A gentle introduction to gasotransmitters with special reference to nitric oxide: biological and chemical implications

AbstractNitric oxide (NO), carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) are gaseous molecules of major impact in biology. Despite their toxicity, these molecules have profound effects on mammalian physiology and major implications in therapeutics. At tiny concentrations in human biology, they play key signaling and regulatory functions and hence are now labeled as “gasotransmitters.” In this literature survey, an introduction to gasotransmitters in relevance with NO, CO and H2S has been primarily focused. A special attention has been given to the conjoint physiological, pathophysiological and therapeutic aspects of NO in this work. In addition to the aforementioned elements of the investigation being reported, this report gives a detailed account of some of the recent advancements covering the NO release from both the nitro as well as nitroso compounds. The importance of the metallic center on the eve of producing the reduction center on NO and to develop photolabile properties have been elaborated within the effect of a few examples of metallic centers. Also, theoretical investigations that have been reported in the recent past and some other current theories pertaining to NO chemistry have been enlightened in this review. From the overall study, it is eminent that a number of facts are yet to be explored in context with NO for deeper mechanistic insights, model design for these molecules, other key roles and the search to find the best fit formalism in theoretical chemistry.

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Progress and Prospects of Regulatory Functions Mediated by Nitric Oxide on Immunity and Immunotherapy

Advanced Therapeutics ◽

10.1002/adtp.202100032 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 2100032

Author(s):

Qian Hu ◽

Jingyu Shi ◽

Jiao Zhang ◽

Yi Wang ◽

Yuanyuan Guo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Nitric Oxide ◽

Regulatory Functions

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Decrease in ambient [Cl-] stimulates nitric oxide release from cultured rat mesangial cells

AJP Renal Physiology ◽

10.1152/ajprenal.1994.267.1.f190 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 267 (1) ◽

pp. F190-F195 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

H. Tsukahara ◽

Y. Krivenko ◽

L. C. Moore ◽

M. S. Goligorsky

Keyword(s):

Nitric Oxide ◽

Mesangial Cells ◽

Ionic Composition ◽

Juxtaglomerular Apparatus ◽

Cytosolic Calcium ◽

No Synthase ◽

Tubuloglomerular Feedback ◽

No Production ◽

Rapid Reduction ◽

No Release

It has been hypothesized that fluctuations of the ionic composition in the interstitium of juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) modulate the function of extraglomerular mesangial cells (MC), thereby participating in tubuloglomerular feedback (TGF) signal transmission. We examined the effects of isosmotic reductions in ambient sodium concentration ([Na+]) and [Cl-] on cytosolic calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) in cultured rat MC. Rapid reduction of [Na+] or [Cl-] in the bath induced a concentration-dependent rise in [Ca2+]i. MC are much more sensitive to decreases in ambient [Cl-] than to [Na+]; a decrease in [Cl-] as small as 14 mM was sufficient to elicit a detectable [Ca2]i response. These observations suggest that MC can be readily stimulated by modest perturbations of extracellular [Cl-]. Next, we examined whether activation of MC by lowered ambient [Cl-] influences cellular nitric oxide (NO) production. Using an amperometric NO sensor, we found that a 13 mM decrease in ambient [Cl-] caused a rapid, Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent rise in NO release from MC. This response was not inhibitable by dexamethasone, indicating the involvement of the constitutive rather than the inducible type of NO synthase in MC. In addition, the NO release was blunted by indomethacin pretreatment, suggesting that a metabolite(s) of cyclooxygenase regulates the activation of NO synthase in MC. Our findings that small perturbations in external [Cl-] stimulate MC to release NO, a highly diffusible and rapidly acting vasodilator, provide a possible mechanism to explain the transmission of the signal for the TGF response within the JGA.

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A critical evaluation of [ML(ONO)]n+ (M= Fe, Ru, Os) as nitric oxide precursor influenced by spin multiplicity and geometrical parameters (M-O-NO) for the NO release: A theoretical study

Inorganica Chimica Acta ◽

10.1016/j.ica.2021.120584 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 120584

Author(s):

José Guadalupe Hernández ◽

Pandiyan Thangarasu

Keyword(s):

Nitric Oxide ◽

Theoretical Study ◽

Critical Evaluation ◽

Geometrical Parameters ◽

Spin Multiplicity ◽

Oxide Precursor ◽

No Release

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Retracted Article: Light-triggered nitric oxide release and targeted fluorescence imaging in tumor cells developed from folic acid-graft-carboxymethyl chitosan nanospheres

RSC Advances ◽

10.1039/c4ra03034f ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 4 (57) ◽

pp. 30129-30136 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

Rijun Gui ◽

Ajun Wan ◽

Yalei Zhang ◽

Huili Li ◽

Tingting Zhao

Keyword(s):

Nitric Oxide ◽

Folic Acid ◽

Tumor Cells ◽

Fluorescence Imaging ◽

Carboxymethyl Chitosan ◽

Nitric Oxide Release ◽

No Release ◽

Retracted Article ◽

Potential Applications

This article reported the synthesis of CMC–FA–RBS(CQD) nanospheres and studied their potential applications for NO release and fluorescence imaging.

