Quantification of anacardic acid, the toxic component in raw and purified samples of Semecarpus anacardium L. by Siddha purification processes

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Juliet Lawrence ◽  
Reena Viswan Lilly ◽  
Arthi Velmurugan ◽  
Karthik Raja Sundhara moorthy ◽  
Sudha Revathy Sudarsanam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Chemical Change ◽  
Strong Support ◽  
Anacardic Acid ◽  
Purification Process ◽  
Semecarpus Anacardium ◽  
Purification Methods ◽  
Moderate Change ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
Major Reduction

Abstract Objectives The knowledge of purification process is unique since it deals with various physical and chemical changes in the inherent toxic properties during the process and it renders a strong support in the art of medicine preparation in Siddha system of medicine. Semecarpus anacardium L. is listed under Schedule e (1) drugs and purification is mandatory before its administration in medicine preparation. The bioactive compounds present in the plant like alkaloids, terpenoids, flavonoids, saponins, glycosides, steroids enhance the medical efficacy and defense mechanisms of the plant. Hence an attempt has been made to reveal the chemical change, occurring during the purification process in Siddha system of medicine by evaluating the phytochemicals and anacardic acid which is responsible for forming blisters and dermatitis. Methods Five common methods were used to purify the Semecarpus anacardium nuts as per the Siddha classical texts. The quantification of phytochemicals and anacardic acid has been done in unpurified, intermediate and purified samples. Results Significant changes were observed in phytochemicals and anacardic acid quantity in unpurified and purified samples. The major reduction of anacardic acid from 5.62 % in S1 to below detectable limit (BDL) in S2, S3, S4, 0.24% in S5 and 3.32% in S6. There is mild to moderate change in the phytochemicals which will support the efficacy of the drug. Conclusions With the results of phytochemicals, though all the purification methods have been evidenced to reduce the toxic nature, among the above five, the process II may be recommended for further research and medicine preparation.

Granite Weathering

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Piotr Migon
Keyword(s):  
Solid Rock ◽  
Chemical Change ◽  
Transitional Zone ◽  
Sufficient Evidence ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Bare Rock ◽  
Moisture Deficit ◽  
Geomorphic Features ◽  
Drying Up ◽  
Physical And Chemical

Weathering is a necessary precursor for landform development. However, in the context of granite it acquires a particular importance for various reasons. First, many granite terrains show an extensive development of deep weathering profiles, which can be extremely varied in terms of their depth, vertical zonation, degree of rock decomposition, and mineralogical and chemical change. Moreover, the transitional zone between the weathering mantle and the solid rock, for which the term ‘weathering front’ is used (Mabbutt, 1961b), may be very thin. There is now sufficient evidence that many geomorphic features of granite landscapes, including boulders, domes, and plains, have been sculpted at the solid rock/weathering mantle interface and they are essentially elements of an exposed weathering front. Therefore, the origin of granite landscapes cannot be satisfactorily explained and understood without a proper understanding of the phenomenon of deep weathering. Second, granites break down via a range of weathering mechanisms, both physical and chemical, which interact to produce an extreme diversity of small-scale surface features and minor landforms. In this respect, it is only limestones and some sandstones which show a similar wealth of weathering-related surface phenomena. Third, both superficial and deep weathering of granite act very selectively, exploiting a variety of structural and textural features, including fractures, microfractures, veins, enclaves, and textural inhomogeneities. In effect, the patterns of rock breakdown may differ very much between adjacent localities, and so the resultant landforms differ. In the context of deep weathering, selectivity is evident in significant changes of profile thickness and its properties over short distances, and in the presence of unweathered compartments (corestones) within an altered rock mass. Fourth, it is emphasized that granites are particularly sensitive to the amount of moisture in the environment (Bremer, 1971; Twidale, 1982). They alter very fast in moist environments, whereas moisture deficit enhances rock resistance and makes it very durable. Hence, a bare rock slope shedding rainwater and drying up quickly after rain will be very much immune to weathering, whereas at its foot a surplus of moisture will accelerate decomposition.

