Analogies in interaction: practical reasoning and participatory design

2016 ◽  
Vol 36 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sofia Lundmark ◽  
Gustav Lymer
Keyword(s):  
Participatory Design ◽  
Analogical Reasoning ◽  
Practical Reasoning ◽  
Design Decision ◽  
Mediated Communication ◽  
Work Related ◽  
Design Alternatives ◽  
Youth Counseling ◽  
Problem Formulations ◽  
Design Reasoning

AbstractThe present study examines a set of discussions among professional counselors in the area of youth counseling, as they participate in the development and design of an online video-mediated communication platform. With an overarching interest in how participatory design is performed through conversations, the analysis focuses on analogical reasoning through which the envisaged system is anchored to existing technologies and work practices. Three forms of analogical reasoning are identified: formulating design alternatives; challenging problem formulations; and telling stories. In various ways, these forms of analogical reasoning inform the ongoing design decision-making process, where the hypothetical technology and its organizational and work-related implications are evaluated. The study contributes to how analogical reasoning is done in interaction, and places the findings in the context of participatory design and studies of design reasoning.

scholarly journals Integrating Value Considerations in the Decision Making for the Design of Biorefineries

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 2927-2955
Author(s):  
Mar Palmeros Parada ◽  
Lotte Asveld ◽  
Patricia Osseweijer ◽  
John Alexander Posada
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Complex Systems ◽  
Research And Development ◽  
Design Process ◽  
Design Decision ◽  
Value Sensitive Design ◽  
Design Practice ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Design Alternatives ◽  
Biobased Production

AbstractBiobased production has been promoted as a sustainable alternative to fossil resources. However, controversies over its impact on sustainability highlight societal concerns, value tensions and uncertainties that have not been taken into account during its development. In this work, the consideration of stakeholders’ values in a biorefinery design project is investigated. Value sensitive design (VSD) is a promising approach to the design of technologies with consideration of stakeholders’ values, however, it is not directly applicable for complex systems like biorefineries. Therefore, some elements of VSD, such as the identification of relevant values and their connection to a technology’s features, are brought into biorefinery design practice. Midstream modulation (MM), an approach to promoting the consideration of societal aspects during research and development activities, is applied to promote reflection and value considerations during the design decision making. As result, it is shown that MM interventions during the design process led to new design alternatives in support of stakeholders' values, and allowed to recognize and respond to emerging value tensions within the scope of the project. In this way, the present work shows a novel approach for the technical investigation of VSD, especially for biorefineries. Also, based on this work it is argued that not only reflection, but also flexibility and openness are important for the application of VSD in the context of biorefinery design.

Subjective Design Evaluation With Multiple Attributes

1990 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deborah L. Thurston
Keyword(s):  
Automotive Industry ◽  
The United States ◽  
Quantitative Information ◽  
Design Decision ◽  
Utility Analysis ◽  
Materials Selection ◽  
Design Alternatives ◽  
Multiattribute Utility Analysis ◽  
Alternative Designs

Abstract A formal methodology is presented which may be used to evaluate design alternatives in the iterative design/redesign process. Deterministic multiattribute utility analysis is used to compare the overall utility or value of alternative designs as a function of the levels of several performance characteristics of a manufactured system. The evaluation function reflects the designers subjective preferences. Sensitivity analysis provides quantitative information as to how a design should be modified in order to increase its utility to the design decision maker. Improvements in one or more areas or performance and tradeoffs between attributes which would increase desirability of a design most may be quantified. A case study of materials selection and design in the automotive industry is presented. The methodology was applied to 6 automotive companies in the United States and Europe, and results are used to illustrate the steps followed in application.

A Qualitative Study Exploring Well-Being and the Potential Impact of Work-Related Stress Among Commercial Airline Pilots

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Paul Cullen ◽  
Joan Cahill ◽  
Keith Gaynor
Keyword(s):  
Lived Experience ◽  
Participatory Design ◽  
Qualitative Interviews ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Work Related Stress ◽  
Airline Pilots ◽  
Work Related ◽  
Commercial Airline ◽  
Related Stress ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract. Increasing evidence suggests that commercial airline pilots can experience physical, mental, and social health difficulties. Qualitative interviews with commercial airline pilots explored the relationship between work-related stress and well-being. Participatory workshops involving pilots were conducted. The methodology of this action-based research involved a blend of person-centered design approaches; specifically, “stakeholder evaluation” and “participatory design.” The findings further support the hypothesis that pilot well-being is being negatively affected by the nature of their work. The biopsychosocial model of the lived experience of a pilot, as presented in this paper, provides a useful structure to examine pilot well-being, and to identify and scope potential coping strategies to self-manage health and well-being issues associated with the job of being a pilot.

scholarly journals Product Design Evaluation Method Using Consensus Measurement, Network Analysis, and AHP

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Yan-pu Yang ◽  
Hong-liang Tian ◽  
Sheng-jie Jiao
Keyword(s):  
Network Analysis ◽  
Product Design ◽  
Evaluation Method ◽  
Product Evaluation ◽  
Design Decision ◽  
Consensus Model ◽  
Ahp Method ◽  
Design Quality ◽  
Complex Network Theory ◽  
Design Alternatives

