The Effects of Counseling on The Knowledge and Attitude About The Risking Sexual Behavior of SMA 5 and SMA 21 Students in Makassar City

SMA 5 and SMA 21 are the leading schools in Makassar City which have a Youth Counseling Information Center. Previous research looked at the influence of game simulation and brainstorming on the knowledge and attitudes of stundent about reproductive health for high school adolescents in Makassar City, including SMA 5 and SMA 21, but the results did not have effect on students' knowledge and attitudes. Therefore, the researcher took the initiative to provide another intervention in the form of counseling. This study aims to determine the effect of counseling on knowledge and attitudes about risky sexual behavior among students in SMA 5 and SMA 21 Makassar City. This study used a quasi-experimental design with a randomized pre test post test control group design. A sample of 76 students of class XI SMA 5 and SMA 21 Makassar City, using simple random sampling technique. Data collection was using a questionnaire. Statistical analysis used paired t-test and independent samples t-test. The results showed that there was an effect of counseling on knowledge (p = 0.002) but there was no effect on attitudes (p = 0.865) in SMA 5 and SMA 21 Makassar City. It is suggested that SMA 5 and SMA 21 Makassar City be active in conducting counseling, especially counseling about attitudes, so that students have positive attitudes about risky sexual behavior.

Determinants of Teenage Pregnancy in Indonesia: An Evidence-Based Program

The pregnancy prevention in adolescent has long been the focus of global public health research [1]. Not only does it cause a serious problem to young women themselves but also their family and the society [2]. The World Health Organization (WHO) and the report on adolescents’ pregnancy prevention strategies accentuate the urgency of public health initiatives to reduce adolescent pregnancy rates, which can pose some risks such as: (1) the risk of low birth weight, premature labor and asphyxia, along with the potential of longterm complications; (2) a nonviable pregnancy rate is 50% higher in pregnancies under 20 years old contrasted to those between 20 to 29 years old; (3) children of teenage pregnancy has a 60% higher infant mortality rate compared to babies born to older mother; and are 63% more likely born in poverty; (4) teenage mothers are prone to postpartum depression and other mental health problems, less likely to breastfeed, and 20% of them are poor qualified, unemployed men as a partner; (5) at the age of 30.22% of teenage mothers are more likely to live in poverty than those who get pregnant at 24 years old and above; are also less likely to be employed, and to live together with their spouse or partner [3]. The research also reveals that when society is more accepting (seems to be more accepting) of adolescents having an early sexual intercourse, teenagers will be more likely to internalize a more tolerant attitude towards sex, and experience sexual intercourse at an early age compared to their parents. Some teenage boys perceive pregnancy (whether it is the normal one or unintended) as a life event that can trigger moral and material dilemmas [4,5]. Therefore, a prevention in teenage pregnancy is an ideal preventive effort to avoid initiation and early sexual intercourse so as to avoid the risk of unintended (or unwanted) pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases. This preventive attempt is priority as it does not solely involve the teenage girls but also their partner, peers, parents, teachers, health workers, as well as the whole relevant stakeholders either directly or indirectly. Based on the result of a study [6] the most dominant factors affecting adolescent pregnancy prevention behavior is peer influence with a value of p=0.00<a=0.05, and with a value of OR=3.84. It implies that adolescents negatively influenced by peers are at 3.84 times at risk of not being able to prevent pregnancy compared to those obtaining a positive influence. Similar viewpoint is also disclosed in a study which found new initial evidence on the importance of peer influence susceptibleness in the development of adolescent sexual behavior [7]. Peer influence is central to the development of pregnancy-related behavior in adolescents. It is also declared that higher positive composite score reflects higher susceptibility of peer influence and vice versa [8]. The implication of strategic policy that could be developed is that peer group influence has the main role to inhibit the risk of teenage pregnancy. Thus, the implication of the policy that must be implemented is that the National Population and Family Planning Agency (known as BKKBN) selects several teenagers who have social power competence through the selection of GenRe (Planning Generation) ambassadors in the society through PIK-R (Youth Counseling Information Centre) to be devoted as a role model in their peer group. They will be equipped with knowledge, attitudes, skills through such activity as Training of Trainer, workshops, seminars and other activities which support their activities as a peer educator or peer counselor. The influence of peers in adolescent has a critical role in early sexual initiation, where peers who have experienced sexual intercourse will usually tell their sexual activities to others, triggering others to have sexual intercourse early. This indicates that there is a strong influence of peers that can be benefitted to prevent pregnancy in adolescents. This attitude is in accordance with their developmental tasks during adolescence, where they prefer to listen peers rather than parents. The environment where teenagers typically assembly or spend their time is decisive if their actions lead to sexuality which can cause a risk of pregnancy. Moreover, the desire for opposite sex has also emerged after puberty in adolescents. Given that it is not regulated or controlled to an attempt to prevent the risk of pregnancy, it can be dangerous for the teenagers. It then suggests that school turns to be an enabling factor to the establishment of conducive social environment for a healthy social circumstance that reinforce teenagers to avoid the risk of pregnancy at an early age. The PKPR program (Youth Care Health Service) that has been running currently covers merely 31% health centers that are implementing it by a coordination with schools. This coordination should be improved as a priority program to fortify adolescents from the dangers of premature sexual activities that lead to the risk of pregnancy [9]. The Youth Family Development Program (BKR) is still relevant with the current situation where it aims to prepare families with adolescents finding the right approach to the problem and the way to communicate with adolescents effectively. Apart from the officials, this activity also involves the role of cadres in facilitating families who requires basic education. To directly facilitate teenage education is the main activity of Youth Counseling Information. Centre, facilitated straightforwardly by the National Population and Family Planning Agency. The agency assists teenagers by disseminating information and providing a counseling regarding, for example, reproductive health, conducted both in the school and in the society. This program also offers a counseling service to help teenagers to reduce their emotional burden or problems. The programs and activities mentioned above should have an impact on fortifying health literacy regarding sexual education for adolescents and increasing the number of youth participation in positive activities, especially the ones related to the prevention of the risk of pregnancy during adolescence and the anticipation of sexually transmitted disease.