Analytical Methodology from Lavoisier to Mendeleev

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Fontani ◽  
Mariagrazia Costa ◽  
Mary Virginia Orna
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Change ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Professional Activity ◽  
Analytical Methodology ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Similar Chemical ◽  
Experimental Errors ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Physical And Chemical

Within the period covered by Part II, 1789–1869, 37 true elements, almost all of them metals, were discovered. Prior to this time, about 14 metals had been discovered, excluding those that had been known from ancient times. The discovery of the elements during this period of interest is intimately related to the analytical methodologies available to chemists, as well as to a growing consciousness of just what an element is. Because these methods were also available to the less competent who may have lacked the skills to use them or the knowledge to interpret their results, their use also led to as many, if not more, erroneous discoveries in the same period. One can number among the major sources of error faulty interpretation of experimental data, the “rediscovery” of an already known element, sample impurities, very similar chemical properties (as in the case of the rare earths), the presence of an element in nature in very scarce or trace amounts, gross experimental errors, confusion of oxides and earths with their metals, and baseless dogmatic pronouncements by known “authorities” in the field. Antoine Laurent Lavoisier’s conceptualization of what constitutes an element was a radical break from the principles of alchemy. His stipulation that an element is a substance that cannot be further decomposed conferred an operational, pragmatic, concrete definition on what had previously been a more abstract concept. At the other end of the spectrum was the intuition of Dmitri Mendeleev who, contrary to the prevailing acceptance of Lavoisier’s concept, stressed the importance of retaining a more abstract, more fundamental sense of an element—an idea that in the long run enabled the development of the periodic table. What both men had in common is that they defined and named individual elements as those components of substances that could survive chemical change and whose presence in compounds could explain their physical and chemical properties. Mendeleev’s table has been immortalized in every chemistry classroom—and also concretely in Saint Petersburg, the city that saw most of his professional activity, by a spectacular building-sized model The analytical chemist depends on both of these concepts and indeed, analytical practice preceded Lavoisier’s concept by at least a century.

scholarly journals Application of Antimicrobial Nanoparticles in Dentistry

Molecules ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (6) ◽  
pp. 1033 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenjing Song ◽  
Shaohua Ge
Keyword(s):  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Antibacterial Properties ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Dental Prostheses ◽  
Antimicrobial Nanoparticles ◽  
Dental Diseases ◽  
Antibacterial Nanoparticles ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
Plaque Biofilm ◽  
Development Applications

Oral cavity incessantly encounters a plethora of microorganisms. Plaque biofilm—a major cause of caries, periodontitis and other dental diseases—is a complex community of bacteria or fungi that causes infection by protecting pathogenic microorganisms from external drug agents and escaping the host defense mechanisms. Antimicrobial nanoparticles are promising because of several advantages such as ultra-small sizes, large surface-area-to-mass ratio and special physical and chemical properties. To better summarize explorations of antimicrobial nanoparticles and provide directions for future studies, we present the following critical review. The keywords “nanoparticle,” “anti-infective or antibacterial or antimicrobial” and “dentistry” were retrieved from Pubmed, Scopus, Embase and Web of Science databases in the last five years. A total of 172 articles met the requirements were included and discussed in this review. The results show that superior antibacterial properties of nanoparticle biomaterials bring broad prospects in the oral field. This review presents the development, applications and underneath mechanisms of antibacterial nanoparticles in dentistry including restorative dentistry, endodontics, implantology, orthodontics, dental prostheses and periodontal field.

A Study on the Purification methods of Carbon Nanotubes and Stm Imaging of the Carbon Nanotubes

1994 ◽  
Vol 349 ◽  
Author(s):  
Motoo Yumura ◽  
Kunio Uchida ◽  
Hiroyuki Niino ◽  
Satoshi Ohshima ◽  
Yasunori Kuriki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Nanotubes ◽  
Raman Scattering ◽  
Electronic Properties ◽  
Amorphous Carbon ◽  
Purification Process ◽  
Graphitic Sheet ◽  
Purification Methods ◽  
Scattering Measurement

AbstractsPurification process to obtain nanotubes out of the cathode product mostly including fragments of graphitic sheet and/or amorphous carbon has been established. Structures and electronic properties of carbon nanotubes were studied. By the Raman scattering measurement, only one peak at 1581 cm−1 akin to that of graphite was found out. It was confirmed by STM observation of purified nanotubes. Purified nanotubes was semiconductor or semimetal.

