scholarly journals The Role of Hours Changes for the Increase in German Earnings Inequality

2019 ◽  
Vol 239 (2) ◽  
pp. 277-304 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Biewen ◽  
Daniela Plötze
Keyword(s):  
Working Hours ◽  
Earnings Inequality ◽  
Inequality Measure ◽  
Firm Characteristics ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Wage Rates ◽  
Using Data

Abstract Using data from the German Structure of Earnings Survey (GSES), this paper studies the role of changes in working hours for the increase in male and female earnings inequality between 2001 and 2010. We provide both classic decompositions of the variance of log earnings into the variances of hours, wage rates and their covariance, and decompositions based on reweighting the conditional hours distribution. Depending on the inequality measure considered, our results suggest that between 10 and 30% of the increase in male earnings inequality and 37 to 47% of the increase in female earnings inequality can be explained by changes in working hours. In addition, a large part of the inequality increase can be accounted for by changes in the composition of person and firm characteristics.

scholarly journals Human Capital Disparities and Earnings Inequality in The Portuguese Private Labour Market

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Derick R. C. Almeida ◽  
João A. S. Andrade ◽  
Adelaide Duarte ◽  
Marta Simões
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Labour Market ◽  
Tertiary Education ◽  
Earnings Inequality ◽  
Kuznets Curve ◽  
Positive Trend ◽  
Returns To Schooling ◽  
Education Inequality ◽  
Using Data

AbstractThis paper examines human capital inequality and how it relates to earnings inequality in Portugal using data from Quadros de Pessoal for the period 1986–2017. The objective is threefold: (i) show how the distribution of human capital has evolved over time; (ii) investigate the association between human capital inequality and earnings inequality; and (iii) analyse the role of returns to schooling, together with human capital inequality, in the explanation of earnings inequality. Our findings suggest that human capital inequality, computed based on the distribution of average years of schooling of employees working in the Portuguese private labour market, records a positive trend until 2007 and decreases from this year onwards, suggesting the existence of a Kuznets curve of education relating educational attainment levels and education inequality. Based on the decomposition of a Generalized Entropy index (Theil N) for earnings inequality, we observe that inequality in the distribution of human capital plays an important role in the explanation of earnings inequality, although this role has become less important over the last decade. Using Mincerian earnings regressions to estimate the returns to schooling together with the Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition of real hourly earnings we confirm that there are two important forces associated with the observed decrease in earnings inequality: a reduction in education inequality and compressed returns to schooling, mainly in tertiary education.

scholarly journals Gender achievement gaps: the role of social costs to trying hard in high school

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (6) ◽  
pp. 1407-1427 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph Workman ◽  
Anke Heyder
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Academic Success ◽  
Female Students ◽  
Social Costs ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Academic Effort ◽  
Social Incentives ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Gender Achievement

AbstractIn American high schools female students put greater effort into school and outperform boys on indicators of academic success. Using data from the High School Longitudinal Study of 2009, we found female students’ greater academic effort and achievement was partly explained by different social incentives to trying hard in school experienced by male and female students. Males were 1.75 times as likely to report they would be unpopular for trying hard in school and 1.50 times as likely to report they would be made fun of for trying hard in school. Social costs to trying hard in school were directly associated with less rigorous mathematics course-taking and indirectly associated with lower GPA in STEM courses through lower academic effort.

To Extend or Not to Extend: Success Determinants of Line Extensions

1994 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 243-262 ◽  
Author(s):  
Srinivas K. Reddy ◽  
Susan L Holak ◽  
Subodh Bhat
Keyword(s):  
Firm Characteristics ◽  
Line Extensions ◽  
Early Entry ◽  
Line Extension ◽  
Parent Brand ◽  
Extension Activity ◽  
Entry Timing ◽  
Symbolic Value ◽  
Using Data

The authors study the determinants of line extension success using data on 75 line extensions of 34 cigarette brands over a 20-year period to investigate the relative effects of brand, extension, and firm characteristics on the incremental market share of brand line extensions. The econometric model also captures the extent of cannibalization of parent brand sales that may have occurred due to the line extension's introduction. The authors also explore the role of a brand's symbolic value as a factor in line extension success. Results indicate that parent brand strength and its symbolic value, early entry timing, a firm's size, and distinctive marketing competencies, as well as the advertising support allocated to line extensions, contribute positively to the success of line extensions. Their findings suggest that, in this industry, cannibalization effects of line extension activity may have been limited and line extensions into earlier subcategories actually may have helped the parent brand. Even with cannibalization, the incremental sales generated by the extension seem to be reason enough to make a line extension strategy viable.

