Causes and Consequences of Income Inequality – An Overview

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew Polacko
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Technological Development ◽  
Policy Changes ◽  
Executive Pay ◽  
Tax Progressivity ◽  
Advanced Economies ◽  
The Social ◽  
Political Choices ◽  
Key Drivers ◽  
The Welfare State

Abstract Rising income inequality is one of the greatest challenges facing advanced economies today. Income inequality is multifaceted and is not the inevitable outcome of irresistible structural forces such as globalisation or technological development. Instead, this review shows that inequality has largely been driven by a multitude of political choices. The embrace of neoliberalism since the 1980s has provided the key catalyst for political and policy changes in the realms of union regulation, executive pay, the welfare state and tax progressivity, which have been the key drivers of inequality. These preventable causes have led to demonstrable harmful outcomes that are not explicable solely by material deprivation. This review also shows that inequality has been linked on the economic front with reduced growth, investment and innovation, and on the social front with reduced health and social mobility, and greater violent crime.

scholarly journals THE ROLE OF INTEGRATED ISLAMIC COMMERCIAL AND SOCIAL FINANCE IN REDUCING INCOME INEQUALITY IN INDONESIA

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Arif Widodo
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Method Of Moments ◽  
Wealth Distribution ◽  
Generalized Method Of Moments ◽  
Advanced Economies ◽  
The Social ◽  
Microfinance Institution ◽  
Islamic Microfinance ◽  
Commercial Finance

Recent years saw the heated debates among prominent economists on the growinginequality in advanced economies, and accordingly, many solutions to this seriousproblem have been put forward. Among the practical-cum-workable solution isprogressive taxation for wealth and income, especially the top one percent. Such asolution, however, has been implemented in Islamic perspective what so-called, zakahwhich is now referred to as social finance. In this paper, using the Gini coefficient datacovering 34 provinces in Indonesia over a decade, we examine whether the role ofsocial finance in tandem with commercial finance can adequately solve the problemof wealth distribution in Indonesia, one of the largest Democratic-Muslim countriesin the world. Using the Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) model, the resultsdemonstrated that Islamic commercial finance solely is proven statistically incapable oftackling inequality while the social finance (zakah) is performing very well in this matterover all specifications. Most importantly, when both are incorporated in a model, theresult showed a significant reduction in income inequality implying that the integratedIslamic finance which can be implemented in both Islamic microfinance institution andIslamic banking is more capable, as opposed to when both are separated, of helpingaddress the income inequality problem in Indonesia.

The Welfare State

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nick Wikeley
Keyword(s):  
Welfare State ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Legal Scholarship ◽  
Advanced Economies ◽  
The Social ◽  
National Welfare ◽  
Modern Welfare State ◽  
Maintenance Systems ◽  
The Welfare State

The social security function of the Welfare State was quintessentially the product of (and a response to) the pressures generated by the development of mass democracies in the advanced economies of the early part of the twentieth century. However, with a handful of notable exceptions, it is only in the last forty years that serious legal scholarship on the modern Welfare State has emerged. Relatively little had been written on the subject prior to 1960 and most of that corpus of work was fundamentally descriptive rather than analytical in nature. This article explores the nature, direction, and future of such scholarship and accordingly has three main sections. The first outlines the development of legal scholarship since 1960 on the principles and operation of the main arm of the Welfare State, namely income maintenance systems, and how that scholarship reflects national welfare structures. The second explores the central themes in that scholarship, and the third highlights the principal issues for future research in this field.

The First Half of the Twentieth Century

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Gillespie
Keyword(s):  
Habitat Management ◽  
Social Economic ◽  
Chemical Pollution ◽  
Freshwater Conservation ◽  
The Great Depression ◽  
Negative Results ◽  
The Social ◽  
The World ◽  
The One ◽  
The Welfare State

The years between 1900 and 1945 were very difficult for humanity. In this period, not only were there two world wars to survive but also some of the worst parts of the social, economic, and environmental challenges of sustainable development all began to make themselves felt. The one area in which progress was made was in the social context, in which the rights of workers and the welfare state expanded. The idea of ‘development’, especially for the developing world, also evolved in this period. In the economic arena, the world went up, and then crashed in the Great Depression, producing negative results that were unprecedented. In environmental terms, positive templates were created for some habitat management, some wildlife law, and parts of freshwater conservation. Where there was not so much success was with regard to air and chemical pollution.

scholarly journals INCOME INEQUALITY, MOBILITY, AND THE WELFARE STATE: A POLITICAL ECONOMY MODEL

2012 ◽  
Vol 17 (6) ◽  
pp. 1198-1226 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luca Bossi ◽  
Gulcin Gumus
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
Welfare State ◽  
Social Insurance ◽  
Overlapping Generations ◽  
Tax Rates ◽  
Overlapping Generations Model ◽  
Public Programs ◽  
Transfer Payments ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The Welfare State

In this paper, we set up a three-period stochastic overlapping-generations model to analyze the implications of income inequality and mobility for demand for redistribution and social insurance. We model the size of two different public programs under the welfare state. We investigate bidimensional voting on the tax rates that determine the allocation of government revenues among transfer payments and old-age pensions. We show that the coalitions formed, the resulting political equilibria, and the demand for redistribution crucially depend on the level of income inequality and mobility.

scholarly journals Tax Progressivity of Personal Wages and Income Inequality

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 60
Author(s):  
Nikolaos Papanikolaou
Keyword(s):  
Income Inequality ◽  
The United States ◽  
Census Bureau ◽  
Tax System ◽  
Race And Gender ◽  
Tax Progressivity ◽  
Income Data ◽  
Kakwani Index ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Wage Income

The paper examines tax progressivity and income inequality using Census Bureau Current Population Survey (CPS) personal income data. The Kakwani index is used to derive tax progressivity for All, Male, Female, White and African American personal wage income of CPS respondents, respectively. The tax progressivity results show a tax system that is partly progressive and mostly regressive. Due to its regressive nature, the tax system did not display tax progressivity for the entire period under analysis for personal wage income respondents as well as when broken-down by race and gender in the United States for years 1996 to 2011.

