scholarly journals What is Time in Some Modern Physics Theories: Interpretation Problems

Studia Humana ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-15
Author(s):  
Ivan A. Karpenko
Keyword(s):  
Particle Physics ◽  
Special Theory ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Theory Of Relativity ◽  
Superstring Theory ◽  
Exact Answer ◽  
Current State ◽  
Modern Physics ◽  
The Right ◽  
Time Description

Abstract The article deals with the problem of time in the context of several theories of modem physics. This fundamental concept inevitably arises in physical theories, but so far there is no adequate description of it in the philosophy of science. In the theory of relativity, quantum field theory. Standard Model of particle physics, theory of loop quantum gravity, superstring theory and other most recent theories the idea of time is shown explicitly or not. Sometimes, such as in the special theory of relativity, it plays a significant role and sometimes it does not. But anyway it exists and is implied by the content of the theory, which in some cases directly includes its mathematical tools. Fundamental difference of space-time processes in microcosm and macrocosm is of particular importance for solving the problem. In this regard, a need to understand the time in the way it appears in modem physics, to describe it in the language of philosophy arises (satisfactory for time description mathematical tools also do not exist). This will give an opportunity to get closer to the answer on question of time characteristics. And even if we do not obtain the exact answer, we will still be able to formulate the right question about its nature. For this purpose, the present research carries out analysis of the key theories of modern physics with regard to historical and scientific, historical and philosophical perspectives, hi some cases, this gives an opportunity to detect the succession of the associated with time perception ideas, their development, as well as the origination of fundamentally new ones. During the analysis, the conect characteristics of time are formulated from the point of view of physical theory and the attempt to state the nature of time is made. On the ground of conducted research, the conclusions about current state of the problem and its future solution perspectives are drawn.

Belief

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank Jackson
Keyword(s):  
Internal State ◽  
Propositional Attitude ◽  
Special Theory ◽  
Mental States ◽  
Intentional State ◽  
Theory Of Relativity ◽  
Public Language ◽  
Vice Chancellor ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Way

We believe that there is coffee over there; we believe the special theory of relativity; we believe the Vice-Chancellor; and some of us believe in God. But plausibly what is fundamental is believing that something is the case – believing a proposition, as it is usually put. To believe a theory is to believe the propositions that make up the theory, to believe a person is to believe some proposition advanced by them; and to believe in God is to believe the proposition that God exists. Thus belief is said to be a propositional attitude or intentional state: to believe is to take the attitude of belief to some proposition. It is about what its propositional object is about (God, coffee, or whatever). We can think of the propositional object of a belief as the way the belief represents things as being – its content, as it is often called. We state what we believe with indicative sentences in ‘that’-clauses, as in ‘Mary believes that the Democrats will win the next election’. But belief in the absence of language is possible. A dog may believe that there is food in the bowl in front of it. Accordingly philosophers have sought accounts of belief that allow a central role to sentences – it cannot be an accident that finding the right sentence is the way to capture what someone believes – while allowing that creatures without a language can have beliefs. One way of doing this is to construe beliefs as relations to inner sentences somehow inscribed in the brain. On this view although dogs do not have a public language, to the extent that they have beliefs they have something sentence-like in their heads. An alternative tradition focuses on the way belief when combined with desire leads to behaviour, and analyses belief in terms of behavioural dispositions or more recently as the internal state that is, in combination with other mental states, responsible for the appropriate behavioural dispositions. An earlier tradition associated with the British Empiricists views belief as a kind of pale imitation of perceptual experience. But recent work on belief largely takes for granted a sharp distinction between belief and the various mental images that may or may not accompany it.

