Study on the Social Consideration of Women in Athletics: Repeating the Stereotypes of Gender of the 21st Century (Estudio sobre la consideración social de la mujer en el atletismo: repitiendo los estereotipos de género del siglo XXI)

If we try to focus on the analysis and understanding of females in the world of sports, particularly female athletes, we face major challenges. The main objective of this work is to analyse the gender stereotypes regarding the social consideration of women in athletics. The sample is made up of 362 undergraduate students of three universities in Andalusia, Spain. Nowadays, despite the progress made in recent years, women continue to be discriminated against in sports generally, and in high-performance sports specifically. 31.4% the response presented a gender stereotyping towards the assertion that athletic clubs and federations do not have more women coaches because they do not trust their dedication and performance. 31.9% of the students responded that male competitions provide more entertainment than female competitions. Resumen. Si intentamos centrarnos en el análisis y la comprensión de las mujeres en el mundo del deporte, en particular las atletas femeninas, nos enfrentamos a grandes desafíos. El principal objetivo de este trabajo es analizar los estereotipos de género sobre la consideración social de la mujer en el atletismo. La muestra está formada por 362 estudiantes de grado de tres universidades de Andalucía, España. Hoy en día, a pesar de los avances logrados en los últimos años, las mujeres continúan siendo discriminadas en el deporte en general y en los deportes de alto rendimiento en particular. El 31.4% de las respuestas presentó un estereotipo de género hacia la afirmación de que, los clubes y federaciones de atletismo no tienen más entrenadoras porque no confían en su dedicación y desempeño. El 31.9% de los estudiantes respondió que las competencias masculinas proporcionan más entretenimiento que las competencias femeninas.

National Institute for the Empowerment of Persons with Intellectual Disability (Divyangjan) in India Training Programme: A Study

The government of India provides numerous support for the empowerment of Person With Disability. It gives special attention to the people with Intellectual disabilities by way of providing education, employment and so on. The National institute for the empowerment of person with Intellectual disability (NIEPID) is one of the major organization launched by the government of India. This organization is giving a handholding support, rehabilitation services, Educational services, creating employment opportunities, medical services and so on. This paper made an attempt to study about the NIEPID for long and short term courses offered to the PID. The Government has allotted a limited seats for each different course in different affiliated institutes, the seats get admitted by only a few candidates. People might unaware about the courses. This may be a reason for limited admission. This paper highlights the number of beneficiaries get befitted from the existing course reviewed by the existing data. The NIEPID taking the major role in providing special education courses for rehabilitate the mental disability people. Their important responsibilities make them to educate and to learn the psycho social consideration.

Subjective constructions in polite discourse: negotiating between Speech-Act Empathy Hierarchy and social hierarchy

Using data from interviews and television programs where social demeanor must be observed by the speaker, this study examines what the Japanese speaker does when reporting a transitive event where the speaker is the Undergoer and the Actor is someone they are expected to express respect toward. The speaker’s decision in such contexts is influenced by two seemingly conflicting motivations, i.e. tell a story from a speaker’s perspective by placing empathy on self (the “Speech-Act Empathy Hierarchy”) (Kuno, Susumu & Etsuko Kaburaki. 1977. Empathy and syntax. Linguistic Inquiry 8(4). 627–672) or give up this privilege of empathy in consideration for the respected Actor in the event. The study suggests that social consideration takes precedence over of the Speech-Act Empathy Hierarchy unless both are satisfied simultaneously. This study identified further factors that appear to be at work: productivity of the construction, desire to portray themselves as an affected Undergoer of the event, and reluctance to convey a sense of benefit.

Good patriotism, social consideration, environmental problem cognition, and pro-environmental attitudes and behaviors: a cross-sectional study of Chinese attitudes

Recent studies have indicated a positive association between patriotism and environmentalism; however, the correlation between them has not yet been quantitatively verified. Additionally, differences in “good” versus “blind” patriotism have been ignored in environmental behavior studies; thus, theoretical concepts related to their effects on environmentalism have not been empirically tested. The present study aims to reveal the effects of good patriotism and social consideration on pro-environmental attitudes and behaviors, and the mediating effect of social consideration on the relationship between patriotism and pro-environmental attitudes and behaviors, while removing national or political prejudice or ideology from the measurement of patriotism. Data collected using a self-report questionnaire were analyzed for Chinese university students and workers. Results of multiple hierarchical linear regression analysis of five pro-environmental attitudes/behaviors estimation models showed that patriotism was correlated with pro-environmental attitudes and behaviors, and this correlation was completely mediated by individual social consideration, which was strongly and positively correlated with both patriotism and pro-environmental attitudes and behaviors. Our findings show that patriotism encourages people to focus on societal structures and environmental problems. The effect of good patriotism on individual pro-environmental attitudes and behaviors is clearly different from that of blind nationalism, as shown in previous literature. The present study highlights implications for future policy-making and education on patriotism and environmentalism in China.

