The study of onion source material in the light-brown soils of the Caspian Sea arid zone

In the conditions of the Astrakhan region there have been studied onion accessions of various ecological and geographical origin from the world collection of the Federal Research Center N. I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources. The aim was to search and isolate sources and donors of agronomic traits for breeding work. Over three years of study (2017-2019), 117 onion samples were evaluated, of which 14 most promising accessions were identified based on the results of phenological, morphological and biometric observations and counts. The most productive samples with the yield from 52.3 to 64.1 t/ha in the conditions of the light-brown soils from Australia (Selfed), Hungary (Zillani), USA (Red Mom), Canada (Nothern) have been selected. Of these, the most adaptive to the conditions of the arid zone are Nothern, Selfed, Zillani, Red Mom (adaptability coefficient 1.19...1.46). According to the index form (1.0), the following specimens were identified: Vertus (Denmark), Southport (Canada), Zillani (Hungary), Jetset (Netherlands), Encore (USA), Kyrmyz (Abkhazia). Varieties with the complex of agronomictraits are the most valuable source material for onion breeding in the arid zone of light-brown soils of the Astrakhan region: Selfed (Australia), Zillani (Hungary), Red Mom (USA), Nothern (Canada).

Biochemical evaluation of grain quality parameters of soybean varieties from the world collection of VIR in the conditions of the Lower Volga region

In 2019-2020, biochemical evaluation of grain quality indicators of soybean varieties from the VIR collection by main groups of nutrients under the conditions of the Lower Volga region was conducted. The differences and peculiarities of the gross energy value of grain were revealed according to the results of the research. The samples with high content of protein and fat in the grain were selected for further use in various directions of selection work on this crop. The coefficient of variation of biochemical grain parameters in soybean varieties varied between 2.7-8.7 %, which indicates its low variability. Keywords: SOYBEAN, BREEDING, WORLD COLLECTION VIR, BIOCHEMICAL EVALUATION, GRAIN QUALITY, GROSS ENERGY VALUE

Identification of the photosynthetic potential of spring oat varieties in the Lower Volga Re-gion

In 2017-2019, in the agro-climatic conditions of the Lower Volga region, the experience of studying spring oat varieties of different ecological and geographical origin from the world collection of VIR was laid, in order to determine their photosynthetic potential, and to identify varieties with high photosynthetic productivity. Over the years of research, the most adapted varieties of this crop were selected, their photosynthetic potential was determined, and the intensity of photosynthesis during the reproductive period of development (during the main growth phases) of spring oats in the conditions of the Lower Volga region was analyzed. On average, for 3 years of studying the collection varieties of spring oats in terms of the net productivity of photosynthesis, samples were noted: Myrtle, Athlete, Urs guara, Urs penca, p. 1. 3326 It was determined that with the growth of (FP) and (BPF), the yield of oats also increased. Since this indicator directly depends on the physiological and bioclimatic processes occurring in plants during ontogenesis. In the highest yield in 2017, it varied from 0.66 to 2.01 / ha. In 2018, the minimum yield values for all varieties were obtained from 0.51 t / ha of the Dookie 10 variety to 1.78 t / ha of the Mir variety. In the conditions of 2019, the yield variability by variety was from 0.60 t / ha to 1.94 t / ha. Thus, out of the 8 studied varieties, 5 were identified - p.1. 3326, Guara Urs, Urs foam, Athlete, Myrtle, as highly productive, and therefore the most resistant to abiotic stresses of the conditions of the Lower Volga region.

Genome wide association study of agronomic and seed traits in a world collection of proso millet (Panicum miliaceum L.)

Background The climate crisis threatens sustainability of crop production worldwide. Crop diversification may enhance food security while reducing the negative impacts of climate change. Proso millet (Panicum milaceum L.) is a minor cereal crop which holds potential for diversification and adaptation to different environmental conditions. In this study, we assembled a world collection of proso millet consisting of 88 varieties and landraces to investigate its genomic and phenotypic diversity for seed traits, and to identify marker-trait associations (MTA). Results Sequencing of restriction-site associated DNA fragments yielded 494 million reads and 2,412 high quality single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). SNPs were used to study the diversity in the collection and perform a genome wide association study (GWAS). A genotypic diversity analysis separated accessions originating in Western Europe, Eastern Asia and Americas from accessions sampled in Southern Asia, Western Asia, and Africa. A Bayesian structure analysis reported four cryptic genetic groups, showing that landraces accessions had a significant level of admixture and that most of the improved proso millet materials clustered separately from landraces. The collection was highly diverse for seed traits, with color varying from white to dark brown and width spanning from 1.8 to 2.6 mm. A GWAS study for seed morphology traits identified 10 MTAs. In addition, we identified three MTAs for agronomic traits that were previously measured on the collection. Conclusion Using genomics and automated seed phenotyping, we elucidated phylogenetic relationships and seed diversity in a global millet collection. Overall, we identified 13 MTAs for key agronomic and seed traits indicating the presence of alleles with potential for application in proso breeding programs.