Introduction

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jed Z. Buchwald ◽  
Robert Fox
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Revolution ◽  
Quantum Physics ◽  
Final Section ◽  
Special Theory ◽  
Photoelectric Effect ◽  
Theory Of Relativity ◽  
Isaac Newton ◽  
Modern Physics ◽  
History Of ◽  
Long Eighteenth Century

This Handbook looks at the history of physics since the seventeenth century. It is comprised of four sections, the first of which discusses the place of reason, mathematics, and experiment in the age of the scientific revolution. The first section also covers the contributions of Galileo, René Descartes, and Isaac Newton. The second section deals with the ‘long’ eighteenth century — a period that is often regarded as synonymous with the ‘age of Newton’. The third section encompasses the subcategories of heat, light, electricity, sound, and magnetism, while the fourth and final section takes us into the age of ‘modern physics’, highlighted by landmark achievements such as the discovery of the photoelectric effect in 1887, Max Planck’s work on the quanta of radiation, Albert Einstein’s special theory of relativity of 1905, and the elaboration of the various aspects of what became known as quantum physics between 1900 and 1930.

Belief

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Braddon-Mitchell ◽  
Frank Jackson
Keyword(s):  
Internal State ◽  
Propositional Attitude ◽  
Special Theory ◽  
Mental States ◽  
Intentional State ◽  
Theory Of Relativity ◽  
Public Language ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Way

We believe that there is coffee over there; we believe the special theory of relativity; we believe the surgeon; some of us believe in God. But plausibly what is fundamental is believing that something is the case – believing a proposition, as it is usually put. To believe a theory is to believe the propositions that make up the theory, to believe a person is to believe some proposition advanced by them; and to believe in God is to believe the proposition that God exists. Thus belief is said to be a propositional attitude or intentional state: to believe is to take the attitude of belief to some proposition. It is about what its propositional object is about (God, the operation, or whatever). We can think of the propositional object of a belief as the way the belief represents things as being – its content, as it is often called. We state what we believe with indicative sentences in ‘that’-clauses, as in ‘Mary believes that the Democrats will win the next election ’. But belief in the absence of language is possible. A dog may believe that there is food in the bowl in front of it. Accordingly philosophers have sought accounts of belief that allow a central role to sentences – it cannot be an accident that finding the right sentence is the way to capture what some person believes – while allowing that creatures without a language can have beliefs. One way of doing this is to construe beliefs as relations to inner sentences somehow inscribed in the brain. On this view, although dogs do not have a public language, to the extent that they have beliefs they have something sentence-like in their heads. An alternative tradition focuses on the way belief when combined with desire leads to behaviour, and analyses belief in terms of behavioural dispositions or more recently as the internal state that is, in combination with other mental states, responsible for the appropriate behavioural dispositions. An earlier tradition associated with the British empiricists views belief as a kind of pale imitation of perceptual experience. But recent work on belief largely takes for granted a sharp distinction between belief and the various mental images that may or may not accompany it. A focus of recent discussions of belief has been the extent to which what a subject believes is a function of their surroundings. Everyone agrees that what subjects believe is causally influenced by their surroundings. The sun’s impact on my sense organs causes me to believe that it is sunny. But many argue that the role of subjects’ surroundings in determining what is believed outruns their causal effects.

scholarly journals Design, analysis and reformulation of a didactic sequence for teaching the special theory of relativity in high school

2015 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 3401-1-3401-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
María Rita Otero ◽  
Marcelo Arlego ◽  
Fabiana Prodanoff
Keyword(s):  
High School ◽  
Special Relativity ◽  
Special Theory ◽  
Careful Analysis ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Relativity Theory ◽  
Theory Of Relativity ◽  
Galilean Relativity ◽  
Firm Basis ◽  
The Subject

In this work, we design, implement and analyze a didactic sequence for the teaching of the basic topics of special relativity theory in high school. The sequence proposes a series of situations, specially designed to allow the emergence of the central aspects of special relativity. The conceptualization process is investigated from the point of view of the theory of conceptual fields of Vergnaud. By means of a careful analysis of classroom student productions we detect the key theorems-in-action they use, evidencing that most of conceptual errors are of pre-relativistic nature. This leads us to a reformulation of the sequence, which promotes the conceptualization of Galilean relativity and the principles of the special relativity. This previous step aims at bringing to students a firm basis to address the more complex aspects of the subject.

