Blood profile of prevalent sheep breeds in Nigeria: A case study of Ikorodu Local Government Area of Lagos State, Nigeria

The role of the environment in the survivability of an animal is paramount and blood profiles are part of the indices for measuring the health status. Therefore, a study was carried out to determine the blood profile of prominent indigenous breed of sheep (Ram) viz: West African Dwarf, Yankasa, Balami and Ouda breeds reared in Ikorodu Local Government. A total of 20 rams were used comprising of five rams per breed, with average age of 2½ years weighing 31.13±4.8 kg. Blood samples were carefully collected from the rams into labeled sterile bottles containing EDTA for haematological examination and another set of bottles containing Lithium Heparin was used to collect blood for the serum biochemical analysis. Haematological parameter assessed were Packed Cell Volume (PCV), White Blood Cell (WBC), Red Blood Cell (RBC), while the biochemical parameters investigated were Total protein (Tp), Albumin, Glucose, Creatine Cholesterol, and Alkaline phosphatase (ALP). PCV was significantly (p<0.05) highest (32.25%) in Yankassa and lowest (26.25%) in Ouda. Yankasa had statistically (p<0.05) the higher 11.66g/dL Hb, followed by WAD (10.00), Ouda (9.60) and lower (9.20) in Balami. RBC (x10/ml) was significantly (p<0.05) higher in WAD (3.72) than other breeds and lowest in Ouda (3.11). MCV (fl) value was significantly lower in Yankasa (75.83) than other breeds and higher in Ouda (83.60). MCH (pg) was statistically (p<0.05) highest (30.89) in Yankasa and lower (26.93) in Balami. Yankasa had significantly(p<0.05) the higher (8673.00) Total WBC (mm3), followed by WAD (8453.25), Balami (6814.25) and least in Ouda (6718.75). Total protein was significantly (p<0.05) the higher (53.76) in WAD ram and lower (43.76) in Ouda. Yankasa ram recorded significantly (p<0.05) the higher Albumin content (5.45), glucose level (48.87), ALP (129.71) and significantly the least creatine (0.63) while significantly (p<0.05) the least values for Glucose were in Ouda (44.83), Albumin content and Alkaline phosphatase in Balami (4.33, 104.87 respectively). Cholesterol value was significantly the higher (93.22) in WAD and lower (79.70) in Balami. Results revealed significant differences in haematological and serological indices tested though all values obtained were within the normal range for sheep. Le rôle de l'environnement dans la survie d'un animal est primordial et les profils sanguins font partie des indices de mesure de l'état de santé. Par conséquent, une étude a été menée pour déterminer le profil sanguin de la race indigène de moutons (bélier), à savoir: les moutons nains d'Afrique de l'Ouest (WAD), Yankasa, Balami et Ouda élevés dans la collectivité locale d'Ikorodu. Au total, 20 béliers ont été utilisés comprenant cinq béliers par race, avec un âge moyen de 2 ans et demi pesant 31,13 ± 4,8 kg. Des échantillons de sang ont été soigneusement prélevés sur les béliers dans des flacons stériles étiquetés contenant de l'EDTA pour un examen hématologique et un autre ensemble de flacons contenant de l'héparine de lithium a été utilisé pour collecter du sang pour l'analyse biochimique du sérum. Les paramètres hématologiques évalués étaient le volume de cellules emballées (PCV), les globules blancs (WBC), les globules rouges (RBC), tandis que les paramètres biochimiques étudiés étaient la protéine totale (Tp), l'albumine, le glucose, la créatine cholestérol et la phosphatase alcaline (ALP). Le PCV était significativement (p <0,05) le plus élevé (32,25%) à Yankassa et le plus bas (26,25%) à Ouda. Yankasa avait statistiquement (p <0,05) le taux d'Hb le plus élevé de 11,66 g / dL, suivi de WAD (10,00), Ouda (9,60) et moins (9,20) à Balami. Les globules rouges (x10 / ml) étaient significativement (p <0,05) plus élevés chez WAD (3,72) que chez les autres races et plus faibles chez Ouda (3,11). La valeur MCV (fl) était significativement plus faible à Yankasa (75,83) que dans les autres races et plus élevée à Ouda (83,60). MCH (pg) était statistiquement (p <0,05) la plus élevée (30,89) à Yankasa et inférieure (26,93) à Balami. Yankasa avait significativement (p <0,05) le plus élevé (8673,00) WBC total (mm3), suivi des moutons nains d'Afrique de l'Ouest, (8453,25), Balami (6814,25) et inférieur à Ouda (6718,75). La protéine totale était significativement (p <0,05) la plus élevée (53,76) chez les moutons nains d'Afrique de l'Ouest, et la plus faible (43,76) chez Ouda. Le bélier Yankasa a enregistré de manière significative (p <0,05) la plus haute teneur en albumine (5,45), le niveau de glucose (48,87), l'ALP (129,71) et significativement le moins de créatine (0,63) tandis que de manière significative (p <0,05) les valeurs les plus faibles pour le glucose étaient à Ouda (44,83), teneur en albumine et phosphatase alcaline chez Balami (4,33, 104,87 respectivement). La valeur du cholestérol était significativement la plus élevée (93,22) chez les moutons nains d'Afrique de l'Ouest et la plus basse (79,70) chez Balami. Les résultats ont révélé des différences significatives dans les indices hématologiques et sérologiques testés bien que toutes les valeurs obtenues se situent dans la plage normale pour les moutons.

