Synthetic draw solutes for forward osmosis: status and future

2018 ◽  
Vol 34 (6) ◽  
pp. 767-795 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qiaozhen Chen ◽  
Wenxuan Xu ◽  
Qingchun Ge
Keyword(s):  
Forward Osmosis ◽  
Water Recovery ◽  
Water Fluxes ◽  
Design Strategies ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
The Past ◽  
Solute Fluxes ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Synthesis Routes

Abstract Forward osmosis (FO) has developed rapidly over the past decade. The development of draw solutes, a key component of FO processes, has also progressed remarkably. A wide range of synthetic draw solutes have been explored in recent years. Synthetic draw solutes exhibit superiority over the conventional draw solutes obtained commercially in terms of lower reverse solute fluxes and less energy consumption in draw solute recycling. However, there are still some big challenges for synthetic draw solutes, such as complicated synthetic procedures, low water fluxes, severe concentration polarization (CP) and decreased water recovery efficiency when recycled draw solutes are reused in FO. These challenges are also the current research focus on the exploration of novel draw solutes. This article aims to review the recent progress especially on synthetic draw solutes. Their design strategies, synthesis routes and FO performance are assessed. Some representative applications involving the synthetic draw solutes-facilitated FO processes are exemplified. The advantages and disadvantages of the existing synthetic draw solutions are evaluated. The challenges and future directions in exploring novel draw solutes are highlighted.

scholarly journals Forward osmosis: dyeing draw solutions for water reclamation from feed water resources

2019 ◽  
Vol 80 (6) ◽  
pp. 1053-1062 ◽  
Author(s):  
Estella Z. Jingxi ◽  
Debbie De Jager ◽  
Robyn Augustine ◽  
Irena Petrinic ◽  
Claus Helix-Nielsen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Forward Osmosis ◽  
Textile Wastewater ◽  
Feed Water ◽  
Reactive Black 5 ◽  
Water Reclamation ◽  
Water Recovery ◽  
Water Fluxes ◽  
Initial Water ◽  
Solute Fluxes ◽  
Biomimetic Membrane

Abstract Reactive Black 5 and Basic Blue 41 GRL dyeing solutions (dye-to-salt mixture in a 1:10 dye-to-salt mass ratio) were investigated as draw solutions (DS) in a forward osmosis (FO) system with a biomimetic membrane. Synthetic seawater (SSW) and textile wastewater (TWW1 and TWW2) were evaluated as feed solutions (FS) for water reclamation. Reactive Black 5 and Basic Blue 41 GRL were diluted from 0.02 M to concentrations of 0.002 and 0.004 M, respectively. With Reactive Black 5 as DS and SSW as FS, an initial flux of 20.24 L/m2 h and water recovery of 75% was achieved. Using TWW1 and TWW2, initial water fluxes of 19.51 and 13.43 L/m2 h were achieved, respectively, with a 30% water recovery. Using Basic Blue 41 GRL, initial water fluxes of 18.72, 15.13 and 13.42 L/m2 h were achieved with SSW, TWW1, and TWW2 as FS with water recoveries of 50%, 20% and 20%, respectively. The average reverse solute fluxes for Reactive Black 5 and Basic Blue 41 GRL were 0.06 to 0.34 g/m2 h, respectively. Diluted dyeing solutions were produced, with simultaneous water reclamation from SSW and TWW resulting in similar or higher water fluxes and lower reverse solute fluxes compared with other commercially available membranes.

scholarly journals Research on Forward Osmosis Membrane Technology Still Needs Improvement in Water Recovery and Wastewater Treatment

Water ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li Li ◽  
Wenxin Shi ◽  
Shuili Yu
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Forward Osmosis ◽  
Solute Flux ◽  
Successful Implementation ◽  
Water Recovery ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Permeate Flux ◽  
Membrane Material ◽  
The Past ◽  
Research Hotspots

Forward osmosis (FO) has become an evolving membrane separation technology to recover water due to its strong retention capacity, sustainable membrane fouling, etc. Although a good deal of research has been extensively investigated in the past decades, major challenges still remain as follows: (1) the novel FO membrane material properties, which significantly influence the fouling of the FO membranes, the intolerance reverse solute flux (RSF), the high concentration polarization (CP), and the low permeate flux; (2) novel draw solution preparation and utilization; (3) salinity build-up in the FO system; (4) the successful implementation of the FO process. This work critically reviews the last five years’ literature in development of the novel FO membrane material, structure in modification, and preparation, including comparison and analysis on the traditional and novel draw solutes coupled with their effects on FO performance; application in wastewater treatment, especially hybrid system and integrated FO system; fouling mechanism; and cleaning strategy as discussed in the literature. The current barriers of the research results in each hotspot and the areas that can be improved are also analyzed in detail. The research hotspots in the research and development of the novel membrane materials in various countries and regions have been compared in recent years, and the work of variation in pop research hotspots in the past 10 years has been analyzed and the ideas that fill the blank gaps also have been proposed.