scholarly journals The Distribution of Earnings in New Zealand

1970 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sylvia Dixon
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Educational Attainment ◽  
Earnings Inequality ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Earnings Distribution ◽  
Gender Earnings Gap ◽  
Earnings Gap ◽  
Economic Survey ◽  
Using Data ◽  
And Shifts

Changes in the distribution of individual earnings between 1984 and 1995 are examined using data from the Household Economic Survey. Several dimensions of changes in the earnings structure are considered, including measures of aggregate earnings inequality, the gender earnings gap and shifts in relative earnings by level of educational attainment. Changes in the variance of earnings are decomposed to identify more clearly the source of the tendencies towards and against greater inequality. Evidence is found of a rise in hourly earnings inequality among males over the decade. However, the effects of this trend on the total earnings distribution were offset by a rise in the female share of employment and a narrowing of the gap between male and female average hourly earnings.

scholarly journals Male and female entrepreneurs’ employment growth ambitions: the contingent role of regulatory efficiency

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pourya Darnihamedani ◽  
Siri Terjesen
Keyword(s):  
Employment Growth ◽  
Female Entrepreneurs ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Government Interventions ◽  
Price Controls ◽  
Additional Costs ◽  
Institutional Contexts ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Hiring And Firing

Abstract Entrepreneurs start and grow their ventures in a widely varying set of institutional contexts. One differentiator is a country’s regulatory efficiency which encompasses the freedom to start and to run a business without excessive government interventions around registering, hiring, and firing employees, and price controls on currency. The efficiency of regulations varies substantially among countries and imposes additional costs and risks on entrepreneurs’ activities. We integrate insights from institutional theory and recent literature on gender and entrepreneurship to better understand how a country’s regulatory efficiency affects male and female entrepreneurs’ employment growth ambitions. We explore three aspects of regulatory efficiency: business freedom (e.g., to start, operate, and close a venture), labor freedom (e.g., laws around minimum wage, layoffs, severance), and monetary freedom (e.g., price stability) using data from over 47,000 entrepreneurs in 68 countries. We find that entrepreneurs’ growth ambitions are higher in countries with more efficient regulations, particularly those countries characterized by fewer labor law restrictions and greater monetary freedoms. These findings are further exacerbated by gender by such that, relative to their female counterparts, male entrepreneurs have significantly greater venture growth ambitions. Our paper contributes to the discussion on how formal institutions influence women and men entrepreneurs in distinct ways.

Does gender matter? Gender talent migration and its implication for talent management

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marina Latukha ◽  
Mariia Shagalkina ◽  
Ekaterina Kalinina ◽  
Daria Khasieva
Keyword(s):  
Talent Management ◽  
Leadership Positions ◽  
Positive Role ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Using Data ◽  
And Migration ◽  
Migration Determinants

PurposeThe growing trends in talent migration, which in the extreme lead to brain drain, in step with an increasing female participation in labor markets and migration flows, set challenges for both business and governments managing these processes. In this vein, it is proposed that macro talent management (MTM) is effective in managing the above-mentioned macro-level issues. The purpose of this paper is to identify and compare the determinants of talent migration with respect to gender and to analyze the role that talent management (TM) practices may play in the migration of diverse talent groups (male and female) within the Russian context.Design/methodology/approachAnticipating the possible differences in talent migration determinants between men and women and using data from 557 Russian graduates, considered to be high-potential talents, the authors found that these determinants converge.FindingsMale and female talent migration intentions in Russia are influenced by the same industry and individual push factors as well as family reasons, confirming that women are acting as independent economic migrants rather than tied movers. Moreover, the authors identified that talents in our sample evaluate highly the possibility of TM practices to change their migration intentions, and that female talents are more sensitive and responsive in this regard. Therefore, the TM system in the emerging economies' context, in particular Russia, is important for increasing the share of women in the workforce, in particular in leadership positions.Originality/valueThe study's results are important as they provide evidence on the gendered dimension of talent migration in particular in terms of the gendered assessment of talent migration determinants. Moreover, the study shows the positive role of TM in managing talent flows at the country level, in particular the ability of TM practices to attract talents to local organizations and, hence, retain them in a country.

