Subjective constructions in polite discourse: negotiating between Speech-Act Empathy Hierarchy and social hierarchy

2021 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-123
Author(s):  
Harumi Minagawa
Keyword(s):  
Speech Act ◽  
Work Productivity ◽  
Social Hierarchy ◽  
Television Programs ◽  
Linguistic Inquiry ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Japanese Speaker ◽  
Social Consideration

Abstract Using data from interviews and television programs where social demeanor must be observed by the speaker, this study examines what the Japanese speaker does when reporting a transitive event where the speaker is the Undergoer and the Actor is someone they are expected to express respect toward. The speaker’s decision in such contexts is influenced by two seemingly conflicting motivations, i.e. tell a story from a speaker’s perspective by placing empathy on self (the “Speech-Act Empathy Hierarchy”) (Kuno, Susumu & Etsuko Kaburaki. 1977. Empathy and syntax. Linguistic Inquiry 8(4). 627–672) or give up this privilege of empathy in consideration for the respected Actor in the event. The study suggests that social consideration takes precedence over of the Speech-Act Empathy Hierarchy unless both are satisfied simultaneously. This study identified further factors that appear to be at work: productivity of the construction, desire to portray themselves as an affected Undergoer of the event, and reluctance to convey a sense of benefit.

scholarly journals A Study on the Use of Speech Acts: A Review of Selected Paper

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 17-22
Author(s):  
Nofita Sari Gowasa ◽  
Sonia Permata Radiana ◽  
Nur Afifah
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Language ◽  
Prospective Teachers ◽  
Speech Acts ◽  
Speech Act ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Data Content ◽  
Action Strategies ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Faculty Of Education ◽  
Turkish Language

This article is a review of the theory of speech act by Searle & Austin (1962). Describe what the action strategies used in the language themselves are speaking and what speech acts are used by a group of prospective teachers while apologizing, complaining, rejecting and giving thanks. Focusing on the paper written by Akdeniz University, Faculty of Education Nihat Bayat, titled ‘A study on the use of speech acts.’ This present paper uses descriptive qualitative analysis in an attempt to address the gap how to determine what type of speech act is used in the Turkish language strategy, which will provide convenience in teaching Turkish as a native and foreign language. Look at using data content analysis obtained from descriptive analysis for deeper processes. The data in this study were collected through asking participants to write the structure of the language they used in apologizing, complaining, rejecting and thanking. This present article aims to review and discuss the findings, as well as the strengths and weaknesses found in Nihat's paper. The article See made seems to have a clear flow on how to explain these two types of education and made the discourse easy to understand. Therefore, the replication of Nihat's research should be easy enough for similar research purposes.

On Covert Exercitives

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary Kate McGowan
Keyword(s):  
Crucial Role ◽  
Speech Act ◽  
Social Hierarchy ◽  
Speech Act Theory ◽  
Company Policy

It is familiar from speech act theory how saying so can make it so. When the C.E.O. declares that no more overtime will be approved, for example, the C.E.O. thereby enacts a new company policy; her words effect an immediate change to the norms and policies operative in that company. Clearly, speech can enact facts about what is permissible and the familiar way for speech to do this is via an exercise of speaker authority. In this essay, though, I argue for a different way that speech enacts permissibility facts. Starting in the kinematics (i.e. the mechanics) of conversation, I first argue that conversational contributions routinely enact norms for the very conversation to which they contribute. I then argue that this phenomenon generalizes in a way that illuminates the crucial role of speech in enacting and perpetuating social hierarchy.

scholarly journals Economic Analysis of a Low-cost Apple Harvest-assist Unit

2017 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 240-247
Author(s):  
Zhao Zhang ◽  
Paul H. Heinemann
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Economic Analysis ◽  
Net Present Value ◽  
Occupational Injuries ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Work Productivity ◽  
Cost Savings ◽  
Apple Orchard ◽  
Apple Production ◽  
Using Data

