Lipidomics and cognitive dysfunction – A Narrative review

2020 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Arpita Chakraborty ◽  
Samir Kumar Praharaj ◽  
R. V. Krishnananda Prabhu ◽  
M. Mukhyaprana Prabhu
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Vascular Dementia ◽  
Cognitive Dysfunction ◽  
Neurological Disorders ◽  
Brain Lipids ◽  
Complex Lipids ◽  
Functional Components ◽  
The Brain

AbstractBackgroundMore than half portion of the brain is formed by lipids. They play critical roles in maintaining the brain's structural and functional components. Any dysregulation in these brain lipids can lead to cognitive dysfunction which are associated with neurological disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, schizophrenia, vascular dementia etc. Studies have linked lipids with cognitive impairment. But not much has been studied about the complex brain lipids which might play a pivotal role in cognitive impairment. This review aims to highlight the lipidomic profiles in patients with cognitive dysfunction.ResultsForty-five articles were reviewed. These studies show alterations in complex lipids such as sphingolipids, phospholipids, glycolipids and sterols in brain in various neurological disorders such as vascular dementia, Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease. However, the classes of fatty acids in these lipids involved are different across studies.ConclusionsThere is a need for targeted lipidomics analysis, specifically including sphingolipids in patients with neurodegenerative disorders so as to improve diagnostics as well as management of these disorders.

SPECIFIC PROPERTIES OF TUBULIN IN THE PREFRONTAL CORTEX IN CONTROL, SCHIZOPHRENIA AND VASCULAR DEMENTIA

2020 ◽  
pp. 65-71
Author(s):  
Burbaeva G.Sh. ◽  
Androsova L.V. ◽  
Vorobyeva E.A. ◽  
Savushkina O.K.
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Vascular Dementia ◽  
Binding Activity ◽  
Nephelometric Method ◽  
Rate Of Polymerization ◽  
Mental Diseases ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Brain

The aim of the study was to evaluate the rate of polymerization of tubulin into microtubules and determine the level of colchicine binding (colchicine-binding activity of tubulin) in the prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia, vascular dementia (VD) and control. Colchicine-binding activity of tubulin was determined by Sherlinе in tubulin-enriched extracts of proteins from the samples. Measurement of light scattering during the polymerization of the tubulin was carried out using the nephelometric method at a wavelength of 450-550 nm. There was a significant decrease in colchicine-binding activity and the rate of tubulin polymerization in the prefrontal cortex in both diseases, and in VD to a greater extent than in schizophrenia. The obtained results suggest that not only in Alzheimer's disease, but also in other mental diseases such as schizophrenia and VD, there is a decrease in the level of tubulin in the prefrontal cortex of the brain, although to a lesser extent than in Alzheimer's disease, and consequently the amount of microtubules.

Alzheimer’s disease and its related Dementia types: A review on their management via nanotechnology based therapeutic strategies

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Panoraia I. Siafaka ◽  
Gökce Mutlu ◽  
Neslihan Üstündağ Okur
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Vascular Dementia ◽  
Drug Delivery Systems ◽  
Delivery Systems ◽  
The Body ◽  
Daily Routine ◽  
Mixed Dementia ◽  
The Brain

Background: Dementia and its related types such as Alzheimer’s disease, vascular dementia and mixed dementia belong to brain associated diseases, resulting in long-term progressive memory loss. These diseases are so severe that can affect a person's daily routine. Up to date, treatment of de- mentias is still an unmet challenge due to their complex pathophysiology and unavailable efficient pharmacological approaches. The use of nanotechnology based pharmaceutical products could possibly improve the management of dementia given that nanocarriers could more efficiently deliver drugs to the brain. Objective: The objective of this study is to provide the current nanotechnology based drug delivery systems for the treatment of various dementia types. In addition, the current diagnosis biomarkers for the mentioned dementia types along with their available pharmacological treatment are being dis- cussed. Method: An extensive review of the current nanosystems such as brain drug delivery systems against Alzheimer’s disease, vascular dementia and mixed dementia was performed. Moreover, nan- otheranostics as possible imaging markers for such dementias were also reported. Results: The field of nanotechnology is quite advantageous for targeting dementia given that nanoscale drug delivery systems easily penetrate the blood brain barrier and circulate in the body for prolonged time. These nanoformulations consist of polymeric nanoparticles, solid lipid nanoparticles, nanostruc- tured lipid carriers, microemulsions, nanoemulsions, and liquid crystals. The delivery of the nan- otherapeutics can be achieved via various administration routes such as transdermal, injectable, oral, and more importantly, through the intranasal route. Nonetheless, the nanocarriers are mostly limited to Alzheimer’s disease targeting; thus, nanocarriers for other types of dementia should be developed. Conclusion: To conclude, understanding the mechanism of neurodegeneration and reviewing the cur- rent drug delivery systems for Alzheimer’s disease and other dementia types are significant for medical and pharmaceutical society to produce efficient therapeutic choices and novel strategies based on mul- tifunctional and biocompatible nanocarriers, which can deliver the drug sufficiently into the brain.

scholarly journals Group-level progressive alterations in brain connectivity patterns revealed by diffusion-tensor brain networks across severity stages in Alzheimer’s disease

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Rasero ◽  
C. Alonso-Montes ◽  
I. Diez ◽  
L. Olabarrieta-Landa ◽  
L. Remaki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Mild Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Disease Severity ◽  
Diffusion Tensor ◽  
Brain Networks ◽  
Stage Ii ◽  
Group Level ◽  
The Brain