Physical and chemical change in textbooks: An initial view

1996 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 129-140 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bill Palmer ◽  
David F Treagust
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Change ◽  
Physical And Chemical

scholarly journals Process Development and Scale-up Optimization of the SARS-CoV-2 Receptor Binding Domain-Based Vaccine Candidate, RBD219-N1C1

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jungsoon Lee ◽  
Zhuyun Liu ◽  
Wen-Hsiang Chen ◽  
Junfei Wei ◽  
Rakhi Kundu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Receptor Binding ◽  
Process Development ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Neutralizing Antibody ◽  
Protein Antigen ◽  
Purification Process ◽  
Good Manufacturing Practices ◽  
Purification Methods ◽  
Selection Of

AbstractA SARS-CoV-2 RBD219-N1C1 (RBD219-N1C1) recombinant protein antigen formulated on Alhydrogel® has recently been shown to elicit a robust neutralizing antibody response against SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus in mice. The antigen has been produced under current good manufacturing practices (cGMP) and is now in clinical testing. Here, we report on process development and scale-up optimization for upstream fermentation and downstream purification of the antigen. This includes production at the 1 and 5 L scale in the yeast, Pichia pastoris, and the comparison of three different chromatographic purification methods. This culminated in the selection of a process to produce RBD219-N1C1 with a yield of >400 mg per liter of fermentation with >92% purity and >39% target product recovery after purification. In addition, we show the results from analytical studies, including SEC-HPLC, DLS, and an ACE2 receptor binding assay that were performed to characterize the purified proteins to select the best purification process. Finally, we propose an optimized upstream fermentation and downstream purification process that generates quality RBD219-N1C1 protein antigen and is fully scalable at a low cost.

Hematological Parameter of Heteropneustes fossilis (Shing fish)

2013 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-10
Author(s):  
Tahmina Khanam ◽  
Gulshan Ara Latifa
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Change ◽  
Activity Level ◽  
Hematological Parameter ◽  
Haematological Parameter ◽  
Heteropneustes Fossilis ◽  
Diagnostic Laboratory ◽  
Physiological Conditions ◽  
Erythrocyte Sedimentation ◽  
Specific Variation ◽  
Physical And Chemical

Background: The physiological conditions of fish are essential for the successful fish culture. Objective: The purpose of the present study was to see the haematological parameter of air breathing cat fish (Heteropneustes fossilis) of Bangladesh. Methodology: This animal study was conducted in the “Bargen lab” in the Department of Zoology at University of Dhaka as well as in “The Peoples Pathological lab” which was a private diagnostic laboratory at Dhaka city from July’ 2008 to April’ 2009 for a period of 9(nine) months. The fish was Heteropneustes fossilis. Haemocytometer including two graduated pipettes was used for counting leucocytes. Result: The result indicated eight types of blood cells in peripheral condition of Heteropneustes fossilis. The average cellular counts of Heteropneustes fossilis were erythrocytes 8.45´106 m3, leukocytes 15.44´103m-3, Thrombocytes 34.72%, large lymphocytes 1.02%, small lymphocytes 26.7%, monocyte 3.9%, neutrophil 16.9%, eosinophils 6.97%, basophiles 8.6%, haemoglobin 11.7g 100ml1, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) 6.49g 100ml-1.  The most of the hematological parameter showed intra specific variation except eosinophils and ESR of Heteropneustes fossilis (Shing fish). Conclusion: Hematological studies shows that the  physiology of  fish  change  with the change in  the environment, time, season, maturity, nutritional state, activity level physical and chemical change in water.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jsf.v11i1.19398

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