Product evaluation practices spread throughout from initial creative stages to final products before communicating them to the market. They emphasize on assessing design alternatives against specified criteria, which can help promote design process, ensure design quality, and diminish design risk before making a decision. However, how to identify and improve the reliability of product evaluation opinions toward design alternatives has an important role in adding additional insurance and reducing uncertainty to successful product design. Aiming at this issue, this study employs a consensus model by integrating network analysis and analytic hierarchy process (AHP) method. The consensus model is constructed to measure the consistency of evaluators’ preferences and determine the rounds of evaluation. Complex network theory is integrated into the product evaluation process for network analysis of evaluators’ opinions, which can help determine evaluators’ weights in each evaluation round dynamically by changing the network topology. To obtain the weight of product evaluation indices, the AHP method is applied to avoid subjectivity given by evaluators. The process of the proposed method is presented, and the details are illustrated using a product evaluation example. The case study demonstrates that the proposed method is promising for improving the consensus level of evaluators’ opinions, reducing the influence of subjectivity, and finally improving the quality of design decision-making.

scholarly journals Between Moments - Using virtual reality with participatory processes to design healthcare waiting places

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Robyn Harkness
Keyword(s):  
Virtual Reality ◽  
Participatory Design ◽  
Architectural Design ◽  
Acute Stress ◽  
Emotional Experience ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Design Tool ◽  
Medical Attention ◽  
Design Decision ◽  
Individual Perception

<p>Within healthcare architecture, there is a void of attention directed towards the non-medical spaces; the waiting rooms, hallways and all ‘between moments’ where many people spend extended periods of time under acute stress. Nowhere is this more prevalent that in the emergency departments where patients seek care and treatment for real or perceived, serious injuries or illnesses. While waiting for medical attention, exposure to high levels of harsh lighting, sterile furnishings, chaotic activity and cavernous rooms with others in distress can cause and increase anxiety, delirium and high blood pressure. The emotional experience of such spaces changes based upon a user’s unique sensory conditions and therefore their individual perception of space.  The architectural design tools and devices to explore these highly charged sensory spaces have been historically limited to technical plans and sections and rendered marketing perspectival images, which do not fully communicate the immersive experience of these spaces when in use. Virtual reality is emerging as a powerful three-dimensional visualisation tool, offering designers the opportunity to comprehend proposed designs more clearly during the planning and design phases, thus enabling a greater influence on design decision making.  This research explores the use of VR in a healthcare perspective, adopting a participatory design approach to simulate sensory conditions of blindness, deafness and autism and the emotions associated with these conditions within space. This approach diverges from a purely visual method of design towards an understanding of the haptic, exploring the critical phenomenology behind these non-medical spaces. The research finds significant potential for the use of virtual reality as a design tool to simulate the experience of these spaces in early design stages.</p>

Anonymity to Promote Peer Feedback: Pre-Service Teachers' Comments in Asynchronous Computer-Mediated Communication

2010 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-112 ◽  
Author(s):  
Craig D. Howard ◽  
Andrew F. Barrett ◽  
Theodore W. Frick
Keyword(s):  
Computer Mediated Communication ◽  
Peer Feedback ◽  
Mediated Communication ◽  
Computer Mediated ◽  
Design Alternatives ◽  
Mediated Discourse ◽  
Specific Feedback ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
Web Forum ◽  
Critical Feedback

In this quasi-experimental case study, we compared five sections of a basic undergraduate technology course. Within an asynchronous web forum, pre-service teachers wrote short critiques of websites designed by their classmates. This peer feedback was provided anonymously by students in two classes ( n = 35) whereas providers and recipients of peer feedback were identified by their real names in three other classes ( n = 37). Computer-Mediated discourse analysis methods (Herring, 2004) were used to code student written comments according to substance and tone of feedback. Next, we estimated likelihoods of specific feedback patterns through Analysis of Patterns in Time (Frick, 1990). Results indicated that students who were anonymous were approximately five times more likely to provide substantively critical feedback than were those whose identities were known to their recipients. When feedback was given anonymously, students were approximately four times more likely to provide reasons for needed improvement to a website, and then to suggest design alternatives. In light of advantages afforded by this form of pseudonymity, we conclude with a discussion of pedagogical prescriptions for supporting learners' production of feedback.

scholarly journals Quantitative Set-Based Design to Inform Design Teams

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 1239
Author(s):  
Eric Specking ◽  
Nicholas Shallcross ◽  
Gregory S. Parnell ◽  
Edward Pohl
Keyword(s):  
System Design ◽  
Design Decision ◽  
Design Decisions ◽  
Exploration Process ◽  
Design Alternatives ◽  
Engineering Technique ◽  
Potential Benefits ◽  
Aerial Vehicle ◽  
Set Based Design ◽  
Tradespace Exploration