scholarly journals ANALISIS PASAR TENAGA KERJA SEKTOR INDUSTRI TERHADAP TINGKAT UPAH DI INDONESIA

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 487
Author(s):  
Yulia Putri ◽  
Mike Triani
Keyword(s):  
Linear Regression ◽  
Cross Section ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Working Hours ◽  
Industrial Sector ◽  
Free Variable ◽  
Wage Rates ◽  
The Government ◽  
Variable Influence

This study aims to to know and to analyze influence ( 1 ) the number of labor in the industrial sector in indonesia on wage levels in indonesia .( 2 ) working hours in the industrial sector in indonesia on wage levels in indonesia .( 3 ) together the amount of labor and working hours in the industrial sector in indonesia on wage levels in indonesia .Type research, this research is descriptive where data used is secondary data in cross section or of the year 2017 and related institutions.In this research using a technique of analysis a linear regression berganda to find how free variable influence on variables bound.The research results obtained show that: ( 1 ) the number of workers on the industrial sector in indonesia influential positive and insignificant on wage levels in indonesia.( 2 ) working hours on the industrial sector in indonesia positive and significant influence on wage levels in indonesia.In bersama-sama numbers of workers and working hours on the industrial sector in indonesia significant impact on wage rates in indonesia with the level of influence 41 %.So it can from the research suggested that the importance of the role of manpower and the government to cooperate in improving the wage rates in indonesia.

scholarly journals The Hidden Cost of Flexibility: A Factorial Survey Experiment on Job Promotion

2019 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 265-283
Author(s):  
Irina Fernandez-Lozano ◽  
M José González ◽  
Teresa Jurado-Guerrero ◽  
Juan-Ignacio Martínez-Pastor
Keyword(s):  
Selection Process ◽  
Working Hours ◽  
Survey Experiment ◽  
Mediating Role ◽  
Social Achievement ◽  
Hidden Cost ◽  
Candidate Characteristics ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Lack Of Commitment

Abstract This article analyses the role of gender, parenthood, and work flexibility measures and the mediating role of stereotypes on the likelihood of achieving an internal promotion in Spain. We hypothesize that employers favour fathers over mothers and disfavour flexible workers (flexibility stigma) because they are perceived, respectively, as less competent and less committed. We also hypothesize that employers reflect their gender values in the selection process. These hypotheses are tested using data from a survey experiment in which 71 supervisors from private companies evaluate 426 short vignettes describing six different candidates for promotion into positions that require decision-making and team supervision skills. Several candidate characteristics are experimentally manipulated, while others such as skills and experience in the company are kept constant to minimize the risk of statistical discrimination. Contrary to our expectations, fathers are not preferred in promotion, as they are not perceived as being more competent than mothers. However, we find that flexibility leads to lower promotion scores, partly due to its association with a lack of commitment. Although the statutory right to reduce working hours for care reasons seems a major social achievement, this experiment shows that mothers may be indirectly penalized, as they are the main users of this policy.

scholarly journals Gaps in the (paid) work hours of male and female heads of households: empirical evidence from Barbados

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahalia Jackman ◽  
Kishmar Lorde
Keyword(s):  
Design Methodology ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Working Hours ◽  
Work Hours ◽  
Paid Work ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Caribbean ◽  
Employment Hours ◽  
Using Data

PurposeThis study investigates the magnitude and possible determinants of gaps in the (paid) working hours of male and female heads of households.Design/methodology/approachThe study utilises the Bauer and Sinning’s (2008) general decomposition method to examine the differences in work hours among male and female heads of households using data from the 2014 Barbados labour force survey.FindingsOur estimates suggest that the employment hours of female heads of households is 3.6% less than that of their male equivalents, which translates to an annual hour differential of roughly 68 to 71 employment hours.Originality/valueTo date, very little is known about the disparity in the paid work hours of male and female heads of households. This study attempts to fill this gap in the literature. Moreover, by focussing on Barbados, this paper adds to the sparse body of work on sex-based inequalities in developing countries, particularly those in the Caribbean.

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