PENDEKATAN KOMUNIKASI PEER GROUP DALAM INTERAKSI REMAJA PADA PROGRAM KAMPUNG KELUARGA BERENCANA BARUKUPA

AbstrakPenelitian ini adalah penelitian kualitatif untuk meneliti program pemerintah yaitu Program Kampung KB khususnya Pusat Informasi Konseling Remaja (PIK R). Tujuan penelitian ini untuk menjelaskan pendekatan komunikasi Peer group dalam Interaksi Remaja pada Program Kampung KB di RW 03 Desa Sukatani Kecamatan Pacet. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan metode studi kasus. Data yang di analisis adalah hasil wawancara dengan ketua kampung KB, ketua PIK R dan pembina PIK R, pengamat langsung di RW 03 Desa Sukatani dan kegiatan remaja. Serta telaah dokumen di kantor DPPKBP3A dan pengecekan atau pembanding data tokoh pemuda, penanggungjawab kegiatan dan tokoh masyarakat. Diharapkan melalui penelitian ini dapat melahirkan suatu model pendekatan komunikasi peer group dalam komunitas remaja yang dapat diterapkan untuk meningkatkan pencapaian keberhasilan Program Kampung di wilayah lainnya di Indonesia. Adapun hasil dari penelitian ini adalah pendekatan pola komunikasi peer group dalam program Kampung KB di RW 03 Desa Sukatani Kecamatan Pacet cukup signifikan memberikan dampak yang progresif terhadap penguatan pengetahuan remaja mengenai kesehatan reproduksi, resiko aktivitas seks pra nikah, dan pernikahan dini. Pendekatan komunikasi peer group cukup efektif dalam menularkan pengetahuan tersebut kepada remaja lainnya yang berada di luar RW 03 Desa Sukatani Kecamatan Pacet. Namun pengetahuan ini relatif tidak memberikan perubahan yang signifikan terhadap sikap dan perilaku remaja dalam pergaulan seks bebas dan penurunan tingkat pernikahan dini karena adanya faktor lain yang mempengaruhi diantaranya mudahnya remaja mengakses tayangan pornografi dan pornoaksi melalui media sosial, serta kebutuhan ekonomi keluarga yang memilih remaja untuk menikah di usia dini.Kata-kata kunci: Interaksi; peer group; pendekatan komunikasi; program kampung KB; remaja. AbstractThis research is a qualitative research to examine government programs, namely the KB Village Program, especially the Youth Counseling Information Center (PIK R). The purpose of this study was to find out how the Peer group communication approach in Youth Interaction in the KB Village Program in RW 03 Sukatani Village, Pacet District. This research uses a qualitative approach with a case study method. The data analyzed were the results of interviews with the head of the KB village, the head of PIK R and the coach of PIK R, direct observers at RW 03 Sukatani Village and youth activities. As well as reviewing documents at the DPPKBP3A office and checking or comparing data on youth leaders, people in charge of activities and community leaders. It is hoped that this research can produce a peer group communication approach model in the youth community that can be applied to increase the achievement of the success of the Kampung Program in other regions in Indonesia. The results of this study are the peer group communication pattern approach in the KB Kampung program in RW 03 Sukatani Village, Pacet District, which has a significant progressive impact on strengthening adolescent knowledge about reproductive health, the risks of premarital sexual activity, and early marriage. The peer group communication approach is quite effective in transmitting this knowledge to other adolescents who are outside RW 03 Sukatani Village, Pacet District. However, this knowledge relatively does not provide a significant change in the attitudes and behavior of adolescents in promiscuity and a decrease in the rate of early marriage due to other factors that influence, including the ease with which teenagers access pornography and porn action through social media, as well as the economic needs of families who choose teenagers to marry. at an early age.Keyword: Interaction; peer group; communication approach; family planning village program; adolescents