A low-cost apple (Malus domestica) harvest-assist unit was recently developed to assist employees with fresh apple harvesting. This study reports on the economic analysis of this apple harvest-assist unit. Annual costs of the harvest-assist unit were calculated, including ownership and operational cost. Annual cost savings by increasing apple harvest efficiency, decreasing occupational injuries, improving work productivity in training, pruning, and thinning, and eliminating expenditures on purchasing ladders were calculated. When the annual costs are smaller than annual savings, the unit benefits apple orchard owners positively. Economic analysis results using orchard yields ranging from 25 to 45 Mg·ha−1 demonstrated that when the apple orchard area was larger than 7.6 ha, the unit always benefited orchard owners positively; when the orchard area was smaller than 4.2 ha, the unit always benefited orchard owners negatively. For large orchards, more than one unit was required to satisfy the operational needs. Of the top four U.S. apple production states, Washington, New York, and Michigan, benefitted from purchasing four units, three units, and two units, respectively, per typical farm. However, an average-sized orchard in Pennsylvania, would not benefit, due to small orchard size and low yield. A net present value (NPV) analysis was determined using data from Washington State, which yielded a return on the 8-year investment in the machinery of $888.44.

A Study of Imperative Usage in Biblical Hebrew and English

1998 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 391-446
Author(s):  
John Myhill
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Differences ◽  
Speech Acts ◽  
Speech Act ◽  
Biblical Hebrew ◽  
The Other ◽  
Structural Factors ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Interactive Factors

This paper reports the results of a detailed text-based study of the use of Imperative constructions in Biblical Hebrew and English, and shows that the two languages differ significantly in this regard. The use of the English Imperative in the database is conditioned largely by social and interactive factors, e.g. the relationship between the speaker and the listener, their relative social status, the sensitivity of the action of giving the command, the setting of the interaction, who will benefit from the action, etc.; on the other hand, the usage of the Imperative in the Hebrew database is mainly determined by semantic and structural factors, e.g. the point in time when the commanded action is to take place, the linguistic form of the preceding clause, whether the command is the first in a conversation, etc. The clear differences here show that there cannot be any uniform explanation about why Imperatives in general are used, as have been proposed in speech act theory (e.g. Searle 1975); on the other hand, these differences are sufficiently complex that they also cannot be accounted for with simple statements regarding cultural differences (e.g. Blum-Kulka 1991). The results of this study suggest that theories about speech acts should be based not upon philosophical speculations using data from a single language, or upon limited linguistic and cultural data carefully selected to support a particular theory, but upon extensive, detailed, and exhaustive linguistic analysis which will clearly establish the descriptive facts of speech act usage in a variety of languages.

scholarly journals Pengaruh Motivasi, Kepemimpinan, Kompetensi Terhadap Produktivitas Kerja Pegawai PT. PLN (Persero) Area Tanjungpinang

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 50-61
Author(s):  
Tiurma Arta Uli ◽  
Winata Wira ◽  
Dodi Dermawan
Keyword(s):  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Work Productivity ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Multiple Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Analysis Method ◽  
Test Motivation ◽  
Sample Technique ◽  
Permanent Employees ◽  
Using Data

This study aims to determine whether motivation, leadership and competence affect the work productivity of employees of PT. PLN (Persero) Tanjung Pinang Area. The type of data used is primary data and secondary data obtained through interviews, questionnaires and literature studies whose measurements use a Likert scale and processed with the SPSS22 program. The sample technique used purposive sampling amounting to 74 respondents distributed to all permanent employees of PT PLN (Persero) Tanjungpinang Area. The data analysis method used is quantitative analysis using data quality test, classic test and multiple linear regression analysis. The results of this study indicate that simultaneously motivation, leadership and competence have a significant effect on the work productivity of employees of PT PLN (Persero) Tanjungpinang Area. In partial testing (t test) motivation does not have a significant effect on the productivity of employees of PT PLN (Persero) Tanjungpinang Area. Partial leadership has a significant effect on the productivity of employees of PT PLN (Persero) Tanjungpinang Area. Partial competence does not have a significant effect on work productivity of PT. PLN (Persero) Tanjungpinang Area employees

Polar Magnetic Field Reversals of the Sun in Maunder Minimum

2000 ◽  
Vol 179 ◽  
pp. 193-196
Author(s):  
V. I. Makarov ◽  
A. G. Tlatov
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Maunder Minimum ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Annual Rings ◽  
Field Reversal ◽  
Polar Magnetic Field ◽  
Pine Trees ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Magnetic Field Reversal

AbstractA possible scenario of polar magnetic field reversal of the Sun during the Maunder Minimum (1645–1715) is discussed using data of magnetic field reversals of the Sun for 1880–1991 and the14Ccontent variations in the bi-annual rings of the pine-trees in 1600–1730 yrs.