THE PRIMARY STUDY OF SOYBEAN SAMPLE VARIETIES FROM THE COLLECTION OF N.I. VAVILOV RESEARCH INSTITUTE OF PLANT INDUSTRY IN THE CONDITIONS OF THE SOUTHERN FOREST-STEPPE OF THE OMSK REGION

The article presents the results of the primary study of soybean varieties of the world collection of N.I. Vavilov Research Institute of Plant Industry in the conditions of the Omsk region. We identified the samples, which are valuable material for further breeding by several characteristics: the duration of the growth period, productivity.

THE BREEDING EVALUATION OF SOYBEAN GENE POOL FROM THE WORLD COLLECTION OF N.I. VAVILOV ALL-RUSSIAN INSTITUTE OF PLANT GENETIC RESOURCES IN THE CONDITIONS OF THE LOWER VOLGA REGION

The article presents the evaluation results of soybean sample varieties of the world collection of N.I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources by economic characters in the conditions of the Lower Volga region. We identified the most early ripening samples by the duration of the growth season and interstage periods. We noted the soybean sample varieties with the highest attachment of the lower bean, the maximum seed weight per plant, thousand-seed weight, and high biochemical seed qualities. We identified the genotypes with an optimal combination of the listed characteristics for further use in various areas of breeding work.

Peculiarities of grain productivity formation and its elements in varieties of spring barley in conditions of arid climate of Astrakhan region

On the territory of the Astrakhan region, the experience of studying varieties of spring barley of the VIR world collection, of various ecological and geographical origin, was laid in nonirrigation agriculture. According to the results of the studies, highly productive varieties of this crop were isolated. Selected varieties will be recommended for use in the selection process when creating new productive and locally adaptive varieties.

Cluster analysis of collection material of peas with genes of leafletless type (af) and non-shedding seeds (def)

In the conditions of the south of the Rostov region, there was carried out a comprehensive estimation of 242 collection peas samples of various ecological and geographical origin selected in the world collection of the Vavilov’s ARIPG and other research breeding institutions, and there have been selected 31 samples with a leafletless type (af) and non-shedding seeds (def). The study was carried out in the collection nursery in the fields of the laboratory for legumes breeding and seed production of the FSBSI “Agricultural Research Center “Donskoy” in 2017–2020. The meteorological conditions during the years of study were different during the vegetation period, which made it possible to objectively evaluate the collection samples according to the studied traits. In order to identify the similarities and differences between the samples, there was made cluster analysis. Mathematical data processing and cluster analysis were performed using the software Excel and Statistica 10. Euclidean distance was used as a measure of similarity. On the basis of clustering there was build a hierarchy. As a result, there were identified the varieties ‘Demos’ (Russia), ‘Korall’ (Ukraine), lL-27287l (Russia), ‘Stoik’ (Russia), ‘Stepnyak’ (Ukraine), ‘Priazovsky’ (Russia), ‘Kharvus-3’ (Ukraine), ‘Multik’ (Russia) as the sources of resistance to lodging. According to ‘number of beans per plant’ there were identified the varieties ‘Samarius’ (Russia), ‘OR-2154’ (Russia), ‘L-27287’ (Russia), ‘Aksaysky usaty’ (Russia), ‘Vatan’ (Russia). According to ‘number of seeds per plant’ there were identified the varieties ‘L.176/2000’ (Russia), ‘OR-2157’ (Russia), ‘Pamyati Khangildina’ (Russia), ‘Chernigovsky’ (Ukraine), ‘L-27287’ (Russia), ‘Aksaysky usaty’ (Russia), ‘Vatan’ (Russia). According to ‘seed size’ there was identified the variety ‘Multik’ (Russia). According to high productivity there were identified the varieties ‘L-27287’ (Russia), ‘Aksaysky usaty’ (Russia), ‘Vatan’ (Russia). The study of the collection peas material has identified the sources of economically valuable traits for their use in further breeding for seed productivity and technological effectiveness.

Gene Pool of Winter Wheat from the World Collection of N.I. Vavilov Institute of Plant Industry (VIR) for Biotic Stress Resistance

This paper presents the results of the 50 year-long research into the winter wheat gene pool from the VIR world collection in the Moscow region to assess biotic stress resistance following N.I. Vavilov’s concept of the ‘ideal variety’, proposed in 1935. The Federal Scientific Selection and Technology Center for Horticulture and Nursery was responsible for the field studies of winter wheat, and the All-Russian Research Institute of Phytopathology and Russian State Agrarian University—Moscow Timiryazev Agricultural Academy—for phytopathological studies. The wheat collection was studied in compliance with the VIR Methodological Guidelines using the International COMECON list of descriptors for the genus Triticum L. Resistance against the enzyme–mycotic depletion of seeds (EMDS) was tested using original techniques. It was found that annual brown rust and powdery mildew attacks in the collection’s winter wheat samples caused no significant economic damage. One case of Septoria head and leaf blotch, two cases of Fusarium head blight, one case of root rot, one case of barley yellow dwarf virus, 20 cases of EMDS, and three cases of 3rd-degree EMDS, i.e., seed germination in an ear, were recorded. The parent material resistant to the biotic stresses of the region was selected for breeding. Domestic breeders have created outstanding wheat varieties close to the ‘ideal’ as noted by N.I. Vavilov.