Web Service Discovery, Composition, and Interoperability

2010 ◽  
pp. 861-870
Author(s):  
Duy Ngan Le ◽  
Karel Mous ◽  
Angela Goh
Keyword(s):  
Web Services ◽  
Web Service ◽  
Service Discovery ◽  
Service Operations ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Key Technology ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Business Operations ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Web

Web services have been employed in a wide range of applications and have become a key technology in developing business operations on the Web. In order to leverage on the use of Web services, Web service operations such as discovery, composition, and interoperability need to be fully supported. Several approaches have been proposed for each of these operations but these have advantages and disadvantages as well as varying levels of suitability for different applications. This leads to a motivation to explore and to compare current approaches as well as to highlight problems of the operations and their possible solutions. In this chapter, an introduction, a brief survey, problems and possible solutions to the three Web service operations mentioned above are discussed. The research opportunities and possible future directions on Web service are also presented.

scholarly journals Recent Developments in Liposome-Based Veterinary Therapeutics

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hassan Sadozai ◽  
Dorsa Saeidi
Keyword(s):  
Veterinary Medicine ◽  
Research Interest ◽  
Circulation Time ◽  
Phospholipid Vesicles ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Ongoing Research ◽  
The Past ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Recent Developments

Recent advances in nanomedicine have been studied in the veterinary field and have found a wide variety of applications. The past decade has witnessed a massive surge of research interest in liposomes for delivery of therapeutic substances in animals. Liposomes are nanosized phospholipid vesicles that can serve as delivery platforms for a wide range of substances. Liposomes are easily formulated, highly modifiable, and easily administered delivery platforms. They are biodegradable and nontoxic and have long in vivo circulation time. This review focuses on recent and ongoing research that may have relevance for veterinary medicine. By examining the recent developments in liposome-based therapeutics in animal cancers, vaccines, and analgesia, this review depicts the current significance and future directions of liposome-based delivery in veterinary medicine.

Archaeological techniques and technology on Ross Island, Antarctica

Polar Record ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 26 (159) ◽  
pp. 257-264 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neville A. Ritchie
Keyword(s):  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
The Past ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Archaeological Excavations ◽  
Ross Dependency

AbstractMajor archaeological excavations have been conducted at Scott's 1910–13 expedition hut site on Cape Evans, Ross Island, Ross Dependency, Antarctica over the past three years. The work has involved experimentation and the use of a wide range of equipment for excavating in ice and permafrosted ground and to deal with specific problems encountered during archaeological fieldwork in a frozen environment such as Antarctica. The equipment, its operations, and advantages and disadvantages are described.

scholarly journals The Fast and the Furious: Golgi Contact Sites

Contact ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 251525642110344
Author(s):  
Yotam David ◽  
Inês G. Castro ◽  
Maya Schuldiner
Keyword(s):  
Stress Responses ◽  
Metabolic Pathways ◽  
Secretory Pathway ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Close Apposition ◽  
Cellular Functions ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Contact Sites ◽  
The Past ◽  
Wide Range

Contact sites are areas of close apposition between two membranes that coordinate nonvesicular communication between organelles. Such interactions serve a wide range of cellular functions from regulating metabolic pathways to executing stress responses and coordinating organelle inheritance. The past decade has seen a dramatic increase in information on certain contact sites, mostly those involving the endoplasmic reticulum. However, despite its central role in the secretory pathway, the Golgi apparatus and its contact sites remain largely unexplored. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge of Golgi contact sites and share our thoughts as to why Golgi contact sites are understudied. We also highlight what exciting future directions may exist in this emerging field.

scholarly journals Overview of Recent Advances in Immobilisation Techniques for Phenol Oxidases in Solution

Catalysts ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 467
Author(s):  
Thandanani Ndlovu ◽  
Sidy Ba ◽  
Soraya P Malinga
Keyword(s):  
Substrate Specificity ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Enzyme Immobilisation ◽  
Broad Substrate Specificity ◽  
Structural Modifications ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Phenol Oxidases ◽  
The Past ◽  
Bioremediation Processes

