.R. SANCHEZ ◽

M.A. FOTI

Keyword(s):

Time Series ◽

Stochastic Systems ◽

Airborne Pollen ◽

Chaotic Map ◽

Pollen Grains ◽

Deterministic Systems ◽

Linear Stochastic Systems ◽

Nonlinear Character ◽

Atmospheric Pollen ◽

Low Dimensional

The most abundant biological particles in the atmosphere are pollen grains and spores. Previous analyses of the dynamic characteristics of atmospheric pollen time series based on the study of the correlation dimension indicate that the system can be described by a low dimensional chaotic map. As the determination of a fractal dimension is not completely reliable, a less ambitious but secure task is to find the nonlinear character of the time series. A recently developed method to distinguish nonlinear deterministic systems from linear stochastic systems is applied to a pollen time series of about 8000 values. The nonlinear structure of the series is obtained.

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Earlier Flowering of Betula pendula Roth in Augsburg, Germany, Due to Higher Temperature, NO2 and Urbanity and Relationship with Betula spp. Pollen Season

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph181910325 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (19) ◽

pp. 10325

Author(s):

Franziska Kolek ◽

Maria Plaza ◽

Vivien Leier-Wirtz ◽

Arne Friedmann ◽

Claudia Traidl-Hoffmann ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Pollen Season ◽

Betula Pendula ◽

Airborne Pollen ◽

Flowering Phenology ◽

Random Trees ◽

Long Distance ◽

Pollen Monitoring ◽

Betula Pendula Roth ◽

Full Flowering ◽

Pollen Seasons

Flowering and pollen seasons are sensitive to environmental variability and are considered climate change indicators. However, it has not been concluded to what extent flowering phenology is indeed reflected in airborne pollen season locally. The aim of this study was to investigate, for the commonly represented in temperate climates and with highly allergenic pollen Betula pendula Roth, the responsiveness of flowering to different environmental regimes and also to check for commensurate changes in the respective pollen seasons. The region of Augsburg, Bavaria, Germany, was initially screened for birch trees, which were geolocated at a radius of 25 km. Random trees across the city were then investigated during three full flowering years, 2015–2017. Flowering observations were made 3–7 times a week, from flower differentiation to flower desiccation, in a total of 43 plant individuals. Data were regressed against meteorological parameters and air pollutant levels in an attempt to identify the driving factors of flowering onset and offset. Flowering dates were compared with dates of the related airborne pollen seasons per taxon; airborne pollen monitoring took place daily using a Hirst-type volumetric sampler. The salient finding was that flowering occurred earlier during warmer years; it also started earlier at locations with higher urbanity, and peaked and ended earlier at sites with higher NO2 concentrations. Airborne pollen season of Betula spp. frequently did not coincide locally with the flowering period of Betula pendula: while flowering and pollen season were synchronized particularly in their onset, local flowering phenology alone could explain only 57.3% of the pollen season variability. This raises questions about the relationship between flowering times and airborne pollen seasons and on the rather underestimated role of the long-distance transport of pollen.

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