„Eine irreführende Parallele“

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 169-182
Author(s):  
Stefan Majetschak
Keyword(s):  
Natural Science ◽  
Full Range ◽  
Intensive Study ◽  
Philosophy Of Psychology ◽  
Philosophical Investigations ◽  
Or Groups ◽  
Conceptual Confusion ◽  
Psychological Concepts

Abstract“A Misleading Parallel”. Wittgenstein on Conceptual Confusion in Psychology and the Semantics of Psychological Concepts. After the Philosophical Investigations, except for details, were largely finished in 1945, Wittgenstein, in his final years, undertook an intensive study of the grammar of our psychological concepts and the philosophical misinterpretations we often assign to them. Anyone looking through these extensive collections of philosophical remarks will probably quite often find it difficult to understand which questions Wittgenstein was addressing with individual remarks or groups of remarks and where the philosophical problems lay for which he was trying to find a solution, whether therapeutic or otherwise appropriate.In the article at hand I do not claim to fathom the full range of Wittgenstein’s thoughts on the philosophy of psychology even in the most general way. Rather it is my intention to shed some light on a diagnosis which he made for the psychology of his time. In part 1 of this paper I would like to provide a brief sketch of what Wittgenstein considered to be the conceptual confusion prevalent in psychology and to suggest why he did not expect the methods of an experimental (natural) science to be successful in solving the problems that concern us in psychology. In part 2 I’ll attempt to analyze how psychological concepts, according to Wittgenstein, might be construed in order to avoid any type of conceptual confusion.

Reply to Michael O’Sullivan

2018 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Philosophy Of Psychology ◽  
Philosophical Investigations

Between 1946 and 1949 Wittgenstein produced a series of manuscripts, whose contents are published in part as Part II of Philosophical Investigations, and as Remarks on Philosophy of Psychology I and II, and Last Writings I and II. For the most part these read like nightstand diaries (of a sort I ...

scholarly journals Dark matter

2014 ◽  
Vol 112 (40) ◽  
pp. 12246-12248 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. James E. Peebles
Keyword(s):  
Dark Matter ◽  
Natural Science ◽  
Full Range ◽  
Big Bang ◽  
Indirect Detection ◽  
Cosmological Tests ◽  
The Rich ◽  
Direct And Indirect Detection

The evidence for the dark matter (DM) of the hot big bang cosmology is about as good as it gets in natural science. The exploration of its nature is now led by direct and indirect detection experiments, to be complemented by advances in the full range of cosmological tests, including judicious consideration of the rich phenomenology of galaxies. The results may confirm ideas about DM already under discussion. If we are lucky, we also will be surprised once again.

Reason, Intention, and Choice An essay in Practical Philosophy

2004 ◽  
Vol 54 ◽  
pp. 265-300 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gavin Lawrence
Keyword(s):  
Moral Philosophy ◽  
Practical Philosophy ◽  
Philosophy Of Psychology ◽  
Action Intention ◽  
Modern Moral Philosophy ◽  
Psychological Concepts

It is the famous first thesis of Anscombe's ‘Modern Moral Philosophy’ that we should lay aside moral philosophy—indeed ‘banish ethics totally from our minds’! (p. 38, paragraph 36)—‘until we have an adequate philosophy of psychology’. By a ‘philosophy of psychology’ I understand Anscombe to mean grammatical investigations into various psychological concepts that hold the key to ethics. Anscombe herself instances ‘action’, ‘intention’, ‘pleasure’, ‘wanting’ (‘more will probably turn up if we start with these’). Without such an understanding, she thinks we will simply go astray.

scholarly journals The Epistemology of Psychology from a Perspective of Wittgenstein’s Grammatical Analysis

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Mirian Donat
Keyword(s):  
Human Behavior ◽  
Language Game ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
First Person ◽  
Causal Explanations ◽  
Philosophical Investigations ◽  
Grammatical Analysis ◽  
Psychological Concepts

This article evaluates Wittgenstein’s possible contributions to an epistemology of psychology. Although the author admittedly neither proposes an epistemology nor examines specific issues of psychology as a science, we understand that his reflections on the meaning of psychological concepts may contribute to a better understanding of psychology as a science, which involves understanding its object and methods. With that goal in mind and based on the concept of language developed in his second phase, especially in his work Philosophical Investigations, we retrace his efforts to obtain a picture of the grammar of psychological concepts, emphasizing two of its aspects: first, the place and role of first‑person expressive propositions in the psychological language-game and second, how this understanding of the perspective of the first person implies in refusing to reduce explanations of human behavior to causal explanations in favor of explanations based on reasons.

scholarly journals MJO as a Gestalt

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Pattern Recognition ◽  
Driving Mechanism ◽  
Madden Julian Oscillation ◽  
Philosophical Perspective ◽  
Philosophy Of Psychology ◽  
Philosophical Investigations