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State finder and Om diagnostics in modified and generalised Chaplygin gas from recent data

International Journal of Modern Physics D ◽

10.1142/s0218271822500031 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

P. Thakur

Keyword(s):

Chaplygin Gas ◽

Red Shift ◽

Recent Past ◽

Eos Parameter ◽

Deceleration Phase ◽

Om Diagnostic ◽

Expected Values ◽

Best Fit ◽

The Universe ◽

Jerk Parameter

A modified and generalised Chaplygin gas (MCG, [Formula: see text] and GCG, [Formula: see text]) has been separately chosen here as a constituent of the universe. Concept of state finder and Om diagnostics are introduced to track the dark energy in the models. Here, observed Hubble data (OHD) and binned Pantheon data of supernovae are used to determine the best-fit equation-of-state (EoS) parameters of these models and these are compared with the [Formula: see text]CDM model. The best-fit value and expected values of cosmological jerk parameter [Formula: see text], snap parameter [Formula: see text] are determined, which are close to each other. A plot of [Formula: see text] with red-shift, with themselves, as well as with deceleration parameter [Formula: see text], shows the evolution of the universe and its possible future. Variations of [Formula: see text] and EoS parameter [Formula: see text] with red-shift show acceleration–deceleration phase transition in the recent past. Lastly, the state finder pair [Formula: see text] and Om diagnostic have been utilized to discriminate the models.

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Hollow double-layered polymer nanoparticles with S-nitrosothiols for tumor targeted therapy

Journal of Materials Chemistry B ◽

10.1039/c7tb01715d ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 5 (36) ◽

pp. 7519-7528 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Tuanwei Liu ◽

Jingjing Hu ◽

Xiaoye Ma ◽

Bing Kong ◽

Jilan Wang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Nitric Oxide ◽

Targeted Therapy ◽

Polymer Nanoparticles ◽

No Release

Tumor targeted hollow double-layered polymer nanoparticles (HDPNs) withS-nitrosothiols for nitric oxide (NO)-release as chemotherapy were described.

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Low nitric oxide concentrations in exhaled gas and nasal airways of mammals without paranasal sinuses

Journal of Applied Physiology ◽

10.1152/jappl.1998.85.2.405 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 85 (2) ◽

pp. 405-410 ◽

Cited By ~ 26

Author(s):

Klaus Lewandowski ◽

Thilo Busch ◽

Hansjörg Lohbrunner ◽

Susanne Rensing ◽

Uwe Keske ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Nitric Oxide ◽

Paranasal Sinuses ◽

Ambient Air ◽

Face Mask ◽

Plastic Tube ◽

Nasal Airways ◽

No Release ◽

Age Dependent ◽

Thin Plastic ◽

Expiratory Limb

To investigate whether relevant levels of nasal nitric oxide (NO) are produced in the absence of paranasal sinuses, we studied 17 healthy baboons, mammals without any paranasal sinuses. The animals were anesthetized with ketamine hydrochloride and breathed spontaneously. While the baboons breathed through a face mask (mouths closed) connected to a respirator, NO concentrations in exhaled gas were sampled from the expiratory limb and analyzed by chemiluminescence. While the animals were breathing ambient air, nasal gas was sampled via a thin plastic tube and analyzed for NO concentrations by chemiluminescence. Mean NO concentration in the exhaled gas was 1.00 ± 0.59 parts/billion, and NO release was 4.28 ± 2.72 nl/min. A NO concentration of 4.79 ± 2.08 parts/billion was found in the nasal gas (NO release: 7.18 ± 3.13 nl/min). An age-dependent increase in nasal NO levels was not observed. Exhaled and nasal NO concentrations in baboons were markedly lower than in mammals with paranasal sinuses, suggesting that paranasal sinuses might be an anatomic requirement for production of relevant nasal NO levels.

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Endothelin stimulates endothelial nitric oxide synthase expression in the thick ascending limb

AJP Renal Physiology ◽

10.1152/ajprenal.00413.2003 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 287 (2) ◽

pp. F231-F235 ◽

Cited By ~ 38

Author(s):

Marcela Herrera ◽

Jeffrey L. Garvin

Keyword(s):

Nitric Oxide ◽

Nitric Oxide Synthase ◽

Receptor Antagonist ◽

Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase ◽

No Production ◽

Thick Ascending Limb ◽

Enos Expression ◽

No Release ◽

Oxide Synthase ◽

Endothelial Nitric Oxide

Endothelin-1 (ET-1) acutely inhibits NaCl reabsorption by the thick ascending limb (THAL) by activating the ETB receptor, stimulating endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), and releasing nitric oxide (NO). In nonrenal tissue, chronic exposure to ET-1 stimulates eNOS expression via the ETB receptor and activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K). We hypothesized that ET-1 increases eNOS expression in the THAL by binding to ETB receptors and stimulating PI3K. In primary cultures of medullary THALs treated for 24 h, eNOS expression increased by 36 ± 18% with 0.01 nM ET-1, 123 ± 30% with 0.1 nM ( P < 0.05; n = 5), and 71 ± 30% with 1 nM, whereas 10 nM had no effect. BQ-788, a selective ETB receptor antagonist, completely blocked stimulation of eNOS expression caused by 0.1 nM ET-1 (12 ± 25 vs. 120 ± 40% for ET-1 alone; P < 0.05; n = 5). BQ-123, a selective ETA receptor antagonist, did not affect the increase in eNOS caused by 0.1 nM ET-1. Sarafotoxin c (S6c; 0.1 μM), a selective ETB receptor agonist, increased eNOS expression by 77 ± 30% ( P < 0.05; n = 6). Wortmannin (0.01 μM), a PI3K inhibitor, completely blocked the stimulatory effect of 0.1 μM S6c (77 ± 30 vs. −28 ± 9%; P < 0.05; n = 6). To test whether the increase in eNOS expression heightens activity, we measured NO release in response to simultaneous treatment with l-arginine, ionomycin, and clonidine using a NO-sensitive electrode. NO release by control cells was 337 ± 61 and 690 ± 126 pA in ET-1-treated cells ( P < 0.05; n = 5). Taken together, these data suggest that ET-1 stimulates THAL eNOS, activating ETB receptors and PI3K and thereby increasing NO production.

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