YOUTH ADAPTATION TO THE LABOR MARKET CHALLENGES

The relevance of the research topic is determined by the need to consider the issue of Ukrainian youth adaptation to the challenges on the labor market, which is under the influence of various crisis phenomena. They are related to the influence of both global and special internal factors. The aim of the study is to identify the impact of crisis phenomena on the youth adaptation to the labor market challenges. The object of research is the processes and factors influencing youth employment. The study of theoretical approaches to understanding the essence of the concepts such as “crisis” and “adaptation” revealed a direct connection between these phenomena, where the second imitates the first and affects the development of personality and the formation of new skills for transition. The analysis of the age population structure is carried out, which shows a low indicator in the category ”youth”. The dynamics of the level of youth employment in the periods of crisis fluctuations from 2007 to 2019 is demonstrated and negative trends are revealed. It is determined that due to the impact of crises, the labor market structure has suffered significant losses due to the decrease of the country population, aging of the nation, increased labor migration especially among young people, which leads to loss of labor country potential . Economic issues are the most acute for our state, and young people usually do not have enough experience and money savings to survive the period of trouble. Unemployed youth is a category with a high risk of social degradation, which is threatened by the development of marginal qualities, distortion of consciousness and civic views. Measures aimed at financial support for young people should be a priority, which should be targeted and provide additional employment guarantees. The fastest way is to develop and implement measures that will help young people adapt to the challenges of the organizational labor market. In this aspect, it is important to motivate and coordinate the cooperation of all social partners, which include employers, employment services, schools, higher education institutions and their career centers, NGOs, district education departments, and the authorities. An example is the Community of Employment Centers of leading Ukrainian universities from Kyiv, Kharkiv, Lviv, and Odessa, which was established in 2018 to share experiences of best and effective practices for promoting youth employment within our country. This collaboration has led to large-scale career activities for young people in all these cities, and during the pandemic, quickly find new options for cooperation with business, youth counseling and new career activities online. In order to mitigate the long-term effects of the coronary crisis on the youth labor market, a special program to support youth employment during the crisis should be considered. An example of such a comprehensive program, which can be taken as a model, is the EU program, which was established in 2013 and is aimed at young people aged 15 to 29. The terms of this program provide an opportunity to register young people who have completed the period of formal training and have not been employed for 4 months – for them the program offers employment opportunities, continuing education, internships, individual counseling and mentoring.