HAEMATOLOGICAL PROFILE DERANGEMENTS IN PATIENTS DUE TO NON-RESISTANT AND RESISTANT TYPHOID FEVER

Objective: To assess and compare the frequency of haematological parameter derangements in patients due to non-resistant and extended drug resistant (XDR) typhoid fever. Study Design: Comparative cross-sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: Pathology Department of Combined Military Hospital Quetta, from Jan to Dec 2019. Methodology: A total number of 172 blood culture Salmonella positive patients irrespective of age and gender were included in this study. Salmonella strains were isolated and grouped further according to their drugs sensitivity. 3ml venous blood was collected from these patients in Ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid container and blood complete count was done by semiautomated haematology analyser XP-100. Results: There were 126 (73%) males and 46 (27%) females with mean age of 17.5 ± 10.3 years. Out of 172 subjects, 106 (61.6%) had non-resistant typhoid and rest 66 (38.4%) were diagnosed with extended drug resistant Typhoid. We compared anaemia, leucopenia and thrombocytopenia between two groups and found anaemia statistically significant with the p-value of 0.001. Conclusion: This study has documented that changes in haematological parameters are significant in typhoid fever and early patients diagnosis, management and disease course can be monitored with them. Patients with significant anaemia and not responding to first line therapy should be considered as a case of extended drug resistant (XDR) Salmonella.

Evaluation of hypoglycemic effect, safety and immunomodulation of Prevotella copri in mice

The gut bacterium Prevotella copri (P. copri) has been shown to lower blood glucose levels in mice as well as in healthy humans, and is a promising candidate for a next generation probiotic aiming at prevention or treatment of obesity and type 2 diabetes. In this study the hypoglycemic effect of live P. copri was confirmed in mice and pasteurization of P. copri was shown to further enhance its capacity to improve glucose tolerance. The safety of live and pasteurized P. copri was evaluated by a 29-day oral toxicity study in mice. P. copri did not induce any adverse effects on body growth. General examination of the mice, gross pathological and histological analysis showed no abnormalities of the vital organs. Though relative liver weights were lower in the pasteurized (4.574 g ± 0.096) and live (4.347 g ± 0.197) P. copri fed groups than in the control mice (5.005 g ± 0.103) (p = 0.0441 and p = 0.0147 respectively), no liver biochemical marker aberrations were detected. Creatinine serum levels were significantly lower in mice fed with live (p = 0.001) but not pasteurized (p = 0.163) P. copri compared to those of control mice. Haematological parameter analysis and low plasma Lipopolysaccharide Binding Protein (LBP) levels ruled out systemic infection and inflammation. Immunomodulation capacity by P. copri as determined by blood plasma cytokine analysis was limited and gut colonisation occurred in only one of the 10 mice tested. Taken together, no major adverse effects were detected in P. copri treated groups compared to controls.