Zeitzeuge der Zeitschrift für Evangelische Ethik von 1970 bis 2003

2008 ◽  
Vol 52 (5) ◽  
pp. 29-35
Author(s):  
Theodor Strohm
Keyword(s):  
Social Order ◽  
World Wide ◽  
Central Place ◽  
Reform Process ◽  
Evangelical Church ◽  
Scientific Debate ◽  
The Social ◽  
Willy Brandt ◽  
The University ◽  
The Welfare State

Abstract This article shows clearly the experiences of the author concerning the social restart of Germany after 1945. The ZEE was and is a place for reflection and reorientation. Personal encounters with personalities of the »first hour« constitute the opening. This is followed by five central situations which were witnessed and devised by the author. They had a direct effect on the ZEE. 1. The participation in the senior staff of Willy Brandt had an effect on the contemplation of an »ethos of inner reforms«. 2. The reform process in South Africa with its »peaceful revolution« brought the author there, having intense working relations to the leaders of the »black majority«. These experiences found their way into the ZEE. 3. As chairman of the chamber for social order of the EKD (Evangelical Church in Germany) the author worked nearly 20 years intensively on memoranda concerning the reorientation of the welfare state in many dimensions. The ZEE was a central place of scientific debate. 4. and 5. As head of the Diakoniewissenschaftliches Institut (I. for Christian social work) of the University of Heidelberg basic questions of deaconry theologically and at the same time world wide aspects were at the centre of interest also at the ZEE

SOCIAL HUMAN RIGHTS: GENERAL THEORETICAL CHARACTERISTIC

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lyudmyla Bogachova ◽  
◽  
Tetiana Herhulenko ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Deep Understanding ◽  
Social Rights ◽  
Historical Aspect ◽  
Social Sphere ◽  
The Social ◽  
Housing Rights ◽  
Social Code ◽  
The Welfare State

In the article, within the framework of the general exploration of human rights was made an attempt to substantiate the importance of social rights as a separate category of rights that belongs to the «second generation» of human rights and needs analysis within the state and legal reality. Attention was paid to the historical aspect of the development of social rights. The events, that inevitably influenced the emergence, development and ideological justification of the need for recognition of social rights are analyzed, the causal links involved in their formation are also indicated. In publication the connection of social rights with the concept of the welfare state is revealed, the main purpose of this state is to promote the realization of these rights. The fundamental features of this form of organization of government and society make it possible to evaluate the great dependence of the realization of social rights on socially oriented policy and economy of the country. For a deep understanding of the essence and ideas embedded in the content of social rights, the features and characteristics of this category of rights are studied. Attention is also paid to the different approaches to the concept of social rights expressed by researchers in this issue. The sources in which social human rights are legally fixed are considered (the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the European Social Charter, the Constitution of Ukraine, the German Social Code). Also there is a comparative analysis of the enshrinement of these rights in courses mentioned above. Particular attention is paid to the characteristics of social rights listed in the German Social Code, as well as to the content of the agreement between Ukraine and Germany about cooperation in the social sphere. Great attention in the publication is paid to the studying of events in Ukraine that hinder the realization of social rights. The coronavirus pandemic and military events in the East of the country have negative impact on the implementation of social rights. The statistical data confirming the violation of the housing rights and medical care at present are given. Conclusion is formulated about the need of analyzing social rights as a specialized group of human rights, which have passed a significant historical path of formation and have unique characteristics and features.

A Study on the Effectiveness of a Strategy Based on Cooperative Learning for Science Teaching in Class VII

2021 ◽  
pp. 123-136
Author(s):  
Mary Vineetha Thomas ◽  
R.G Kothari
Keyword(s):  
Cooperative Learning ◽  
Science Teaching ◽  
Education System ◽  
Learning Strategy ◽  
Technological Development ◽  
Teaching Strategy ◽  
The Social ◽  
Working Together ◽  
Education Today ◽  
Teaching Learning

Education today needs to be responsive to the diverse needs of our learners in order to make them globally competent. Innovative initiatives need to be brought into the present education system in order to meet the growing demands of our society. Our education system does not function in isolation with our society and so, along with academic aspects, the social aspects of learning too, have to be focussed on. This is possible with quality teaching strategies being introduced in our teaching learning process and one such strategy promoting the same is Cooperative Learning. Cooperative learning involves students working together in small groups to accomplish shared goals. It is widely recognized as a teaching strategy that promotes socialization and learning among students from kindergarten through college and across different subjects and science is no exception. Science enables pupils to be involved in group work where they have the opportunity to share ideas and cooperate with each other in collaborative practical activity. What is needed today is a new wave of educated students ready for modern scientific research, teaching and technological development. With students of diverse abilities and differing rates of learning in our classrooms, it is, therefore, essential for the teacher to have the knowledge of how students learn science and how best to teach. The present study was taken up in this context to find out the effectiveness of cooperative learning strategy in science teaching.

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