scholarly journals The Incidence of Gonorrhea in Belgrade in the Period 2010 - 2014

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 115-121
Author(s):  
Milan Bjekić ◽  
Hristina Vlajinac ◽  
Biljana Begović-Vuksanović
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Direct Method ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
World Health ◽  
Population Census ◽  
World Population ◽  
European Economic Area ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Female Ratio ◽  
The World

Abstract The World Health Organization (WHO) estimated that in 2008 there were 106.1 million newly registered cases of gonorrhea among adults worldwide. Of these cases, 3.4 million were in the WHO European Region. In the European Union and European Economic Area, the overall incidence of reported cases was 15.3 per 100.000 population in 2012; the highest rate (45.4 per 100.000) was observed in the United Kingdom, while low rates (<5 per 100.000) were generally reported in the Central and Eastern Europe. In 2012, low incidence of gonorrhea (1.49/100.000) was reported in Serbia, as well. The purpose of this study was to report on the epidemiology of gonorrhea in a Belgrade population (about 1.5 million inhabitants) during the period 2010 - 2014, and to discuss data on gonorrhea rates in the European Union. In Serbia it is mandatory to report gonorrhea, and all reports of culture-proved gonorrhea are sent to the City Institute for Public Health in Belgrade. These reports were used as the source for data analysis of gonorrhea incidence. Incidence rates were calculated using data from the 2011 population census in Serbia for Belgrade population. Age-adjusted annual incidence rates were carried out by a direct method using the “world population” as a standard. During the 2010 - 2014 period, the average gonorrhea incidence in Belgrade population was 9.2 per 100.000 in men, and 1.9 per 100.000 in women. The incidence was highest in men and women aged 20 - 29 years. In all age groups gonorrhea incidence was higher in men than in women, the average male/female ratio being 4.8. In both sexes, the incidence of gonorrhea was highest in persons who had never married, with secondary education and unemployed. Out of 357 men with gonorrhea, 92 (25.77%) were self-reported homosexuals.

Sustainable Agriculture The United States versus the European Union

2010 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 26-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carson H. Varner ◽  
Katrin C. Varner
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
European Union ◽  
Genetically Modified Crops ◽  
The United States ◽  
World Population ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Sustainability Issue ◽  
The World ◽  
Two Sides

This paper examines developing issues and attitudes that unite and divide the United States and the European Union as the discussion and regulation of agriculture evolves. While some terms, such as “organic,” are defined in law in both the United States and European Union, the increasingly used “sustainability” is an evolving concept. The main sustainability issue is how to provide food and fiber for a rapidly growing world population. In this context, the role of biotechnology is questioned. Americans tend to favor what are sometimes called genetically modified crops, while Europeans remain cautious. Europeans lean more toward organic farming, while Americans assert that much of the world will starve if organic methods are required. This paper reviews the directions that the discussion of these issues is taking and will show areas of agreement and where the two sides diverge.

scholarly journals Individuals’response to COVID-19 Restrictions in Europe: A Snapshot of Today and Hopes for Tomorrow

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kutl Ergün
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Demographic Variables ◽  
World Health ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Psychological Conditions ◽  
The World ◽  
The Future ◽  
Future Expectation ◽  
Self Discovery ◽  
Health Organization

This study presents the individuals' responses to the COVID-19 pandemic. Considering that many institutions and working places were closed due to the pandemic, the possible impact of COVID-19 restrictions on individuals was assessed. The study examined the number and frequencies of respondents in the survey including demographic variables (gender, income), and future expectation on economic situation and psychological conditions. There were 218 individuals from 24 European countries participating in the survey. The percentage of respondents, discovering personal strength (previously unaware of) during restrictions was 40%. This is a high percentage showing that isolation may contribute to self-discovery. Despite annoying restrictions, many individuals expressed their economic optimism for the future. Also, most of the participants stated that they had not enough money during these restrictions. Also, this study shows that trust in governments, the European Union (EU) and the World Health Organization (WHO) was low during the pandemic restrictions. The results of this study might be useful and taken into account for potential future waves of this pandemic and possible new pandemics that may occur in the future.