Haematological reference intervals of sows at end gestation in ten French herds, the impact of parity on haematological parameters and the consequences on reproductive performance

Background Changes in haematological values occur during the reproductive cycle. In veterinary swine practice, haematological reference intervals for this period are scarce. Over past decades, there has been a remarkable increase in reproductive prolificacy, possibly making previously established haematological reference intervals for sows outdated. Objectives The aim of this study was to provide updated haematological reference intervals for sows at end-gestation, to study the influence of parity on those haematological parameters and to evaluate the impact of haemoglobin levels on production performance. Methods The data presented in this article were obtained using blood samples from 198 apparently healthy and conventionally managed group-housed sows at end-gestation from ten breeding herds located in France. The samples were analysed for haematological variables using impedance technique on Horiba ABX analyser (Horiba, Kyoto, Japan). The reference intervals were calculated according to the guidelines of The American Society for Veterinary Clinical Pathology using SUMMARY procedure in R Studio. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) models were used to evaluate the influence of parity on each haematological parameter and the impact of haemoglobin values on production performances at farrowing. Differences were considered as significant if p < 0.05. Results Reference intervals produced in this study were similar to previously published references but we noticed marked differences in white blood cell values. The study of the impact of parity revealed significant changes for gilts and parity 5 + sows regarding haematological values. Gilts had higher red and white blood cells counts, haemoglobin values and haematocrit values. Regarding haemoglobin values, the higher the number of liveborn and weaned piglets per litter, the lower the haemoglobin value at end-gestation. For sows of fifth or higher gestation, we found that the higher the percentage of stillborn piglets, the lower the haemoglobin value at end-gestation. Conclusions This study provides haematological reference intervals for sows at end-gestation. These will be useful for swine veterinarians and researchers for a better understanding of the influence of parity on haematological parameters and haemoglobin values and their relation to reproductive performance.

Insecticide-treated net ownership, utilization and knowledge of malaria in children residing in Batoke–Limbe, Mount Cameroon area: effect on malariometric and haematological indices

Background Insecticide-treated nets (ITNs) are the most widely used interventions for malaria control in Africa. The aim of this study was to assess the ownership and utilization of ITNs and the knowledge of malaria and their effects on malariometric and haematological indices in children living in the Mount Cameroon area. Methods A community-based cross-sectional study involving a total of 405 children aged between 6 months and 14 years living in Batoke–Limbe was carried out between July and October 2017. A semi-structured questionnaire was used to document demographic status, knowledge on malaria and ITN ownership and usage. Venous blood sample was collected from each child to determine the prevalence and intensity of parasitaemia by Giemsa-stained microscopy and full blood count by auto haematology analysis to obtain white blood cell (WBC) and red blood cell (RBC) counts, haemoglobin (Hb) level, haematocrit (Hct), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH) and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC). A multilinear regression model was used to determine the relationship between haematological parameter as dependent variable and the independent variables. Results The overall prevalence of parasitaemia, anaemia, knowledge about malaria, ITN ownership, usage and effective usage was 46.7%, 54.7%, 40.7%, 78.8%, 50.9% and 29.9%, respectively. The prevalence of parasitaemia was significantly higher (P < 0.001) in children who ineffectively utilized ITNs (54.9%) than effective users (27.3%). Having knowledge of malaria, negatively correlated with WBC counts (P = 0.005), but positively correlated with Hb levels (P < 0.001), RBC counts (P < 0.001), Hct (P < 0.001), MCV (P < 0.001) and MCH (P < 0.001). ITN use positively correlated with WBC counts (P = 0.005) but negatively with Hb levels (P = 0.004), RBC counts (P = 0.006), and MCH (P < 0.001). Meanwhile, parasitaemia negatively correlated with Hb levels (P = 0.004), RBC counts (P = 0.01), Hct (P = 0.04) and MCHC (P = 0.015). Conclusion There is need for more sensitization on the benefits of using the ITNs to meet up with the intended and expected impact of the free distribution of ITNs.

