Development and Implications of Patent Law

2005 ◽  
Vol 2 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
European Commission
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Genetic Engineering ◽  
Cell Lines ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Legal Protection ◽  
Patent Law ◽  
Human Stem Cells ◽  
Working Paper ◽  
Key Events ◽  
Biotechnological Inventions

AbstractIntroductionThis is the second report pursuant to Article 16c of the Directive 98/44/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 6 July 1998 on the legal protection of biotechnological inventions and bears the title “Developments and implications of patent law in the field of biotechnology and genetic engineering” (hereinafter the “second 16c Report”).Its purpose is to set out the key events which have occurred since publication of the first 16c Report, and to comment on two issues identified in the latter: the scope of patents on sequences or partial sequences of genes which have been isolated from the human body; and the patentability of human stem cells and cell lines obtained from them. The Commission’s analysis is based on the Commission staff working paper SEC(2005)943.

scholarly journals THE PROBLEMS OF DETERMINING THE LEGAL STATUS OF THE EMBRYO AND PARTHENOGENETIC STEM CELLS IN LIGHT OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF GENETIC ENGINEERING

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 69-80
Author(s):  
Анастасия Пестрикова
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Genetic Engineering ◽  
Human Embryo ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
Embryonic Stem ◽  
Legal Protection ◽  
Human Embryos ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Human Stem Cells ◽  
Definition Of

At the present stage of the development of genetic engineering, the question is raised about the legal status of a human embryo in connection with the commercialization and patenting of parthenogenetic embryonic stem cells. Aim: the article considers the main directions of developing criteria for distinguishing between cellular substances included in the definition of a human embryo, taking into account the latest achievements in the field of genetic engineering and judicial practice of the European Union. Methods: the author uses a comparative analysis of the main scientific achievements in the field of genetic engineering and emerging international practice of legal research in this field. Results: the author proves the importance of distinguishing between the definition of the concept of an embryo in terms of biology and genetics, and the consolidation of legal status and the need for legal protection, in order to avoid abuse of law and evasion of law in the commercial use of human stem cells and human embryos.

Genetic Engineering of Mouse and Human Stem Cells

1986 ◽  
Vol 51 (0) ◽  
pp. 1083-1091 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Bernstein ◽  
J.E. Dick ◽  
D. Huszar ◽  
I. Robson ◽  
J. Rossant ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Genetic Engineering ◽  
Human Stem Cells

scholarly journals Genetic engineering of human stem cells for enhanced angiogenesis using biodegradable polymeric nanoparticles

2009 ◽  
Vol 107 (8) ◽  
pp. 3317-3322 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fan Yang ◽  
Seung-Woo Cho ◽  
Sun Mi Son ◽  
Said R. Bogatyrev ◽  
Deepika Singh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Genetic Engineering ◽  
Polymeric Nanoparticles ◽  
Human Stem Cells

scholarly journals 1,8-Cineole potentiates IRF3-mediated antiviral response in human stem cells and in an ex vivo model of rhinosinusitis

2016 ◽  
Vol 130 (15) ◽  
pp. 1339-1352 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janine Müller ◽  
Johannes F.W. Greiner ◽  
Marie Zeuner ◽  
Viktoria Brotzmann ◽  
Johanna Schäfermann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Cell Lines ◽  
Nuclear Translocation ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Inferior Turbinate ◽  
Poly I:C ◽  
Human Stem Cells ◽  
Ex Vivo Model

The common cold is one of the most frequent human inflammatory diseases caused by viruses and can facilitate bacterial superinfections, resulting in sinusitis or pneumonia. The active ingredient of the drug Soledum, 1,8-cineole, is commonly applied for treating inflammatory diseases of the respiratory tract. However, the potential for 1,8-cineole to treat primary viral infections of the respiratory tract remains unclear. In the present study, we demonstrate for the first time that 1,8-cineole potentiates poly(I:C)-induced activity of the antiviral transcription factor interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3), while simultaneously reducing proinflammatory nuclear factor (NF)-κB activity in human cell lines, inferior turbinate stem cells (ITSCs) and in ex vivo cultivated human nasal mucosa. Co-treatment of cell lines with poly(I:C) and 1,8-cineole resulted in significantly increased IRF3 reporter gene activity compared with poly(I:C) alone, whereas NF-κB activity was reduced. Accordingly, 1,8-cineole- and poly(I:C) treatment led to increased nuclear translocation of IRF3 in ITSCs and a human ex vivo model of rhinosinusitis compared with the poly(I:C) treatment approach. Nuclear translocation of IRF3 was significantly increased in ITSCs and slice cultures treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and 1,8-cineole compared with the LPS-treated cells mimicking bacterial infection. Our findings strongly suggest that 1,8-cineole potentiates the antiviral activity of IRF3 in addition to its inhibitory effect on proinflammatory NF-κB signalling, and may thus broaden its field of application.