System designers, analysts, and engineers use various techniques to develop complex systems. A traditional design approach, point-based design (PBD), uses system decomposition and modeling, simulation, optimization, and analysis to find and compare discrete design alternatives. Set-based design (SBD) is a concurrent engineering technique that compares a large number of design alternatives grouped into sets. The existing SBD literature discusses the qualitative team-based characteristics of SBD, but lacks insights into how to quantitatively perform SBD in a team environment. This paper proposes a qualitative SBD conceptual framework for system design, proposes a team-based, quantitative SBD approach for early system design and analysis, and uses an unmanned aerial vehicle case study with an integrated model-based engineering framework to demonstrate the potential benefits of SBD. We found that quantitative SBD tradespace exploration can identify potential designs, assess design feasibility, inform system requirement analysis, and evaluate feasible designs. Additionally, SBD helps designers and analysts assess design decisions by providing an understanding of how each design decision affects the feasible design space. We conclude that SBD provides a more holistic tradespace exploration process since it provides an integrated examination of system requirements and design decisions.

scholarly journals KECAKAPAN SISWA BERMATEMATIKA MELALUI PENGUATAN PENDIDIKAN KARAKTER ABAD 21

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-14
Author(s):  
Hartadi Gatot
Keyword(s):  
Learning Strategies ◽  
Causal Reasoning ◽  
Analogical Reasoning ◽  
Problem Based Learning ◽  
Case Based Reasoning ◽  
Learning Approaches ◽  
Mutual Cooperation ◽  
Work Related ◽  
Innovative Learning ◽  
Five Phases

Mathematics is one of the subjects that is unique in terms of problem solving. This is based on solving problems related to mathematics can be passed in various ways. This requires a spirit of creativity so that students can develop themselves into creative and innovative people in solving problems. In the learning process, teachers can use innovative learning approaches, strategies, models, or methods in the form of problem-based learning, one of the learning that reflects 21st century learning is PBL4C, is one of the innovative learning models that can provide learning conditions independently to students by directing students to work together (mutual cooperation) to solve a problem and of course the end result of this learning students are able to represent a work related to various problems in Mathematics. The application of PBL4C instructional activities is based on learning strategies involving semantic reasoning, case-based reasoning, analogical reasoning, causal reasoning, and inquiry reasoning. There are five phases of the implementation of problem-based learning, namely (1) orienting students to problems, (2) organizing students to learn, (3) guiding individual or group investigations, (4) developing and presenting work and (5) analyzing and evaluating processes solution the problem.

Differential Utility: Accounting for Correlation in Performance Among Design Alternatives

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sahar Jolini ◽  
George A. Hazelrigg
Keyword(s):  
Expected Utility ◽  
Probability Distributions ◽  
Computing Time ◽  
Design Criterion ◽  
Design Decision ◽  
Uncertain Variables ◽  
Design Alternatives ◽  
Simplifying Assumptions ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Differential Utility

Abstract Recognizing expected utility as a valid design criterion, there are cases where uncertainty is such that this criterion fails to distinguish clearly between design alternatives. These cases may be characterized by broad and significantly overlapping utility probability distributions. Not uncommonly in such cases, the utility distributions of the alternatives may be highly correlated as the result of some uncertain variables being shared by the alternatives, because modeling assumptions may be the same across alternatives, or because difference information may be obtained by means of an independent source. Because expected utility is evaluated for alternatives independently, maximization of expected utility typically fails to take these correlations into account, thus failing to make use of all available design information. Correlation in expected utility across design alternatives can be taken into account only by computing the expected utility difference, namely the “differential expected utility,” between pairs of design alternatives. However, performing this calculation can present significant difficulties of which excessive computing times may be key. This paper outlines the mathematics of differential utility and presents an example case, showing how a few simplifying assumptions enabled the computations to be completed with approximately 24 hours of desktop computing time. The use of differential utility in design decision making can, in some cases, provide significant additional clarity, assuring better design choices.

Aiding Design Decision Making: Adapting Mathematical Paradigms to Fit Designers’ Actual Needs

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. C. Hayes ◽  
F. Akhavi
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Mathematical Models ◽  
Ethnographic Study ◽  
Design Decision ◽  
Quality Cost ◽  
Design Alternatives ◽  
Selection Decisions ◽  
Product Decision ◽  
Further Development

When designing products, designers compare complex alternatives and select one or more for further development. The quality of these selection decisions directly impacts the quality, cost and safety of the final product. Decision theoretic approaches for making systematic comparisons might help in this process, yet designers do not tend to use them. The goals of this work are to begin understanding why, and to identify future questions that may lead to solutions. This paper summarizes the results of two studies, 1) an ethnographic study of working designers in which their actual practices and needs were observed during decision making, and 2) a laboratory study in which designers were asked to use mathematical models to compare and select design alternatives. Based on these studies, we conclude that the mathematical models, as formulated, are not well suited to designers’ needs. We propose a research agenda that may lead to new approaches combining decision theoretic and user-centered methods to create tools that the average designer will be willing to use.

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