International Aeronautical Emission

2011 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 30-36
Author(s):  
Nauman Ehsan Hashmi ◽  
Atif Manzoor
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Environmental Health ◽  
Aviation Industry ◽  
World Population ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Atmospheric Emission ◽  
The World

The aviation sector is one the modern innovations in recent times. According to the Federal Aviation Authority (2005, p. 1) in 1903 the world population was estimated to be 1.6 billion, while presently the same number of people use aviation industry as mode of travel. The industry also provides around 28 million jobs and carries 40% of world carriage. But with growing concerns on environmental health, the aviation sector has signifcant impact on the environment. These contributions are in the form of noise and atmospheric emission. In this paper, the authors examine aviation emission and its mitigation straetgy adopted by the European Union (EU).

scholarly journals Towards elimination of hepatitis B and C in European Union and European Economic Area countries: monitoring the World Health Organization’s global health sector strategy core indicators and scaling up key interventions

2017 ◽  
Vol 22 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
Erika F Duffell ◽  
Dagmar Hedrich ◽  
Otilia Mardh ◽  
Antons Mozalevskis
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Hepatitis B ◽  
Global Health ◽  
Viral Hepatitis ◽  
Health Sector ◽  
Scaling Up ◽  
World Health ◽  
European Economic Area ◽  
Economic Area ◽  
The World

The World Health Organization ‘Global Health Sector Strategy on Viral Hepatitis 2016–2021’ aimed at the elimination of viral hepatitis as a public health threat provides a significant opportunity to increase efforts for tackling the epidemics of hepatitis B and hepatitis C virus infections across Europe. To support the implementation and monitoring of this strategy, core epidemiological and programmatic indicators have been proposed necessitating specific surveys, the systematic collection of programmatic data and the establishment of monitoring across the care pathway. European Union and European Economic Area countries already made progress in recent years implementing primary and secondary prevention measures. Indeed, harm reduction measures among people who inject drugs reach many of those who need them and most countries have a universal hepatitis B vaccination programme with high coverage above 95%. However, while a further scaling up of prevention interventions will impact on incidence of new infections, treating those already infected is necessary to achieve reductions in mortality. The epidemiological, demographic and socio-political situation in Europe is complex, and considerable diversity in the programmatic responses to the hepatitis epidemic exists. Comprehension of such issues alongside collaboration between key organisations and countries will underpin any chance of successfully eliminating hepatitis.

EXPRESS: A Prospective Population-Based Study of Stroke in the Central Region of Iran: The Qom Incidence of Stroke Study (QSIS).

2021 ◽  
pp. 174749302110375
Author(s):  
Mohammad Aghaali ◽  
Sadegh Yoosefee ◽  
Seyed Amir Hejazi ◽  
Ashfaq Shuaib ◽  
Maryam Rahimi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Primary Care ◽  
At Risk ◽  
Incidence Rate ◽  
Direct Method ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Care Physician ◽  
World Population ◽  
The World ◽  
At Risk Populations

Objective: The present study is one of the few population-based studies that have been conducted in the Middle East, aimed to determine the incidence of stroke in Qom, one of the central provinces of Iran. Methods: The Qom province includes an estimated at-risk population of about 1 million. During a twelve-month period (November 2018–November 2019), all first-ever strokes occurring in the target population were registered. Hospitalized cases were ascertained by discharge codes. Out-of-hospital cases were ascertained by a prospective screening of EMS services, emergency departments, ambulances records, primary care clinics, rural and urban public health centers, primary care physician offices, and neurologists' offices. Crude and age-adjusted incidence rates (per 100,000 person-years) were calculated using the direct method with the world standard population. Results: During the study period, 1462 first-ever strokes occurred with a mean age of 68.1 (17-103) years, of these, 45.2% were female (661 cases). The crude annual incidence rate per 100,000 at-risk populations was 145.4 (95% CI, 138.1 to 153.0) for all types of stroke (156.5 for male and 134.3 for female), 26.4 (95% CI, 23.5 to 29.8) for hemorrhagic stroke, and 114 (95% CI, 105 to 121) for ischemic stroke. The incidence rate adjusted to the world population was 201.4 (95% CI, 193-210) per 100,000 at-risk populations (adj incidence, 218.5 for male vs 187.4 for female). The total fatality rate during the first 28 days, was 19.6%. Conclusion: This study confirms the higher incidence of stroke and at a younger age, in this region, accompanied by the higher prevalence of underlying stroke risk factors than the global average.