scholarly journals Current topics in biotechnology patent law: The written description requirement

2005 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Benjamin A Adler
Keyword(s):  
Patent Protection ◽  
Legal Protection ◽  
Patent Law ◽  
Molecular Medicine ◽  
Court Cases ◽  
Research Institutions ◽  
Legal Decisions ◽  
Biotechnology Companies ◽  
Biotechnological Inventions ◽  
Written Description

Universities and medical research institutions are as interested in securing patent protection for their biotechnological inventions as pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies. Obtaining adequate patent protection by universities and research institutions has been hampered by the 'embryonic' nature of its inventions. This problem is particularly noticeable in the fields of biotechnology and molecular medicine. This paper focuses on recent court cases in US biotechnology patent law and analyses the effects of the legal decisions on the effort by universities and research institutions to secure meaningful legal protection for biotechnological inventions.

THERAPEUTIC CLONING – CAN WE ALL AGREE?

Think ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 11 (32) ◽  
pp. 65-69
Author(s):  
David Clarke
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Stem Cell ◽  
Somatic Cell ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer ◽  
Nuclear Transfer ◽  
Therapeutic Cloning ◽  
Human Stem Cells ◽  
Ongoing Debate ◽  
Stem Cell Treatment

There is ongoing debate about whether it is ethically acceptable to allow the creation of cloned embryos in order to produce human stem cells. A cloned embryo is created through a process called somatic-cell nuclear transfer, often known as ‘therapeutic’ cloning. The value of stem cells lies in their capacity to become any sort of cell in the human body. This capacity is particularly useful for treating medical conditions where stem cells can be used to repair or replace damaged tissue. The value of a cloned embryo is that the DNA from a person who needs stem cell treatment can be used to create the clone and thereby minimise the likelihood that any inserted stem cells will be rejected. Research on the use of cloned stem cells is in its earliest stage.

scholarly journals High-Resolution Genomic Profiling of Chromosomal Abnormalities in Human Stem Cells Using the 135 K StemArray

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aaron M. Elliott ◽  
Kristi A. Hohenstein Elliott ◽  
Anja Kammesheidt
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Stem Cell ◽  
Cell Lines ◽  
Chromosomal Aberrations ◽  
Chromosomal Abnormalities ◽  
Extended Period ◽  
Comparative Genomic ◽  
Genetic Profile ◽  
Human Stem Cells ◽  
Stem Cell Lines

Culturing stem cells for an extended period of time can lead to acquired chromosomal aberrations. Determining the copy number variant (CNV) profile of stem cell lines is critical since CNVs can have dramatic effects on gene expression and tumorigenic potential. Here, we describe an improved version of our StemArray, a stem-cell-focused comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) microarray, which contains 135,000 probes and covers over 270 stem cell and cancer related genes at the exon level. We have dramatically increased the median probe spacing throughout the genome in order to obtain a higher resolution genetic profile of the cell lines. To illustrate the importance of using the StemArray, we describe a karyotypically normal iPSC line in which we detected acquired chromosomal variations that could affect the cellular phenotype of the cells. Identifying adaptive chromosomal aberrations in stem cell lines is essential if they are to be used in regenerative medicine.

scholarly journals CRISPR-Cas Tools and Their Application in Genetic Engineering of Human Stem Cells and Organoids

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (5) ◽  
pp. 705-731 ◽  
Author(s):  
Delilah Hendriks ◽  
Hans Clevers ◽  
Benedetta Artegiani
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Genetic Engineering ◽  
Human Stem Cells
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