AbstractAlzheimer’s disease (AD) is a chronically progressive neurodegenerative disease highly correlated to aging. Whether AD originates by targeting a localized brain area and propagates to the rest of the brain across disease-severity progression is a question with an unknown answer. Here, we aim to provide an answer to this question at the group-level by looking at differences in diffusion-tensor brain networks. In particular, making use of data from Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI), four different groups were defined (all of them matched by age, sex and education level): G1 (N1=36, healthy control subjects, Control), G2 (N2=36, early mild cognitive impairment, EMCI), G3 (N3=36, late mild cognitive impairment, LMCI) and G4 (N4=36, AD). Diffusion-tensor brain networks were compared across three disease stages: stage I 3(Control vs EMCI), stage II (Control vs LMCI) and stage III (Control vs AD). The group comparison was performed using the multivariate distance matrix regression analysis, a technique that was born in genomics and was recently proposed to handle brain functional networks, but here applied to diffusion-tensor data. The results were three-fold: First, no significant differences were found in stage I. Second, significant differences were found in stage II in the connectivity pattern of a subnetwork strongly associated to memory function (including part of the hippocampus, amygdala, entorhinal cortex, fusiform gyrus, inferior and middle temporal gyrus, parahippocampal gyrus and temporal pole). Third, a widespread disconnection across the entire AD brain was found in stage III, affecting more strongly the same memory subnetwork appearing in stage II, plus the other new subnetworks,including the default mode network, medial visual network, frontoparietal regions and striatum. Our results are consistent with a scenario where progressive alterations of connectivity arise as the disease severity increases and provide the brain areas possibly involved in such a degenerative process. Further studies applying the same strategy to longitudinal data are needed to fully confirm this scenario.

Delirium, dementia, and other cognitive disorders

Psychiatry ◽  
2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca McKnight ◽  
Jonathan Price ◽  
John Geddes
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Older Adults ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Brain Function ◽  
Healthcare Services ◽  
Common Condition ◽  
Organic Brain Disease ◽  
The Brain

Organic psychiatric disorders result from brain dys­function caused by organic pathology inside or outside the brain. Dementia is the most common condition, with Alzheimer’s disease alone affecting 1 per cent of the population at 60 years, rising to 40 per cent over 80 years. Many of the rarer organic psychiatric dis­orders tend to affect a wider age range, but present in similar ways. Given the changing demographics of most developed countries, disorders producing cognitive im­pairment in older adults are becoming increasingly important for provision of healthcare services and in daily clinical practice. This chapter will cover the more common causes of cognitive impairment, and there is additional information in Chapters 18 and 20 on psych­iatry of older adults in psychiatry and medicine. There are three common clinical presentations of or­ganic psychiatric disorders: … 1 Delirium— an acute generalized impairment of brain function, in which the most important feature is impairment of consciousness. The disturbance of brain function is generalized, and the primary cause is often outside the brain; for example, sepsis due to a urinary tract infection. 2 Dementia— chronic generalized impairment, in which the main clinical feature is global intellectual impairment. There are also changes in mood and behaviour. The brain dysfunction is generalized, and the primary cause is within the brain; for example, a degenerative condition such as Alzheimer’s disease. 3 Specific syndromes— which include disorders with a predominant impairment of isolated areas; for example, memory (amnesic syndrome), thought, mood, or personality change. These include neurological disorders that frequently result in organic psychological complications; for example, epilepsy…. Table 26.1 lists the main categories of psychiatric disorder associated with organic brain disease. The following sections describe these syndromes and the psychiatric consequences of a number of neurological conditions. Organic causes of other core psychiatric conditions (e.g. anxiety and psychosis) are covered in the relevant specific chapters. Delirium is characterized by an acute impairment of consciousness producing a generalized cognitive impairment. The word delirium is derived from the Latin, ‘lira’, which means to wander from the furrow. Delirium is a common condition, affecting up to 30 per cent of patients in general medical or surgical wards, with the primary cause often being a sys­temic illness. The term ‘acute confusional state’ is a synonym for delirium.

Apraxic and Action-Intentional Disorders Associated With Vascular and Degenerative Dementing Diseases

2020 ◽  
pp. 146-184
Author(s):  
Kenneth M. Heilman
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Working Memory ◽  
Episodic Memory ◽  
Executive Functions ◽  
Vascular Dementia ◽  
Response Inhibition ◽  
Word Fluency ◽  
Letter Word ◽  
The Brain

“Actions speak louder than words.” Although clinician’s behavioral evaluations of dementia most often include assessing episodic memory, declarative memories (e.g., naming and calculating), and executive functions (working memory, letter–word fluency), one of the most important functions of the brain is programing actions, including “how” to move and “when” to move. Patients with Alzheimer’s disease, vascular dementia, and other forms of dementia often have impairments in the systems that mediate these how-apraxic and when-intentional behaviors. Although the presence of these apraxic and action-intentional disorders may help with diagnosis and help doctors gain a better understand these patients’ disability, these functions are rarely tested and are often not well understood. The goal of this chapter is to describe the signs of the various types of apraxic disorders (limb-kinetic, ideomotor, conceptual, ideational, and dissociation) and well as action-intentional disorders (akinesia-hypokinesia, impersistence, perseveration, and defective response inhibition), how to test for these disorders, and their pathophysiology.

P3-175: Relationships between global cognitive dysfunction and PET biomarkers in normal aging, mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease

2012 ◽  
Vol 8 (4S_Part_14) ◽  
pp. P514-P514
Author(s):  
Eun Hyun Seo ◽  
Dong Young Lee ◽  
IL Han Choo ◽  
Bo Kyung Sohn ◽  
Jee Wook Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Mild Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Cognitive Dysfunction ◽  
Normal Aging
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