scholarly journals Assessment of the Moisture Effect on Gaseous Products of Self-Heating of Wood Chips

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 52-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hana Věžníková ◽  
Michaela Perďochová ◽  
Martina Uhrová
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Wood Chips ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Gas Release ◽  
Oxidation Reactions ◽  
Moisture Effect ◽  
Gaseous Products ◽  
Self Heating ◽  
The One ◽  
Increasing Temperature

Abstract Biofuels are stored in large quantities and may be susceptible to self-ignition. The possible methods of indication of temperature increase include the analysis of the gaseous products of heating where concentrations of certain gases may increase with increasing temperature. Gas release is also affected by the moisture of the material given that the moisture level changes surface accessibility for oxygen on the one side and serves as a catalyst of the oxidation reactions on the other. The present project analysed the effect of temperature and moisture on gaseous products of heating of wood chips, one of frequently used biofuels, with the aim to determine a suitable gaseous indicator of beginning self-ignition.

scholarly journals Inclination to self-ignition and analysis of gaseous products of wood chips heating

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 88-97
Author(s):  
Michaela Skrizovska ◽  
Hana Veznikova ◽  
Petra Roupcova
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Fourier Transformation ◽  
Wood Chips ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
European Standard ◽  
Gaseous Products ◽  
Self Heating ◽  
Infrared Spectrometer ◽  
Increasing Temperature ◽  
Solid Biomass

AbstractThis paper focuses on the assessment of the inclination to self-ignition of various types of wood chips according to the methodology of European standard EN 15188. The study also assesses the effect of heating temperatures on the composition and quantity of gaseous products of heating. Gases were analysed using an infrared spectrometer with Fourier transformation. From the measured results it was found that the inclination to self-ignition differs for various samples of wood chips. The paper discusses certain parameters assumed to affect the inclination of biomass to self-ignite. When assessing the effect of temperature on the composition of gaseous products, a sample of forest wood chips heated at temperatures from 50 to 150 °C resulted in the following gaseous products: carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, water and aliphatic hydrocarbons; their concentrations increase with the increasing temperature. Carbon oxides have been proposed as indicators of the state of stored materials self-heating. Observations presented in this paper can be used as data for elaborating safety instructions for storage of fuels based on solid biomass.

scholarly journals Hydrothermal treatment of sprout-damaged grain: I. Effects on the technological quality of wheat

1978 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 240-253
Author(s):  
Christina Westermarck-Rosendahl ◽  
Hannu Salovaara
Keyword(s):  
Amylase Activity ◽  
The Other ◽  
Processing Conditions ◽  
Falling Number ◽  
Gluten Quality ◽  
Heat Treated ◽  
Technological Quality ◽  
The One ◽  
Increasing Temperature

Two sprout-damaged wheat lots with the falling number values of 91 and 65 were heat-treated by immersing the grain in water of temperatures of 80, 85, 90 and 100°C, followed by rapid chilling in water. The purpose of the treatment was to suppress the excess a-amylase activity in the outer layers of the kernels. The a-amylase activity following the treatment was measured by the falling number test. The increase in the falling number value was the greater the longer the treatment lasted and the higher the water temperature was. Processing lasting 30 sec at 80, 85, 90 and 100°C increased the falling number value of the one lot from 91 to 105, 117, 133 and 238 and of the other lot from 65 to 69, 70, 98, 163, respectively. As the falling numbers increased the wet gluten content of the samples decreased. These changes had a negative correlation. The gluten quality showed heat damage when the amount of gluten had dropped by about 5 and 2 precentage units in the lots with the falling numbers 91 and 65, respectively. This occurred at processing of the lot of better quality for 70, 20, 13 and 6 sec in the order of increasing temperature. The corresponding durations for the other lot were above 60, 30, 20 and 6 sec. During these treatments the falling number values rose from 91 to 104—129 and from 65 to 70—71. These results were confirmed by farinogram and extensigram determinations and by baking tests. The same processing conditions affected more severely the lot having the better initial quality than the lot with greater sprout damages.

