Complexity trade-offs do not prove the equal complexity hypothesis

2014 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gertraud Fenk-Oczlon ◽  
August Fenk
Keyword(s):  
Negative Correlation ◽  
Null Hypothesis ◽  
Quantitative Methods ◽  
Significant Negative Correlation ◽  
Second Step ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Monosyllabic Words ◽  
Complexity Hypothesis ◽  
Positive Correlations

AbstractComplexity trade-offs are often considered as evidence for the hypothesis that all languages are equally complex; simplicity in one component of grammar is balanced by complexity in another. According to Shosted (2006), this "negative correlation hypothesis", as he calls it, was never validated using quantitative methods. The present paper recalls, in a first step, our previously found significant negative cross-linguistic correlations between syllable complexity and number of syllables per clause and per word, as well as an almost significant negative correlation between syllable complexity and number of morphological cases. All these correlations indicate complexity trade-offs between subsystems of language, as do the positive correlations found between syllable complexity, number of syllable types, and number of monosyllabic words. In a second step we argue against the view of such complexity trade-offs as proof of the equal complexity hypothesis. This hypothesis is hardly testable for several reasons: As long as it is impossible to quantify the overall complexity of a single language, it is also impossible to compare different languages with respect to that quantity. Secondly, it could – because of its character as a null hypothesis – never be corroborated for principal reasons.

Correlates and Mediators of Dissociation: Towards a Transtheoretical Perspective

2020 ◽  
pp. 027623662095628
Author(s):  
Damla E. Aksen ◽  
Craig Polizzi ◽  
Steven Jay Lynn
Keyword(s):  
Negative Affect ◽  
Negative Correlation ◽  
Emotion Dysregulation ◽  
Sleep Disturbances ◽  
Significant Negative Correlation ◽  
Unique Variance ◽  
Positive Correlations ◽  
Bidirectional Relations ◽  
Mediational Role

We evaluated variables important to understanding dissociation ( N = 379 undergraduates). We investigated: (a) the correlations among dissociation and impulsivity, alexithymia, mindfulness, negative affect, neuroticism, sleep disturbances, and emotion dysregulation; (b) unique variance of these variables in statistically predicting dissociation scores; and (c) the statistical mediational role of emotion dysregulation and sleep in explaining dissociation. We found significant positive correlations between dissociation and emotion dysregulation, sleep, alexithymia, negative affect, impulsivity, and neuroticism as well as a significant negative correlation between mindfulness and dissociation, consistent with Lynn et al . Sleep, impulsivity, emotion dysregulation, and negative affect uniquely related to and explained significant variance in dissociation, in order from most to least variance accounted for. Sleep partially mediated the relation between emotion dysregulation and dissociation and the relation between impulsivity and dissociation. Emotion dysregulation partially mediated the relation between sleep and dissociation and the relation between impulsivity and dissociation. Additional findings provided support for bidirectional relations between sleep experiences and dissociation and emotion dysregulation and dissociation.

THE THIAMINE AND RIBOFLAVIN CONTENT OF MANITOBA GROWN WHEAT, OATS, AND BARLEY OF THE 1946 CROP

1949 ◽  
Vol 27f (5) ◽  
pp. 241-248 ◽  
Author(s):  
Allen D. Robinson ◽  
Langtry E. Lynd ◽  
Barbara J. Miles
Keyword(s):  
Negative Correlation ◽  
Significant Negative Correlation ◽  
Soil Zone ◽  
Thiamine Content ◽  
Positive Correlations ◽  
Barley Protein

Some 200 samples of pure varieties of barley, oats, and wheat grown in Manitoba in 1946 were assayed for thiamine and riboflavin. Expressed as micrograms per gram the averages and ranges for thiamine were: barley 4.06 (3.3 to 4.9), oats 5.99 (4.4 to 7.9), wheat 4.28 (3.5 to 5.7); for riboflavin: barley 1.28 (0.9 to 1.9), oats 1.25 (0.8 to 1.7), wheat 1.12 (0.8 to 1.4). A varietal effect on thiamine content was noted. Plush barley contains more than OAC 21, Exeter oats more than either Ajax or Vanguard, and Carlton wheat more than Regent, which in turn has a higher content than Thatcher. No varietal effects on riboflavin contents were found in any of the cereals. Neither thiamine nor riboflavin content of the cereals was determined by the soil zone in which they were grown. Significant positive correlations were found between protein and thiamine in oats and barley, protein and riboflavin in wheat, and ash and riboflavin in barley. A significant negative correlation between ash and thiamine in oats was observed.