scholarly journals The Role of a Medicalized Discourse in the Global Activities of the World Health Organization

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 173-191
Author(s):  
Marta Hoffmann
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
European Union ◽  
Health Policies ◽  
World Health ◽  
Tobacco Policy ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Public Health Policies ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization

This article presents selected results of a research project entitled Medicalization strategies of the World Health Organization1 in which the author analyzed and described three WHO policies characterized by a medicalizing approach. These three policies were compared with each other in terms of their conceptual (narrative) and institutional (practical) levels of medicalization and their effects. In order to better understand the role of a medicalized discourse in the global activities of the WHO, these three cases were also compared to one non-medicalizing policy. The aim of this article is twofold: firstly, to present two cases analyzed as part of the project, namely, the tobacco policy (a ‘medicalized’ one) and the ageing policy (a ‘non-medicalized’ one) and secondly, to consider the possible influence of WHO discourse on tobacco and ageing on public health policies in the European Union.

scholarly journals Lessons learnt to keep Europe polio-free: a review of outbreaks in the European Union, European Economic Area, and candidate countries, 1973 to 2013

2016 ◽  
Vol 21 (16) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tarik Derrough ◽  
Alexandra Salekeen
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Wild Strain ◽  
World Health ◽  
Paralytic Poliomyelitis ◽  
European Economic Area ◽  
The European Union ◽  
European Economic ◽  
Wild Poliovirus ◽  
Economic Area

Between 1973 and 2013, 12 outbreaks of paralytic poliomyelitis with a cumulative total of 660 cases were reported in the European Union, European Economic Area and candidate countries. Outbreaks lasted seven to 90 weeks (median: 24 weeks) and were identified through the diagnosis of cases of acute flaccid paralysis, for which infection with wild poliovirus was subsequently identified. In two countries, environmental surveillance was in place before the outbreaks, but did not detect any wild strain before the occurrence of clinical cases. This surveillance nonetheless provided useful information to monitor the outbreaks and their geographical spread. Outbreaks were predominantly caused by poliovirus type 1 and typically involved unvaccinated or inadequately vaccinated groups within highly immunised communities. Oral polio vaccine was primarily used to respond to the outbreaks with catch-up campaigns implemented either nationwide or in restricted geographical areas or age groups. The introduction of supplementary immunisation contained the outbreaks. In 2002, the European region of the World Health Organization was declared polio-free and it has maintained this status since. However, as long as there are non-vaccinated or under-vaccinated groups in European countries and poliomyelitis is not eradicated, countries remain continuously at risk of reintroduction and establishment of the virus. Continued efforts to reach these groups are needed in order to ensure a uniform and high vaccination coverage.

scholarly journals Introduction

2022 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Hanna Falk Erhag ◽  
Ulrika Lagerlöf Nilsson ◽  
Therese Rydberg Sterner ◽  
Ingmar Skoog
Keyword(s):  
World Health Organisation ◽  
World Health ◽  
Societal Implications ◽  
World Population ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Horizon 2020 ◽  
Social Innovations ◽  
The World ◽  
Scientific Challenge ◽  
First Time

AbstractIn 2020, for the first time in history, there were more people in the world aged 60 years and over than there were children below the age of 5 years. The population aged over 65 years is projected to increase from one billion in 2019 to more than two billion in 2050, and those aged over 80 years are projected to increase from 143 to 426 million, with the largest increase occurring in the developing world (UN World Population Prospects, 2019). This demographic trend constitutes the largest global health challenge, according to the World Health Organisation (WHO). The European Union has set it as one of the major challenges in Horizon 2020 and it has important societal implications (European Commission, 2020). The proportion of retired individuals will increase, leading to an increased ratio between those who have exited the workforce and those still active in the labour market. Thus, ageing represents a global societal and scientific challenge requiring integrated efforts, multidisciplinary translational research approaches and social innovations that build on ideas of potentials and capabilities, emphasising the value of old age.