Anharmonicity and Hydrogen Bonding. The in-plane OH Bending and its Combination with the OH Stretching Vibration

1971 ◽  
Vol 49 (9) ◽  
pp. 1539-1544 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Asselin ◽  
C. Sandorfy
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Bonding ◽  
The Other ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Secondary Alcohols ◽  
Coupling Constant ◽  
Tertiary Alcohols ◽  
Anharmonicity Constant ◽  
Stretching Vibration ◽  
The One ◽  
Anharmonic Coupling

The infrared spectra of isopropanol, tert-butanol, and their deuterated homologues were measured between 1600 and 1160 cm−1 in a mixture of CCl3F and methylcyclohexane-d14 at temperatures ranging from 20 to −182 °C. The assignments of the in-plane OH deformation (δOH) bands of alcohols are confirmed by these low temperature measurements. An explanation is proposed for the great apparent differences between the δOH frequencies of primary and secondary alcohols on the one hand, and tertiary alcohols on the other. The effect of temperature on the δOH frequency of hydrogen bonded alcohols is found to be slight. Hydrogen bonding increases significantly the anharmonic coupling constant between νOH and δOH It remains, however, much smaller than the anharmonicity constant of νOH itself.

scholarly journals PENENTUAN KOEFISIEN TRANSFER MASSA EKSTRAKSI KALIUM DARI ABU BATANG PISANG

Konversi ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 39
Author(s):  
Primata Mardina ◽  
Ajang Gunawan ◽  
Muhammad Imam Nugraha
Keyword(s):  
Mass Transfer ◽  
Transfer Coefficient ◽  
Mass Transfer Coefficient ◽  
Extraction Process ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Average Error ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Dimensionless Equation ◽  
The One ◽  
Increasing Temperature

 Abstrak-Kalium sebagai mineral alam bisa didapatkan dari batang pisang dengan cara ekstraksi padat-cair pada abu batang pisang menggunakan pelarut methanol. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh suhu pada proses ekstraksi kalium dari abu batang pisang koefisien transfer massa proses tersebut. Proses ekstraksi ini dilakukan secara batch pada labu leher tiga yang dilengkapi dengan motor pengaduk, pendingin balik, termometer dan media pemanas. Abu batang pisang sebanyak 25 gram dan metanol 250 mL dimasukkan ke dalam labu leher tiga sebagai sampel. Ekstraksi dimulai dengan memanaskan sampel sampai suhu yang diinginkan, yaitu 30oC, 45 oC dan 60 oC, kemudian motor pengaduk dijalankan pada kecepatan yang telah ditentukan. Sampel diambil dalam selang waktu tertentu 0, 15, 30, 60, 120 180 dan 240 menit. Dari proses ekstraksi kalium dapat diketahui koefisien transfer massa. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa koefisien transfer massa semakin besar dengan semakin tinggi suhu operasi. Nilai koefisien transfer massa terbesar adalah 0,0235/menit pada suhu 60oC. Hubungan antara koefisien transfer massa dengan variabel-variabel yang mempengaruhinya dapat dinyatakan dengan persamaan dalam bentuk kelompok tak berdimensi sebagai berikut: Dengan ralat rata-rata 6,56 % Keywords: Ekstraksi, kalium, abu batang pisang,  Abstract-Potassium is the one of chemical compounds which can be extracted from ash of pseudo stem of banana by methanol solid-liquid extraction method. The experiment investigated the effect of temperature on mass transfer coefficient of potassium extraction process from ash of banana’s pseudo stem. This experiment conducted in a three necks flask which equipped with mechanical stirrer, condenser, thermometer and heating mantle. The sample was heated to desired temperature, 30oC, 45 oC and 60 oC. and maintained constant while reaction time. The reaction was timed as soon as the mechanical stirrer was turned on. Samples were drawn at specified time interval 0, 15, 30, 60, 120, 180 and 240 minutes. The result showed increasing temperature increased mass-transfer coefficient. The highest value of mass-transfer coefficient was 0,0235 /minute at 60oC.The correlation between mass transfer coefficient and investigated variables is shown in the dimensionless equation below: The average error is 6.56 % Keywords: Extraction, potassium, ash of banana’s pseudo stem.

