Synthese eines Doppel-Carbodiphosphorans und seiner Vorstufen / Synthesis of a Double-Carbodiphosphorane and its Precursors

1982 ◽  
Vol 37 (6) ◽  
pp. 677-679 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hubert Schmidbaur ◽  
Thomas Costa
Keyword(s):  
Phosphonium Salt ◽  
Ring Structure ◽  
Membered Ring ◽  
Phosphonium Bromide ◽  
High Yields

Abstract The reaction of 1,4-dibromobutane with bis(diphenylphospliino)methane (1) yields two products, one of which is identified as butane-1,4-bis[diphenyl(diphenylphosphinomethyl)-phosphonium bromide] (3 a). Transylidation of this bis-phosphonium salt using two equiv-alents of (CH3)3P = CH2 affords the bis-ylide [CH2CH2P(C6H5)2 = CH-P(C6H5)2]2 (4) in high yields. This conversion can be reversed on treatment of 4 with etheral HCl (to give 3b). Methylation of 4 with CH3I occurs at phosphorus, however, and produces the bis-semiylide salt (5), [CH2CH2P(C6H5)2CHP(C6H5)2CH3]22⊕ 2I⊖. Transylidation of 5 (again with (CH3)3P = CH2) leads to the bis-carbodiphosphorane (6), [CH2CH2P(C6H5)2 = C = P(C6H5)2CH3]2. All compounds were characterized by elemental and detailed NMR analyses. The second product of the above quaternisation reaction is a cyclic bis-phosphonium salt (2) with a seven-membered ring structure.

Understanding the microcrystal tests of three related phenethylamines: theortho-metallated (±)-amphetamine formed with gold(III) chloride, and the tetrachloridoaurate(III) salts of (+)-methamphetamine and (±)-ephedrine

2013 ◽  
Vol 69 (4) ◽  
pp. 388-393 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew R. Wood ◽  
Roger A. Lalancette
Keyword(s):  
Drug Use ◽  
Illicit Drug ◽  
Illicit Drug Use ◽  
Ring Structure ◽  
Membered Ring ◽  
Asymmetric Unit ◽  
Organic Components ◽  
Bidentate Complex

Theortho-metallation product of the reaction of (±)-amphetamine with gold(III) chloride, [D,L-2-(2-aminopropyl)phenyl-κ2N,C1]dichloridogold(III), [Au(C9H12N)Cl2], and the two salts resulting from crystallization of (+)-methamphetamine with gold(III) chloride, D-methyl(1-phenylpropan-2-yl)azanium tetrachloridoaurate(III), (C10H16N)[AuCl4], and of (±)-ephedrine with gold(III) chloride, D,L-(1-hydroxy-1-phenylpropan-2-yl)(methyl)azanium tetrachloridoaurate(III), (C10H16NO)[AuCl4], have different structures. The first makes a bidentate complex directly with a dichloridogold(III) group, forming a six-membered ring structure; the second and third each form a salt with [AuCl4]−(each has two formula units in the asymmetric unit). The organic components are all members of the same class of stimulants that are prevalent in illicit drug use. These structures are important contributions to the understanding of the microcrystal tests for these drugs that have been employed for well over 100 years.

Gold(I) Complexes Bearing P∩N-Ligands: An Unprecedented Twelve-membered Ring Structure Stabilized by Aurophilic Interactions

2009 ◽  
Vol 64 (11-12) ◽  
pp. 1513-1524 ◽  
Author(s):  
Uwe Monkowius ◽  
Manfred Zabel ◽  
Michel Fleck ◽  
Hartmut Yersin
Keyword(s):  
Solid State ◽  
Ring Structure ◽  
Phosphine Ligands ◽  
X Ray Crystallography ◽  
Aggregation Pattern ◽  
Elemental Analyses ◽  
High Yields ◽  
First Time ◽  
Solid State Structures ◽  
Aurophilic Interactions