Development of an Instrument to Assess Learning Strategies

1992 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
pp. 1001-1002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brad Chissom ◽  
Asghar Iran-Nejad
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Learning Strategies ◽  
Undergraduate Students ◽  
Negative Correlation ◽  
Correlation Matrix ◽  
Significant Negative Correlation ◽  
Written Narratives ◽  
Positive Correlations

Items to measure learning strategies were extracted from students' written narratives about their study and learning habits. A resulting 79-item instrument was administered to 321 graduate and undergraduate students. From factor analysis of the correlation matrix four factors were identified: (I) reflective metacognition, (II) procedural metacognition, (III) rote memorization, and (IV) procrastination. There were significant positive correlations between GPA and Factors I and II and a significant negative correlation between Factor IV and GPA.

scholarly journals Parasite-host relationship between the tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum Cuvier 1818) and ectoparasites, collected from fish farms in the city of Rolim de Moura, State of Rondônia, Western Amazon, Brazil

2012 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 515-524 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mara Maria Izar de Maio Godoi ◽  
Vera Engracia ◽  
Maria de Los Angeles Perez Lizama ◽  
Ricardo Massato Takemoto
Keyword(s):  
Negative Correlation ◽  
Parasite Species ◽  
Significant Negative Correlation ◽  
High Water ◽  
Fish Farms ◽  
Parasite Abundance ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Positive Correlations ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The City

In this study we investigated the relationship between tambaqui fish (Colossoma macropomumi Cuvier 1818) and parasites in two fish farms (L204S and L180N) in the state of Rondônia, Brazil, during a 1-year period. The objective of the study was to describe the relationships between parasites, hosts and the environment. From the 80 fish specimens collected, 100% were parasitized by at least one parasite species. Seven ectoparasites species were recorded, six of the class Monogenea: Anacanthorus spathulatusi, Mymarothecium spp. (Mymarothecium sp. 1, Mymarothecium sp. 2 and M. viatorum), Notozothecium sp. and Linguadactyloides brinkimanni, classified as dominants, and the copepod Perulernaea gamitanae, classified as subordinate. Despite their high prevalence, the parasites were not abundant. A. spathulatus presented positive and significant correlations between the abundance of parasitism and the standard length of the hosts in the two fish farms; Mymarothecium spp. showed significant correlations, negative in L180N, and positive in L204S; significant positive correlations were observed for Notozothecium sp. in L204S, and for L.brinkimanni in L180N. Young monogeneans were found; these parasites presented a negative correlation in L180N and a significant negative correlation in L204S. The results of the correlation between the relative condition factor (Kn) and the abundance of parasites were not significant for the recorded parasite species. Regarding the hepatosomatic relation (HSR) of fish and the abundance of parasites, Anacanthorus spathulatusi showed a significant negative correlation with the HSR in L180N, and a positive correlation in L204S. Mymarothecium spp. and Notozothecium sp. presented significant positive correlations in L204S. Considering the correlation of the fish splenosomatic relation (SSR) and the abundance of parasites, L. brinkimanni presented significant correlations, positive in L180N and negative in L204S. Despite 100% prevalence, the high water quality contributes to infracommunities with low parasite abundance and good levels of Kn, HSR and SSR, allowing good tambaqui development.

Relationship between follicle number and wool production

1957 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 512 ◽  
Author(s):  
PG Schinckel
Keyword(s):  
Negative Correlation ◽  
Unit Area ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Biological Significance ◽  
Significant Negative Correlation ◽  
Merino Sheep ◽  
Wool Production ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Positive Correlations ◽  
The Relationship

The relationship between follicle number per unit area and wool production per unit area was examined in strong-wool (South Australian) and medium-wool (Peppin) Merino sheep. In four groups of strong-wool sheep (varying in number from 103 to 197 sheep) non-significant positive correlations were observed between follicle number per unit area and the amount of clean wool delineated by a 1 in. calliper. In two groups of strong-wool sheep (178 ewes and 169 rams) and one group of medium-wool sheep (184 ewes) the relationship between follicle number and unit area wool production was inferred from the association between number and fibre weight. There was a highly significant negative correlation (r = – 0.45 approx.) between number and fibre weight in each group. Further, a highly significant difference was observed between sire groups in mean fibre weight after adjustment for differences in follicle number. It was concluded that there was a small positive correlation between follicle number and wool production. This association was so small as to be of dubious biological significance. There were strong indications of a negative genetic correlation between follicle number and wool production, although this did not attain statistical significance.

scholarly journals You get what you pay for: reward-specific trade-offs among direct and ant-mediated defences in plants

2012 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 628-630 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julia Koricheva ◽  
Gustavo Q. Romero
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Negative Correlation ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Significant Negative Correlation ◽  
Extrafloral Nectaries ◽  
Plant Defences ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Species Comparisons ◽  
Plant Allocation ◽  
Indirect Defences

Plant defences against herbivores include direct defences such as secondary metabolites or physical structures (e.g. trichomes) as well as indirect defences mediated via mutualistic interactions with other organisms including ants. Production of both direct defences and rewards for mutualistic ants may be costly for a plant, and it has been suggested that trade-offs may exist between direct and ant-mediated defences. We have conducted a meta-analysis of 25 studies testing the above hypothesis and found a significant negative correlation between plant allocation to direct and ant-mediated defences. The strength of correlation was similar for across- and within-species comparisons, and for chemical and physical direct defences. However, trade-offs with direct defences were significant only in plants which offered to ants more costly rewards such as food bodies and/or domatia, but not in plants which attracted ants with relatively cheap extrafloral nectaries. Our results therefore support the hypothesis that plant investment in ant-mediated defences may reduce the requirement for direct chemical and physical defences, but only in plants which offer more costly rewards to their bodyguards.