Over the past two decades, phenol oxidases, particularly laccases and tyrosinases, have been extensively used for the removal of numerous pollutants in wastewaters due to their broad substrate specificity and their ability to use readily accessible molecular oxygen as the essential cofactor. As for other enzymes, immobilisation of laccases and tyrosinases has been shown to improve the performance and efficiency of the biocatalysts in solution. Several reviews have addressed the enzyme immobilisation techniques and the application of phenol oxidases to decontaminate wastewaters. This paper offers an overview of the recent publications, mainly from 2012 onwards, on the various immobilisation techniques applied to laccases and tyrosinases to induce and/or increase the performance of the biocatalysts. In this paper, the emphasis is on the efficiencies achieved, in terms of structural modifications, stability and resistance to extreme conditions (pH, temperature, inhibitors, etc.), reactivity, reusability, and broad substrate specificity, particularly for application in bioremediation processes. The advantages and disadvantages of several enzyme immobilisation techniques are also discussed. The relevance and effectiveness of the immobilisation techniques with respect to wastewater decontamination are critically assessed. A perspective on the future directions for large-scale application of the phenol oxidases in immobilised forms is provided.

scholarly journals Use of Aquatic Biota to Detect Ecological Changes in Freshwater: Current Status and Future Directions

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 1611
Author(s):  
José Maria Santos ◽  
Maria Teresa Ferreira
Keyword(s):  
Freshwater Ecosystems ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Aquatic Biota ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
The Past ◽  
Ecological Changes ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Increasing Demand ◽  
Indicator Systems ◽  
Freshwater Monitoring

Freshwater ecosystems have been severely damaged worldwide by a multitude of human pressures, such as pollution, nutrient enrichment, damming or overexploitation, and this has been more intense over the past five decades. It is therefore important that the impacts of such stressors can be effectively detected, monitored and assessed in order to provide adequate legislative tools and to protect and restore freshwater ecosystems. The use of aquatic biota to detect, measure and track changes in the environment is often known as freshwater biomonitoring and is based on the premise that the presence or absence of biotic assemblages at a given site reflects its degree of environmental quality. For over a century, since the early pollution-oriented indicators, freshwater monitoring has been developing and testing progressively more complex indicator systems, and increasing the plethora of pressures addressed, using different biological groups, such as benthic macroinvertebrates, macrophytes, fish, phytoplankton and phytobenthos. There is an increasing demand for precision and accuracy in bioassessment. In this Special Issue, five high-quality papers were selected and are briefly presented herein, that cover a wide range of issues and spatial contexts relevant to freshwater biomonitoring.

scholarly journals Research Progress, Challenges, and Breakthroughs of Organoids as Disease Models

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yisheng Huang ◽  
Zhijie Huang ◽  
Zhengming Tang ◽  
Yuanxin Chen ◽  
Mingshu Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diseases ◽  
Research Progress ◽  
Research Model ◽  
Immune Microenvironment ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
The Past ◽  
Pathological Mechanism ◽  
Xenograft Models ◽  
New Research

Traditional cell lines and xenograft models have been widely recognized and used in research. As a new research model, organoids have made significant progress and development in the past 10 years. Compared with traditional models, organoids have more advantages and have been applied in cancer research, genetic diseases, infectious diseases, and regenerative medicine. This review presented the advantages and disadvantages of organoids in physiological development, pathological mechanism, drug screening, and organ transplantation. Further, this review summarized the current situation of vascularization, immune microenvironment, and hydrogel, which are the main influencing factors of organoids, and pointed out the future directions of development.

Assessing the Effectiveness of Communication in Organisations: The Communication Audit Approach

1993 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 276-285 ◽  
Author(s):  
Owen D. W. Hargie ◽  
Dennis Tourish
Keyword(s):  
Personal Experience ◽  
Journal Articles ◽  
Communication Performance ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
The Past ◽  
Systematic Methodology ◽  
Communication Audit ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Audit Approach

Within the past decade there has been an enormous growth of interest in the field of organisational communication. Numerous books, book chapters and journal articles have been devoted to this topic. However, much of this output has been at the level of common sense exhortation, has tended to be anecdotal, or at best has been based upon the personal experience of the authors. Certainly within the UK there has been little hard empirical research into the nature, flow and functions of communication within organisations. This paper proposes the introduction of a much more systematic methodology for the study of such communication, based upon what is known as the ‘communication audit’ approach. This approach is fully explained and the main methods employed in communication audits outlined, together with their relative advantages and disadvantages. It is also pointed out that audits are now widely employed to measure performance in other spheres of the organisation, such as finance, and it is argued that the implementation of this system to measure communication performance is therefore long overdue. The benefits for organisations of carrying out audits are highlighted and suggestions are made about possible future directions for research in this area.

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