scholarly journals On another proof of the formula E = m.c2 according to the rotary theory

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emil Ivanov Panov
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Field ◽  
Magnetic Field Intensity ◽  
Albert Einstein ◽  
Special Theory ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Magnetic Flux Density ◽  
Tangential Displacement ◽  
Displacement Current ◽  
Theory Of Relativity ◽  
The Magnetic Field

The paper is dedicated to one of the greatest breakthroughs in the classical physics at the beginning of the 20-th century – the appearance of the special theory of relativity of Albert Einstein in 1905. In it, by the help of the rotary theory, a new proof of the most famous formula in the world – the equation giving the connection between the energy and the mass of the bodies, is presented. Rotary theory appeared in 1998, trying to explain the electromagnetic phenomena from another point of view and to answer to series of questions connected with the basic electromagnetic laws, reaching the same results but giving simpler and direct answers compared with the classical electromagnetic theory of Maxwell. In it, by the help of the method of moments, the vector of the magnetic field intensity and the vector of the magnetic flux density are presented as moments of the vector of the current density of the tangential displacement current , claiming in this way that the magnetic field is a form of rotating electric field. The final result is a set of electromagnetic equations in fully electrical form, depicting all the electromagnetic phenomena from another point of view.

scholarly journals EQUATION OF MOTION OF THE JOHN DEERE 6095B TRACTOR AS AN AUTOMATIC DRIVING OBJECT

2020 ◽  
pp. 44-55
Author(s):  
Evgeniy Kalinin ◽  
Olexander Saychuk ◽  
Nadiia Kolpachenko
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Equations Of Motion ◽  
Steering System ◽  
Front Wheel ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Centrifugal Forces ◽  
Automatic Driving ◽  
Current State ◽  
Automatic Steering ◽  
The Right

The main issue that has to be solved in the formation of modern systems for automatic driving of tractors is the issue of obtaining information about the current state of the machine-tractor unit relative to a given trajectory. In terms of its quality, this information should reflect the rather stringent requirements of agricultural production for the accuracy of trajectory control. Thus, to create devices for automatic driving of tractors, it is necessary to know the characteristics and properties of these machines as objects from the point of view of the theory of automatic control. When examining such machines, first of all, it is necessary to establish which parameter should be considered as input. With manual control, the feedback is closed visually on the right front wheel, more precisely at the point of contact of the wheel with the ground. The main goal of this work is to obtain equations connecting the input and output coordinates, as well as the input coordinate and coordinates of the middle of the front and rear axles of the tractor. It is also necessary to establish under what initial data a simplified equation can be used, taking into account only the kinematics of the tractor movement and not taking into account the elasticity of tires and deformation of the soil. For this, the problem is solved both taking into account the elasticity of tires and deformation of the soil, and without taking into account these factors. Frequency characteristics are compared, obtained using a simplified equation and taking into account the above factors at different speeds. During the research, the equations of motion of the tractor were obtained taking into account the deformation of pneumatic tires and soil. This equation allows you to study the movement of the tractor in the presence of external lateral forces. Such forces can be centrifugal forces when moving along a curved trajectory and forces from trailed and mounted implements on a tractor. The equation is valid for small steering angles of the tractor idler wheels. A simplified equation is obtained that does not take into account the deformation of tires and soil. This equation can roughly describe the movement of a tractor on solid ground, which is little deformed, at relatively low speeds. It is advisable to use this equation only at speeds not exceeding 1.7 m/s on dense ground. Both equations characterize the tractor as an object of regulation and allow the selection and design of an automatic steering system.

scholarly journals Neither past nor present : Authenticity and late twentieth-century architectural heritage

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 137-148
Author(s):  
Tino Mager
Keyword(s):  
Virginia Woolf ◽  
Special Theory ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Time Range ◽  
Present Moment ◽  
Theory Of Relativity ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Future ◽  
Coordinate Origin ◽  
Spacetime Diagram