A Molecular Basis for Indiscriminate and Selective Cell Adhesion

1969 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 799-813
Author(s):  
B. M. JONES ◽  
G. A. MORRISON
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Basis ◽  
Liver Cells ◽  
The Other ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Fibroblast Cells ◽  
Kcal Mole ◽  
Turbidimetric Method ◽  
Mixed Aggregates ◽  
The One ◽  
Basic Similarity

When cells of different type are intermixed they will adhere to one another indiscriminately. In mixed aggregates of 9th-incubation-day fibroblasts and 12th-day liver cells from chick embryos, the liver cells accumulated as groups which moved at random relative to the surrounding fibroblasts; groups of liver cells were liable to migrate from the interior to occupy the surface. Quantitative estimations of the effect of temperature on the rate of reaggregation of dissociated fibroblast cells, using a turbidimetric method, indicated that the rate was controlled by a chemical reaction. The energy of activation calculated for this reaction was 21.1.kcal/mole. The significance of this value is discussed in relation to values associated with other kinds of reactions. The indiscriminate adhesions formed between the unlike cells allowed them to move relative to one another, whereas the adhesions (selective) formed between like cells, when by chance they made contact, did not. Thus the aggregates of like cells increased in extent and the inherent ability of homogeneous aggregates to consolidate the intercellular bonding ensured that the process became effectively irreversible. If, as is evident, there is a basic similarity in the adhesive mechanisms of the various types of cells that exist, the question that required answering was what kind of differences could occur in the bonds to account for differential adhesiveness upon which the sorting out process depends. It is suggested that the linkage sites at the surfaces of cells move (oscillate) between two positions, the one unfavourable and the other favourable to adhesion, and the theory put forward is that differential adhesiveness is the expression of differences in the frequency of the oscillations of the otherwise equivalent linkage sites. The theory provides an explanation for the temporary nature of indiscriminate adhesion allowing the movement of unlike cells in contact relative to one another and the more permanent nature of selective adhesions responsible for the consolidation of like cells in their appointed territories.

scholarly journals The Effect of Temperature Gradients on the Exhalation Rate of Radon Generated by Building Materials

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-24
Author(s):  
Marius-Lucian Botoș ◽  
Zsombor Kisfaludi-Bak
Keyword(s):  
Indoor Air Quality ◽  
Indoor Air ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
Temperature Gradients ◽  
The Other ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Exhalation Rate ◽  
Radon Exhalation ◽  
Soil Walls ◽  
The One

Abstract There is increasing interest in indoor air quality studies. The effect of exhaled radon from soil, walls and ceilings has well-known consequences on human health, so the importance of modelling has been established. The present paper examines radon exhalation, on the one hand, only in the case of diffusion and, on the other hand, diffusion and advection. Comparing the results of the two test types, we can determine how significant the effect of temperature gradients on radon exhalation is. For a broader investigation, we performed the parametric tests on several types of material, wall thickness and radon concentration.

Note on Selection of Coordinate Systems for Geodynamics

1975 ◽  
Vol 26 ◽  
pp. 395-407
Author(s):  
S. Henriksen
Keyword(s):  
Sea Level ◽  
The Other ◽  
Coordinate Systems ◽  
Mean Sea Level ◽  
The Earth ◽  
The One ◽  
Static Systems ◽  
Selection Of

The first question to be answered, in seeking coordinate systems for geodynamics, is: what is geodynamics? The answer is, of course, that geodynamics is that part of geophysics which is concerned with movements of the Earth, as opposed to geostatics which is the physics of the stationary Earth. But as far as we know, there is no stationary Earth – epur sic monere. So geodynamics is actually coextensive with geophysics, and coordinate systems suitable for the one should be suitable for the other. At the present time, there are not many coordinate systems, if any, that can be identified with a static Earth. Certainly the only coordinate of aeronomic (atmospheric) interest is the height, and this is usually either as geodynamic height or as pressure. In oceanology, the most important coordinate is depth, and this, like heights in the atmosphere, is expressed as metric depth from mean sea level, as geodynamic depth, or as pressure. Only for the earth do we find “static” systems in use, ana even here there is real question as to whether the systems are dynamic or static. So it would seem that our answer to the question, of what kind, of coordinate systems are we seeking, must be that we are looking for the same systems as are used in geophysics, and these systems are dynamic in nature already – that is, their definition involvestime.