Accent Policy and Accent Modification Enterprises as Potential Indicators of Intercultural Power Relations: A Call for an Updated Research Agenda

2013 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brynne D. Ovalle ◽  
Rahul Chakraborty
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
Identity Construction ◽  
Social Theory ◽  
Power Relations ◽  
Linguistic Diversity ◽  
Cultural Organization ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship

This article has two purposes: (a) to examine the relationship between intercultural power relations and the widespread practice of accent discrimination and (b) to underscore the ramifications of accent discrimination both for the individual and for global society as a whole. First, authors review social theory regarding language and group identity construction, and then go on to integrate more current studies linking accent bias to sociocultural variables. Authors discuss three examples of intercultural accent discrimination in order to illustrate how this link manifests itself in the broader context of international relations (i.e., how accent discrimination is generated in situations of unequal power) and, using a review of current research, assess the consequences of accent discrimination for the individual. Finally, the article highlights the impact that linguistic discrimination is having on linguistic diversity globally, partially using data from the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) and partially by offering a potential context for interpreting the emergence of practices that seek to reduce or modify speaker accents.

Modeling Self-Determination Theory Motivation Data by Using Unfolding IRT

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Philipp A. Freund ◽  
Annette Lohbeck
Keyword(s):  
Ideal Point ◽  
Self Determination Theory ◽  
Self Determination ◽  
Dominance Model ◽  
Irt Model ◽  
Autonomous Behavior ◽  
Location Parameters ◽  
Unfolding Models ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Item Location

Abstract. Self-determination theory (SDT) suggests that the degree of autonomous behavior regulation is a characteristic of distinct motivation types which thus can be ordered on the so-called Autonomy-Control Continuum (ACC). The present study employs an item response theory (IRT) model under the ideal point response/unfolding paradigm in order to model the response process to SDT motivation items in theoretical accordance with the ACC. Using data from two independent student samples (measuring SDT motivation for the academic subjects of Mathematics and German as a native language), it was found that an unfolding model exhibited a relatively better fit compared to a dominance model. The item location parameters under the unfolding paradigm showed clusters of items representing the different regulation types on the ACC to be (almost perfectly) empirically separable, as suggested by SDT. Besides theoretical implications, perspectives for the application of ideal point response/unfolding models in the development of measures for non-cognitive constructs are addressed.

From Bi-Dimensionality to Uni-Dimensionality in Self-Report Questionnaires

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bjarne Schmalbach ◽  
Markus Zenger ◽  
Michalis P. Michaelides ◽  
Karin Schermelleh-Engel ◽  
Andreas Hinz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Factor Model ◽  
Common Factor ◽  
Self Regulation ◽  
Model Fit ◽  
Self Report ◽  
External Criterion ◽  
Common Factor Model ◽  
Random Intercept ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Core Self

Abstract. The common factor model – by far the most widely used model for factor analysis – assumes equal item intercepts across respondents. Due to idiosyncratic ways of understanding and answering items of a questionnaire, this assumption is often violated, leading to an underestimation of model fit. Maydeu-Olivares and Coffman (2006) suggested the introduction of a random intercept into the model to address this concern. The present study applies this method to six established instruments (measuring depression, procrastination, optimism, self-esteem, core self-evaluations, and self-regulation) with ambiguous factor structures, using data from representative general population samples. In testing and comparing three alternative factor models (one-factor model, two-factor model, and one-factor model with a random intercept) and analyzing differential correlational patterns with an external criterion, we empirically demonstrate the random intercept model’s merit, and clarify the factor structure for the above-mentioned questionnaires. In sum, we recommend the random intercept model for cases in which acquiescence is suspected to affect response behavior.

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