It was the present moment. No one need wonder that Orlando started, pressed her hand to her heart, and turned pale. For what more terrifying revelation can there be than that it is the present moment? That we survive the shock at all is only possible because the past shelters us on one side and the future on another. But we have no time now for reflections.(Virginia Woolf, Orlando)How long does the present moment last? Where and when does the past begin and how does the present end? In physics – or more precisely in the special theory of relativity – the present can be defined as the coordinate origin in a spacetime diagram – an unextended point that separates an observer’s past and future light cones. From that point of view, the present has no duration at all; the past instantly assimilates the future without any hesitation in between. However, time perception tells us that we actually experience a ‘here and now’. Psychologists believe that the time range we perceive as the present, the socalled specious present, lasts about three seconds – the interval duration after which the brain may be said to reset its attention. This is already infinitely more than no duration at all but this recognition is still not enough to explain concepts like the present time or ‘today’ as an indicator of the contemporary. In the domain of history, the present seems to be a much more complex construction. When we speak of phenomena as contemporary, we place them in an extended present. We concede that the present encompasses the recent past and the near future – a temporal range that provides a stage for the actions and reactions that shape our world.

World-structure and non-Euclidean honeycombs

1950 ◽  
Vol 201 (1066) ◽  
pp. 417-437 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Hyperbolic Space ◽  
Special Theory ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Dimensional System ◽  
Theory Of Relativity ◽  
Point Distribution ◽  
One Dimensional ◽  
Generating Relations ◽  
Integral Solutions

Milne (1934) described a one-dimensional system of discrete particles in uniform relative motion such that the aspect of the whole system is the same from each particle. The purpose of the present paper is to construct analogous systems in two and three dimensions. If the uniformly moving observers regraduate their clocks so as to describe each other as relatively stationary, the private Euclidean spaces of the Special Theory of Relativity become public hyperbolic space. This point of view leads to a discussion of uniform honeycombs in hyperbolic space, four of which were discovered by Schlegel (1883, p. 444). One of the new honeycombs, called {4, 4, 3}, has for its vertices the points whose four co-ordinates are proportional to the integral solutions of the Diophantine equation t 2 - x 2 - y 2 - z 2 = 1. As a by-product, a simple set of generators and generating relations are obtained for the group of all integral Lorentz transformations (Schild 1949, p. 39). Another by-product is the enumeration of those groups generated by reflexions in hyperbolic space whose fundamental regions are tetrahedra of finite volume. The work culminates in the discovery of a point-distribution whose mesh is seven times as close as that of {4, 4, 3}, though apparently still far too coarse to be of direct cosmological significance. It follows that some irregularity in the distribution of the extragalactic nebulae is almost certainly geometrically inevitable.

Multi-body dynamics and electromechanics: From a differential-geometric point of view

2005 ◽  
Vol 219 (2) ◽  
pp. 147-158
Author(s):  
P Maißer
Keyword(s):  
Differential Geometry ◽  
Laws Of Nature ◽  
Classical Mechanics ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Theory Of Relativity ◽  
Geometric Point ◽  
Modern Physics ◽  
Intimate Relation ◽  
Linear Induction Machines ◽  
Multi Body

Mechanics is the origin of physics. Almost any physical theory like electrodynamics stems from mechanical explanations. The mathematical-geometric considerations in mechanics serve as a prototype for other physical theories. Consequently, developments in modern physics in turn have a feedback to mechanics in terms of its representation. The laws of nature can be expressed as differential equations. The fact that these equations can be solved by average computers has led most engineers and many mathematical physicists to neglect geometrical aspects for solving and better understanding their problems. The intimate relation between geometry and analysis led to the differential geometry, which is a valuable tool for a better understanding in many physical disciplines like classical mechanics, electrodynamics, and nowadays in mechatronics. It has been the development of the theory of relativity that revealed the paramount importance of the differential geometry. Many problems in research and development can be studied by differential-geometric methods. Modern non-linear control theories, for instance, are entirely based on the differential geometry. This paper addresses some aspects in mathematical modelling of multi-body and electromechanical systems. The motivation for this research arises from applications of linear induction machines in modern transport technologies.

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