Peran Pusat Informasi Konseling Remaja (PIK-R) Dalam Meningkatkan Kemampuan Kontrol Diri Perilaku Menyimpang Remaja

The rationale for the existence of a youth counseling information center (PIK-R) is expected to have a role in increasing the ability of adolescent deviant behavior self-control, in this case especially students of SMA N 4 Purwokerto and adolescents in the Baturaden district. Quantitative research using survey research methods with explanatory research design. The approach in this study is cross sectional. PIK-R plays an important role in increasing the ability to self-control deviant behavior in adolescents. PIK R is needed and very useful for adolescents, so the hypothesis proposed in this study is that there is a positive and significant contribution between the role of PIK-R on the ability to control deviant behavior. The ability to control deviant behavior of the dependent variable, while the role of PIK R as the independent variable. The results of hypothesis testing indicate that the role of PIK R on the ability to self-control adolescent deviant behavior has a significant (significant) positive relationship with the correlation coefficient r = 0.572. The strength of the relationship has a coefficient of determination R2 = 0.369, this means that the variation that occurs in the variable ability to control deviant behavior is 36.9% determined by the role of PIK R. So it can be concluded that the contribution of PIK R's role to the ability to self-control adolescent deviant behavior is 36.9%, This shows that the role of PIK R is sufficient to contribute to the ability to self-control adolescent deviant behavior. Abstrak Dasar pemikiran adanya pusat informasi konseling remaja (PIK-R) diharapkan memiliki peran dalam meningkatkan kemampuaan kontrol diri prilaku menyimpang remaja, dalam hal ini khususnya siswa-siswi SMA N 4 Purwokerto dan remaja yang ada dikecamatan Baturaden. Penelitian kuantitatif dengan metode penelitian survey dengan rancangan penelitian explanatory riset. Pendekatan pada penelitian ini adalah cross sectional.PIK-R memegang peranan penting dalam meningkatkan kemampuan kontrol diri prilaku menyimpang pada remaja.. PIK R sangat dibutuhkan dan sangat bermanfaat bagi remaja, sehingga hiptesis yang diajukan dalam penelitian ini adalah adanya kontribusi yang positif dan signifikan antara peran PIK-R terhadap kemampuan kontroldiri perilaku menyimpang. Kemampuan kontroldiri perilaku menyimpang variabel terikat, sedangkan peran PIK R sebagai variabel bebasnya. Hasil pengujian hipotesis yang menunjukkan bahwa peran PIK R terhadap kemampuan control diri perilaku menyimpang remaja mempunyai hubungan yang positif yang berarti (signifikan) dengan koefisien korelasi r = 0,572. Kekuatan hubungannya memiliki koefisien determinasi R2 = 0,369, hal ini diartikan bahwa variasi yang terjadi pada variabel kemampuan kontroldiri perilaku menyimpang sebesar 36.9 % ditentukan oleh peran PIK R. Sehingga dapat disimpulkan kontribusi peran PIK R terhadap kemampuan control diri perilaku menyimpang remaja sebesar 36.9%, hal ini menunjukkan bahwa peran PIK R cukup memberikan kontribusi terhadap kemampuan control diri perilaku menyimpang remaja.