Prices and Illicit Trade of Cigarettes in the European Union: A Cross-sectional Analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (12) ◽  
pp. 2271-2275 ◽  
Author(s):  
Filippos T Filippidis ◽  
Kiara K C Chang ◽  
Isabelle Blackmore ◽  
Anthony A Laverty
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Member State ◽  
Weighted Average ◽  
World Health ◽  
European Economic Area ◽  
Average Price ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Illicit Trade ◽  
Eu Directive

Abstract Introduction Within the context of the World Health Organization Framework Convention on Tobacco Control Protocol to Eliminate Illicit Trade in Tobacco Products and the impending revision of the European Union (EU) directive on tobacco excise rules we assessed whether cigarettes price is linked to being offered illicit cigarettes. Methods We combined data being offered illicit cigarettes from the 2015 Special Eurobarometer Survey on Illicit Tobacco (N = 27,672) with area-level data on Gross Domestic Product, unemployment, perceived corruption, and sharing a border with a non-European Economic Area (non-EEA) state. We used the 2015 Weighted Average Price of cigarettes (WAP), which reflects the average price of a cigarette pack in each Member State. We assessed associations between prices and illicit trade using three-level ordered regression models. Results About 19.6% of respondents reported ever being offered illicit cigarettes, 6.4% repeatedly. In fully adjusted models WAP was not associated with being more likely to have been offered illicit market cigarettes more often (adjusted odds ratio = 1.02, 95% confidence interval: 0.91; 1.15). Sharing a border with a non-EEA Member State was associated with increased likelihood of reporting being offered illicit cigarettes more often (1.73, 1.26; 2.39). Conclusion This study found no significant association between cigarette prices and reporting being offered illicit cigarettes; sharing a border with a non-EEA Member State was linked to illicit trade. This study adds to evidence that increasing prices of cigarettes are not associated with illicit trade and that the focus should remain on securing supply chains, including through features such as independent traceability systems. Implications After adjusting for individual and regional factors, we did not identify an association between prices of cigarettes and likelihood of reporting being offered illicit cigarettes in the EU. Sharing a border with a non-EEA state, however, was associated with increased likelihood of reporting being offered illicit cigarettes more often. This study adds to evidence that increasing taxes and prices of cigarettes are not a driver of illicit trade and that policies should maintain their focus on securing the supply chain.

scholarly journals Prevention of human rabies: a challenge for the European Union and the European Economic Area

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (38) ◽  
Author(s):  
Céline M Gossner ◽  
Alexandra Mailles ◽  
Inma Aznar ◽  
Elina Dimina ◽  
Juan E Echevarría ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
European Union ◽  
Physical Contact ◽  
World Health ◽  
Medical Attention ◽  
Human Rabies ◽  
European Economic Area ◽  
The European Union ◽  
European Economic ◽  
Economic Area

Rabies is enzootic in over one hundred countries worldwide. In the European Union/European Economic Area (EU/EEA), the vast majority of human rabies cases are travellers bitten by dogs in rabies-enzootic countries, mostly in Asia and Africa. Thus, EU/EEA travellers visiting rabies enzootic countries should be aware of the risk of being infected with the rabies virus when having physical contact with mammals. They should consider pre-exposure vaccination following criteria recommended by the World Health Organization and if unvaccinated, immediately seek medical attention in case of bites or scratches from mammals. As the majority of the EU/EEA countries are free from rabies in mammals, elimination of the disease (no enzootic circulation of the virus and low number of imported cases) has been achieved by 2020. However, illegal import of potentially infected animals, mainly dogs, poses a risk to public health and might threaten the elimination goal. Additionally, newly recognised bat lyssaviruses represent a potential emerging threat as the rabies vaccine may not confer protective immunity. To support preparedness activities in EU/EEA countries, guidance for the assessment and the management of the public health risk related to rabies but also other lyssaviruses, should be developed.

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