The P∩N-ligands Ph2Pqn, 1, Ph2 Piqn, 2, Ph2 Ppym, 3, and the As∩N-ligands Ph2Asqn, 4, Ph2Asiqn, 5, (Ph = phenyl, qn = 8-quinoline, iqn = 1-isoquinoline, pym = 2-pyrimidine) have been synthesized, the ligands 2 and 5 for the first time. Their ligand properties were probed by the synthesis of gold(I) complexes. Reaction with (tht)AuCl (tht = tetrahydrothiophene) yielded the chlorogold complexes Ph2RP-Au-Cl (R = qn, 6; iqn, 7; pym, 8) and Ph2RAs-Au-Cl (R = qn, 9; iqn, 10) in high yields. Further treatment of 7 and 8 with one equivalent of AgBF4 provided the complexes [(Ph2Piqn)Au]BF4, 11, [(Ph2Ppym)Au]BF4, 12, and [(Ph2Piqn)Au(tht)]BF4, 14. For comparison, the previously reported complex [(Ph2Ppy)Au]BF4 (py = pyridine), 13, was re-investigated. The compounds were characterized by elemental analyses, mass spectrometry and NMR spectroscopy. In addition, the solid-state structures of 2, 3, 6, 7, 9 - 14 have been determined by X-ray crystallography. The chloro-gold compounds crystallize in the common rod-like structure known from R3EAuCl (R = aryl, E = P, As) complexes without further aggregation via aurophilic interactions. In all cases the phosphine acts as a monodentate ligand. In the solid state compounds 11 - 13 feature an unprecedented cyclic trinuclear aggregation pattern, in which the Au(I) atoms are linearly coordinated by the bridging phosphine ligands forming a cyclic (P-Au-N)3 arrangement. The resulting twelvemembered ring is further stabilized by Au · · · Au interactions. Due to the presence of these Au · · · Au contacts, 11 - 13 are emissive in the solid state but not in solution

scholarly journals Silylated gallium and indium chalcogenide ring systems as potential precursors to ME (E=O, S) materials

2013 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 1225-1238
Author(s):  
Iliana Medina-Ramírez ◽  
Cynthia Floyd ◽  
Joel Mague ◽  
Mark Fink
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Decomposition ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Membered Ring ◽  
Molecular Structures ◽  
Nmr Studies ◽  
X Ray ◽  
X Ray Crystallography ◽  
High Yields ◽  
Vt Nmr ◽  
State 1

AbstractThe reaction of R3M (M=Ga, In) with HESiR′3 (E=O, S; R′3=Ph3, iPr3, Et3, tBuMe2) leads to the formation of (Me2GaOSiPh3)2(1); (Me2GaOSitBuMe2)2(2); (Me2GaOSiEt3)2(3); (Me2InOSiPh3)2(4); (Me2InOSitBuMe2)2(5); (Me2InOSiEt3)2(6); (Me2GaSSiPh3)2(7); (Et2GaSSiPh3)2(8); (Me2GaSSiiPr3)2(9); (Et2GaSSiiPr3)2(10); (Me2InSSiPh3)3(11); (Me2InSSiiPr3)n(12), in high yields at room temperature. The compounds have been characterized by multinuclear NMR and in most cases by X-ray crystallography. The molecular structures of (1), (4), (7) and (8) have been determined. Compounds (3), (6) and (10) are liquids at room temperature. In the solid state, (1), (4), (7) and (9) are dimers with central core of the dimer being composed of a M2E2 four-membered ring. VT-NMR studies of (7) show facile redistribution between four- and six-membered rings in solution. The thermal decomposition of (1)–(12) was examined by TGA and range from 200 to 350°C. Bulk pyrolysis of (1) and (2) led to the formation of Ga2O3; (4) and (5) In metal; (7)–(10) GaS and (11)–(12) InS powders, respectively.

Effect of base on alkyltriphenylphosphonium salts in polar aprotic solvents

2008 ◽  
Vol 86 (7) ◽  
pp. 668-675 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julius N Ngwendson ◽  
Cassandra M Schultze ◽  
Jordan W Bollinger ◽  
Anamitro Banerjee
Keyword(s):  
Phosphonium Salt ◽  
Phenyl Group ◽  
Aprotic Solvents ◽  
Phosphonium Salts ◽  
Bromide Form ◽  
Mechanistic Investigation ◽  
High Yields ◽  
Excess Base ◽  
Homocoupling Reaction ◽  
Very High

When arylmethyl phosphonium salts are treated with a base (e.g., t-BuOK or NaH) they homocouple to form symmetric 1,2-diarylethenes. In some cases, dilution and (or) use of excess base lead to very high yields of the product. This reaction is solvent sensitive: the reaction occurs only when polar aprotic solvents such as acetonitrile or DMSO are used. Other alkyl phosphonium salts (e.g., ethoxycarbonylmethyltriphenylphosphonium bromide and n-butyltriphenylphosphonium bromide) form a ylid (when an α-carbonyl group is present) or lose a phenyl group to form alkyldiphenylphosphine oxides when treated with the base. Mechanistic investigation of the homocoupling reaction indicates that the reaction proceeds through a ylid that acts as a nucleophile on an unreacted phosphonium salt. The resulting adduct undergoes elimination to form the observed product. The E/Z ratio seems to depend on the amount of the base used and the phosphonium salt involved.Key words: phosphonium salts, homocoupling, 1,2-diarylalkene, Ylids.