Nucleation of Disorder in Fe3Al Alloys

1967 ◽  
Vol 25 ◽  
pp. 312-313
Author(s):  
P. R. Swann ◽  
W. R. Duff ◽  
R. M. Fisher
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Transmission Electron Microscopy ◽  
Annealing Temperature ◽  
Antiphase Domain ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Domain Structures ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Domain Boundaries ◽  
Higher Temperature ◽  
The One

Recently we have investigated the phase equilibria and antiphase domain structures of Fe-Al alloys containing from 18 to 50 at.% Al by transmission electron microscopy and Mössbauer techniques. This study has revealed that none of the published phase diagrams are correct, although the one proposed by Rimlinger agrees most closely with our results to be published separately. In this paper observations by transmission electron microscopy relating to the nucleation of disorder in Fe-24% Al will be described. Figure 1 shows the structure after heating this alloy to 776.6°C and quenching. The white areas are B2 micro-domains corresponding to regions of disorder which form at the annealing temperature and re-order during the quench. By examining specimens heated in a temperature gradient of 2°C/cm it is possible to determine the effect of temperature on the disordering reaction very precisely. It was found that disorder begins at existing antiphase domain boundaries but that at a slightly higher temperature (1°C) it also occurs by homogeneous nucleation within the domains. A small (∼ .01°C) further increase in temperature caused these micro-domains to completely fill the specimen.

Stories and the Self

2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 47-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan Krause ◽  
Markus Appel
Keyword(s):  
Meta Analysis ◽  
The Self ◽  
The Other ◽  
Lower Degree ◽  
Contrast Effects ◽  
Self Perception ◽  
Self Perceptions ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The One ◽  
Implicit And Explicit

Abstract. Two experiments examined the influence of stories on recipients’ self-perceptions. Extending prior theory and research, our focus was on assimilation effects (i.e., changes in self-perception in line with a protagonist’s traits) as well as on contrast effects (i.e., changes in self-perception in contrast to a protagonist’s traits). In Experiment 1 ( N = 113), implicit and explicit conscientiousness were assessed after participants read a story about either a diligent or a negligent student. Moderation analyses showed that highly transported participants and participants with lower counterarguing scores assimilate the depicted traits of a story protagonist, as indicated by explicit, self-reported conscientiousness ratings. Participants, who were more critical toward a story (i.e., higher counterarguing) and with a lower degree of transportation, showed contrast effects. In Experiment 2 ( N = 103), we manipulated transportation and counterarguing, but we could not identify an effect on participants’ self-ascribed level of conscientiousness. A mini meta-analysis across both experiments revealed significant positive overall associations between transportation and counterarguing on the one hand and story-consistent self-reported conscientiousness on the other hand.

Radioimmunotherapy for treatment of acute myeloid leukaemia and myelodysplastic syndrome

2005 ◽  
Vol 44 (03) ◽  
pp. 107-117
Author(s):  
R. G. Meyer ◽  
W. Herr ◽  
A. Helisch ◽  
P. Bartenstein ◽  
I. Buchmann
Keyword(s):  
Acute Myeloid Leukaemia ◽  
Myeloid Leukaemia ◽  
Primary Tumour ◽  
The Other ◽  
Haematopoietic Stem Cell ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Primary Reduction ◽  
The One ◽  
Acute Myeloid

SummaryThe prognosis of patients with acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) has improved considerably by introduction of aggressive consolidation chemotherapy and haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (SCT). Nevertheless, only 20-30% of patients with AML achieve long-term diseasefree survival after SCT. The most common cause of treatment failure is relapse. Additionally, mortality rates are significantly increased by therapy-related causes such as toxicity of chemotherapy and complications of SCT. Including radioimmunotherapies in the treatment of AML and myelodyplastic syndrome (MDS) allows for the achievement of a pronounced antileukaemic effect for the reduction of relapse rates on the one hand. On the other hand, no increase of acute toxicity and later complications should be induced. These effects are important for the primary reduction of tumour cells as well as for the myeloablative conditioning before SCT.This paper provides a systematic and critical review of the currently used radionuclides and immunoconjugates for the treatment of AML and MDS and summarizes the literature on primary tumour cell reductive radioimmunotherapies on the one hand and conditioning radioimmunotherapies before SCT on the other hand.

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