Providing new products by innovative entrepreneurs in Europe

This paper addresses the individual factors that determine the provision of new products by entrepreneurs in Europe. To that end, we use the GEM 2014 Adult Population Survey, for sixteen European Countries, focusing on the demographic, economic, and environmental characteristics of this specific group of entrepreneurs. Our results indicate that education, experience, entrepreneurial skills, and income levels are the primary determinants in offering a new product. We also show that, in the case of ‘baby’ business owners, only the fear of failure and knowing other entrepreneurs are significant factors, while for nascent entrepreneurs, age, education, family size, income, and the social consideration of entrepreneurship also show significant correlations with the probability of offering new products.

Breves consideraciones sobre el retrato en la pintura virreinal peruana

ResumenEste artículo propone el estudio de la pintura virreinal peruana desde el enfoque de las características sociales bajo las cuales se formaban los aprendices de pintor, sus alcances como estudiosos del natural y sus habilidades para reproducir diferentes tipos de texturas. De igual manera, se señala el grado de consideración social que las imágenes pintadas recibieron, por un lado, de parte de un estamento social culto y, por otro, como síntesis votiva y piadosa de un imaginario popular que alcanzaba a la mayor parte de la población. Hemos empleado el género del retrato como vía para explorar tentativamente las particularidades de la pintura durante los siglos XVI al XVIII.Palabras clave: pintura, virreinato, entorno social, estilo. AbstractThis article proposes the study of the Peruvian viceroyalty painting from the approach of the social characteristics under which the apprentices of the painter were formed, their scopes as studious of the natural one and their abilities to reproduce different types of textures. Similarly, the degree of social consideration that the painted images received, on the one hand, from an educated social class and, on the other, as a votive and pious synthesis of a popular imaginary that reached the majority of the population. We have used the genre of portraiture as a way to tentatively explore the particularities of painting during the 16th to 18th centuries.Keywords: painting, viceroyalty, social environment, style.

UNI-HERITAGE. European Postwar Universities Heritage: A Network for Open Regeneration

This research project aims at the regeneration of European universities created in the 60s and 70s through a systematic, circular, open and integrated process of their cultural heritage. At present, these campuses represent both a tangible and intangible heritage (architecture, urban planning, landscape… but also pedagogy, specialization areas, educational policies) whose adaptation to contemporaneity involves issues related to environmental sustainability, to the institution organizational capacities, and to its social implication. Specifically, this proposal aims at lines of action that would offer strategies such as the renewal of infrastructures and services and the adaptive reuse of the built heritage (space recycling, sustainability), the updating of the physical teaching spaces to the new teaching methodologies (European Higher Education Area), and the campus social consideration as a comfortable, conflict-safe and cultural-integrated area. Beyond the simple conservation, restoration and physical rehabilitation of a set of buildings and a university fabric, this project has the added value of an integrated or interdisciplinary action model that seeks four aspects of innovation: the organizational, the formative, the technological and social. This research proposes to ensure a longer life cycle for the heritage through its participation as a resource in the dynamics of regeneration of the universities.

The Big Bang Theory o las reflexiones finales que inician el cambio. Revisando las creencias de los docentes para construir una didáctica para la Educación Física Escolar (The Big Bang Theory or the final reflections that trigger change. Reviewing teacher

Esta investigación tiene el objetivo principal analizar las teorías implícitas de los docentes sobre las funciones y consideración social de la Educación Física Escolar (EFE) en la sociedad actual. Dicho estudio se lleva a cabo desde un paradigma interpretativo, recabando la información a través de un grupo de discusión de ocho docentes de Primaria y Secundaria. Para su análisis se ha profundizado en cuatro categorías centrales: presencia de la EFE en el contexto escolar, percepción social del área, funciones que le asignan socialmente y preocupaciones percibidas por los docentes. Las conclusiones obtenidas identifican el valor social que le otorgan, llegando en ocasiones a un exceso de reconocimiento frente a otras materias del currículum. Tras esta valoración aparecen las competencias y objetivos a trabajar desde la EFE para seguir reclamando mayor reconocimiento social. Por último, se revisan las funciones que se le asigna a la EFE, destacando las referidas a la socialización y expresión de emociones, junto con el fomento de la salud y la atención a la diversidad. Abstract. The main aim of this study is to analyze teachers' implicit theories about the role and social consideration of Physical Education (PE) in the present society. This research was conducted using an interpretative paradigm. Information was obtained from a discussion group formed by eight Primary and Secondary education teachers. An in-depth analysis was performed on four main categories: PE presence in the scholar context, social perception of PE, roles assigned by society, and teachers' perceived concerns. The results identify the social value granted to PE, which sometimes leads to an excess of recognition compared to other curricular subjects. Based on this evaluation, more social acknowledgment is needed for PE competencies and objectives. Lastly, the roles of PE are reviewed, with emphasis on those related to socialization and expression of emotions, along with health promotion and attention to diversity.