scholarly journals Identification of promising sources for fodder traits in the world collection of pearl millet at the ICRISAT genebank

2017 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 127-136
Author(s):  
H. D. Upadhyaya ◽  
K. N. Reddy ◽  
Santosh K. Pattanashetti ◽  
Vinod Kumar ◽  
Senthil Ramachandran
Keyword(s):  
Plant Height ◽  
Pearl Millet ◽  
Negative Correlation ◽  
Rainy Season ◽  
Significant Negative Correlation ◽  
World Collection ◽  
The World ◽  
Fodder Yield ◽  
Number Of Leaves ◽  
Positive Correlations

AbstractA total of 326 pearl millet accessions selected for fodder traits from the world collection at ICRISAT genebank, India were evaluated in rainy, postrainy and summer seasons to identify promising sources for fodder yield. In rainy season, majority of accessions grew significantly tall, produced thick stems, long and broad leaves compared with postrainy and summer seasons. Total tillers per plant were significantly more in rainy and summer seasons than in postrainy season. Significant (P = 0.05) positive correlations were observed among all traits in all seasons except total tillers, which showed significant negative correlation with all other traits but for a few cases. Accessions of cluster 1 flowered early and produced more tillers per plant, while those of cluster 3 flowered late, grew tall, produced thick stems, more leaves per plant, which were long and broad. Promising sources identified include IP 11839 and IP 11840 for plant height and number of leaves per plant, IP 15710, IP 15735 and IP 15752 for stem thickness and leaf width, and IP 3628, IP 15285, IP 15288, IP 15302, IP 15342, IP 15351, IP 15290, IP 20347 and IP 20350 for total tillers per plant. Further testing of these sources of fodder traits at different locations will be very useful.

Death Anxiety: Extraversion, Neuroticism, and Cigarette Smoking

1972 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald I. Templer
Keyword(s):  
Cigarette Smoking ◽  
Negative Correlation ◽  
Death Anxiety ◽  
Significant Negative Correlation ◽  
Cigarette Smokers ◽  
Eysenck Personality Inventory ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Smoking Group ◽  
Positive Correlations ◽  
Neuroticism Scale

There were significant positive correlations between the Death Anxiety Scale (DAS) and the Neuroticism Scale of the Eysenck Personality Inventory but not with the Extraversion Scale of this inventory. The mean DAS score of cigarette smokers was neither significantly different from that of non-smokers nor from that of ex-smokers. However, within the cigarette smoking group, there was a significant negative correlation (r = −.25) between DAS score and number of cigarettes smoked per day.

scholarly journals Correlation coefficient and path analysis studies in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.)

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 175-180
Author(s):  
RAJEEV KUMAR ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Path Analysis ◽  
Solanum Lycopersicum ◽  
Correlation Coefficient ◽  
Negative Correlation ◽  
Significant Negative Correlation ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Fruit Yield ◽  
Solanum Lycopersicum L ◽  
Positive Correlations ◽  
Positive Direct

The investigation was carried out at the Horticulture Research Farm of the B.B.A. University, Lucknow (UP), India during rabi season of 2017-18 and 2018-19 to. Study the correlation coefficient and path analysis in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.). The twenty genotypes were evaluated in randomized block design with three replication. Genotypic correlation coefficient was indicated that fruit yield (q ha-1) exhibited highly significant positive correlations with average fruit weight (1.042), fruits per plant (0.996), branches per plant (0.831) and fruits per cluster (0.749). It also registered significant negative correlation with days to 50 % flowering (-0.835). However, phenotypic correlation coefficient indicated that fruit yield (q ha-1) had highly significant positive correlations with fruits per plant (0.977), clusters per plant (0.893), average fruit weight (0.729) whereas, significant negative correlation with days to 50 % flowering (-0.178). Path analysis revealed that the traits like fruit yield kg/plot (1.430) and fruit yield per plant (0.034) exhibited positive direct effects on fruit yield and these traits also recorded positive correlation with yield. This suggested that direct selection based on these traits will be rewarding for crop yield improvement.

Wool characteristics of Iraqi Awassi sheep

1965 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 223-225 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. A. Sharafeldin
Keyword(s):  
Negative Correlation ◽  
Fibre Diameter ◽  
Fibre Length ◽  
Significant Negative Correlation ◽  
Awassi Sheep ◽  
Fleece Weight ◽  
Positive Correlations ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Staple Length

The physical wool characteristics of 268 Iraqi Awassi ewes were studied in 1963, as well as the relationship between some of these traits. The overall average grease fleece weight, clean wool percentage, staple length, fibre length, fibre diameter and degree of crimp were 3·77 lb., 84·85%, 16·47 cm., 17·37 cm., 33·32/t and 4·18 crimps per 2 cm. respectively. These attributes class the Awassi wool as a carpet wool.Age proved to have no significant effect on any ofthe traits examined. Significant positive correlations were found between grease fleece weight and fibre length and between number of crimps and fibre diameter, while a significant negative correlation was found between clean wool percentage and fibre length.

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