Metabolic and Haematological Profile of Infants Born to Gestational and Pregestational Diabetic Mothers

Background: Diabetes mellitus is the most common metabolic disorder complicating pregnancy. Infants of diabetic mothers (IDMs) are prone to develop complications during early neonatal period. The study was undertaken to describe and compare the metabolic and haematological parameter of infants born to gestational (GDM) and pregestational (PGDM) diabetic mothers. Meterials and Methods: The hospital based prospective study was conducted at special care neonatology unit of Dr. M. R. Khan Shishu Hospital & ICH from January 2018 to December 2018. Blood samples were collected to perform relevant biochemical and haematological tests. Results: Of the 68 neonates, 61.8% were born to mothers with GDM and 38.2% were born to mothers with PGDM. In case of GDM, 4.8% were Small for Gestational Age (SGA), 61.9% were Appropriate for Gestational Age (AGA) and 33.3% were Large for Gestational Age (LGA). Hypoglycemia occurred in 71.4% of neonates with GDM and 53.8% of neonates with PGDM. Hypocalcemia was observed in 47.6% of neonates with GDM and 69.2% of neonates with PGDM. Frequency of hypoglycemia, polycythemia and hyperbilirubinemia were significantly higher in neonates born to mothers with GDM (p value 0.01, 0.02 and < 0.001 respectively) and frequency of hypocalcemia was significantly higher in neonates born to mothers with PGDM (p value 0.02). Conclusions: The frequency of hypoglycaemia, polycythemia and hyperbilirubinemia were significantly more in newborns of GDM compared to infants of PGDM but the frequency of hypocalcemia was significantly more in newborns of PGDM. Bangladesh J Child Health 2020; VOL 44 (2) :82-86

Acute Toxicity Study of Iron-21 Syrup in Female Wistar Rats

The iron-21 syrup is used for iron deficiency anaemia which supplies iron and calories a provide iron and calorie nutriment to recompense haemoglobin deprivation. The objective of this study is to determine acute oral toxicity of Iron-21 syrup in vivo in Wistar rats. Iron-21 Syrup formulation was given through the oral route. The syrup formulation was administered in three increasing doses of 3, 6 and 12 ml/kg body weight for concentration of 500, 1000 and 2000mg/kg respectively. The other group of rats designated as a control group was given the only vehicle orally. The test and control group contains five rats each. Tests, as well as control group rats, were sacrificed on the fifteenth day of treatment. The blood and tissue samples of test animals were sent for histopathological studies examination. Four parameters were observed throughout the study, and they are cage side observation, the effect to the body weight, haematological parameter and histopathology. All animals were survived till they sacrificed. No notable changes were found in behaviour, haematological and histopathology studies. The oral administration of Iron-21 Syrup is not shown any toxic effect in the animal at a given dose. Therefore, it is a safe remedy for human use.

Association between haematological parameters and sickle cell genotypes in children with Plasmodium falciparum malaria resident in Kisumu County in Western Kenya

Background Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a monogenic disorder due to point mutation in the β-globin gene resulting in substitution of Valine for Glutamic acid. The SCD is prevalent in P. falciparum endemic regions such as western Kenya. Carriage of different sickle cell genotypes may influence haematological parameter during malaria. Children resident in malaria holoendemic regions suffer more from malaria-related complications and this is moderated by the presence of the SCD. In the current study, we determined the association between sickle cell genotypes and haematological parameters in children with P. falciparum malaria resident in Kisumu County in Western Kenya. Methodology Children (n = 217, aged 1–192 months) with acute febrile condition were recruited at Jaramogi Oginga Odinga Teaching and Referral Hospital. Chi-square (χ2) analysis was used to determine differences between proportions. Differences in haematological parameters were compared across groups using Kruskal Wallis test and between groups using Mann Whitney U test. Multivariate logistic regression analysis controlling for infection status was used to determine the association between sickle cell genotypes and haematological parameters. Results Using HbAA as the reference group, multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that carriage of HbSS was associated with reduced haemoglobin [OR = 0.310, 95% CI = 0.101–0.956, P = 0.041], reduced haematocrit [OR = 0.318, 95% CI = 0.128–0.793, P = 0.014], reduced RBC count [OR = 0.124, 95% CI = 0.045–0.337, P = 0.001], reduced MCHC [OR = 0.325, 95% CI = 0.118–0.892, P = 0.029], increased leucocytosis [OR = 9.283, 95% CI = 3.167–27.210, P = 0.001] and reduced monocytosis [OR = 0.319, 95% CI = 0.123–0.830, P = 0.019]. However, carriage of HbAS was only associated with increased micro-platelets [OR = 3.629, 95% CI = 1.291–8.276, P = 0.012]. Conclusion Results show that carriage of HbSS in children influence the levels of haemoglobin, haematocrit, RBC, MCHC, WBC and Monocytes. Therefore prior knowledge of HbSS should be considered to improve clinical management of haematological alterations during malaria in children.