Abstract Objectively identifying a phenomenon from observation is often difficult. This essay reflects upon this problem from a philosophical perspective by taking the Madden-Julian oscillation (MJO) as an example. I argue that it can be considered as a problem of Gestalt. This concept is introduced by closely following Ludwig Wittgenstein’s two philosophical works, “Philosophical Investigations (Philosophische Untersuchungen)” and “Remarks on the Philosophy of Psychology (Bemerkungen über die Philosophie der Psychologie)”. Reflections upon the concept of Gestalt suggest why an objective identification of a phenomenon is so difficult. Importantly, the problem should not be reduced to that of a “pattern recognition”. Rather a given phenomenon must be considered as a whole, including a question of a driving mechanism.

scholarly journals Beyond cycle lanes and large-scale infrastructure: a scoping review of initiatives that groups and organisations can implement to promote cycling for the Cycle Nation Project

2020 ◽  
Vol 54 (23) ◽  
pp. 1405-1415 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Kelly ◽  
Chloë Williamson ◽  
Graham Baker ◽  
Adrian Davis ◽  
Sarah Broadfield ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Scoping Review ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Full Range ◽  
Eligibility Criteria ◽  
Stakeholder Consultation ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Ovid Medline ◽  
Online Databases ◽  
Or Groups ◽  
Stage Process

Background/objectivesCycling has well-established positive relationships with health. Evidence suggests that large-scale infrastructure and built-environment initiatives to promote cycling are likely to be necessary but not sufficient to maximise cycling participation. Smaller-scale initiatives that can be implemented by organisations (eg, employers) and groups (eg, community groups) are therefore also important, but the full range of feasible activities to promote cycling is not known. We aimed to scope the literature and map organisational, social and individual level activities to increase cycling.MethodsDesign: Scoping review following an established five-stage process.Eligibility criteria: Studies or publicly available reports describing cycling promotion initiatives deemed feasible for organisations or groups to implement.Sources of evidence and selection: (i) online databases (Ovid (Medline), Ovid (Embase), SportDISCUS (Ebscohost), ProQuest, Web of Science), (ii) existing systematic reviews, (iii) expert stakeholder consultation.ResultsWe extracted data from 129 studies and reports, from 20 different countries, identifying 145 cycling promotion initiatives. From these initiatives we identified 484 actions within 93 action types within 33 action categories under the nine intervention functions described by Michie et al. Environmental restructuring (micro-level), enablement, education and persuasion were the functions with the most action types, while coercion, modelling and restriction had the fewest action types.ConclusionThis is the first comprehensive map to summarise the broad range of action types feasible for implementation within organisation/group-based cycling promotion initiatives. The map will be a critical tool for communities, employers, practitioners and researchers in designing interventions to increase cycling.

Anscombe, Gertrude Elizabeth Margaret (1919–2001)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachael Wiseman
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Moral Philosophy ◽  
Human Subject ◽  
Mental Event ◽  
Human Form ◽  
Philosophy Of Psychology ◽  
Philosophical Investigations ◽  
Form Of Life ◽  
Mind And Body ◽  
Modern Moral Philosophy

G.E.M. Anscombe (1919–2001) is recognized as one of the most brilliant philosophers of the twentieth century. She is also well known as the translator and editor of Wittgenstein’s later writings, including his Philosophical Investigations. The work Anscombe undertook between 1956 and 1958, during which time she was concerned with the content and foundations of moral philosophy, has been extremely influential in philosophy of action and ethics. Her 1957 monograph, Intention, seeks to give an account of the psychological concepts she thought necessary for moral philosophy to be possible – intention, desire, reason, motive – and is one of the most significant philosophical works on action. Her much anthologized paper ‘Modern Moral Philosophy’ (1958) marks the beginning of the revival of virtue ethics. Anscombe’s work attempts to recover for a contemporary audience the premodern conception of human nature, action and ethics that is found in the writings of Aristotle and St Thomas Aquinas. Anscombe held that the bifurcation of man into mind and body which arose during the seventeenth century – and replaced the Aristotelian dichotomy of form and matter – had disastrous consequences in the philosophy of psychology and ethics. She subjected concepts along the fault line created by this change – cause, substance, mental event, intention, subject, object, freedom, sensation, self-consciousness – to detailed analysis using the method of grammatical enquiry. This method, learnt from Wittgenstein, involves describing the complex use of language in the context of our human form of life. In Anscombe’s work, this analysis reveals that the picture of the human subject that our Cartesian intellectual inheritance makes intuitive is profoundly mistaken.

Recherchen zu „Teil II“ der Philosophischen Untersuchungen und zur von Wittgenstein erstellten „C-Sammlung“ im Nachlass

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 155-201
Author(s):  
Josef G. F. Rothhaupt
Keyword(s):  
English Edition ◽  
Philosophy Of Psychology ◽  
Research Results ◽  
Philosophical Investigations ◽  
New Research

Abstract:In 1953 — two years after Wittgenstein’s death — the Philosophical Investigations as we know them today have been published in a bilingual (German-English) edition by Elizabeth Anscombe and Rush Rhees. This publication is divided into two parts – entitled “Part I” and “Part II”. In the revised 4th edition by Peter Hacker and Joachim Schulte from 2009 the title “Part II” was deleted and renamed to “Remarks on the Philosophy of Psychology — A Fragment”. This article presents some new research results about the genesis of the Philosophical Investigations in general and about “Part II” / “A Fragment” in particular. Furthermore, the so-called “C-Collection” arranged by Wittgenstein himself will be introduced in detail.

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