Silica Surface Modification Reactions with Aluminum and Boron Alkyls and (Alkyl)Chlorides: Reactivities and Surface Nanostructures

2008 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 660-666 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan P. Blitz ◽  
Jeannine M. Christensen ◽  
Carol A. Deakyne ◽  
Vladimir M. Gun'ko
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Structure ◽  
Silica Surface ◽  
Molecular Level ◽  
Ring Structure ◽  
Membered Ring ◽  
Silica Surfaces ◽  
Surface Nanostructures ◽  
Reactive Groups ◽  
Aluminum Compounds ◽  
Silica Surface Modification

The functionalization of nanoporous and nanoparticulate silica surfaces requires a molecular level understanding of the chemistry and structures which result from surface reactions. Various types of reactive groups on silica can participate, giving rise to different nanostructures. It is necessary to devise methods to alter the reactive nature of silica surfaces to control the nanoscale chemical structure. Various silica pretreatments are utilized to alter the silica surface prior to reaction with AlEt3, AlEtxCl3−x, BEt3, BCl3, and TiCl4. Reactivities of these surface reactive reagents are compared. Aluminum compounds preferentially react with loss of alkane rather than HCl, in a thermodynamically controlled reaction as determined by ab initio computational methods. Consideration of the structures resulting from reaction of the boron and aluminum compounds above with silica surface diols has been taken into account. Particular attention has been paid to the possibility of forming a cyclic 4-membered ring structure. While this is unlikely to form from reactions with MCl3, such structures may be possible when reacting silicas with MMe3.

scholarly journals Gold-Catalyzed Rearrangement of (Silylcyclopropenyl)methyl Ethers into (Silylmethylene)cyclopropanes

Synthesis ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 48 (19) ◽  
pp. 3165-3174 ◽  
Author(s):  
Florence Hiault ◽  
Alexis Archambeau ◽  
Frédéric Miege ◽  
Christophe Meyer ◽  
Janine Cossy
Keyword(s):  
Ring Opening ◽  
Methyl Formate ◽  
Hydride Transfer ◽  
Membered Ring ◽  
Allylic Cation ◽  
High Yields

Methoxymethyl ethers derived from 2-(dimethylphenylsilyl)cycloprop-1-enyl carbinols undergo gold-catalyzed rearrangement leading to [(Z)-(dimethylphenylsilyl)methylene]cyclopropanes in moderate to high yields with methyl formate as a byproduct. This transformation proceeds by initial regioselective ring opening of the three-membered ring leading to an α-silyl vinyl gold carbenoid. This latter organogold species evolves by 1,5-hydride transfer, which triggers subsequent rearrangement involving loss of methyl formate, 2π-electrocyclization of the resulting allylic cation, and elimination of the metal to regenerate the catalyst.

Five-membered ring annulation via thermal rearrangement of β-cyclopropyl α,β-unsaturated ketones. A formal total synthesis of the sesquiterpenoid (±)-zizaene

1982 ◽  
Vol 60 (23) ◽  
pp. 2965-2975 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward Piers ◽  
Jacques Banville ◽  
Cheuk Kun Lau ◽  
Isao Nagakura
Keyword(s):  
Total Synthesis ◽  
Sodium Methoxide ◽  
Membered Ring ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Thermal Rearrangement ◽  
Standard Methods ◽  
Unsaturated Ketones ◽  
Mild Conditions ◽  
Sodium Amalgam ◽  
High Yields

Treatment of the β-iodo enones 7–10 with lithium (phenylthio)(cyclopropyl)cuprate provided excellent yields of the corresponding β-cyclopropyl α,β-unsaturated ketones 11–14, respectively. When 3-isopropenyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one (16) was allowed to react with dimethyloxosulfonium methylide in dimethyl sulfoxide – tetrahydrofuran, 3-(1-methylcyclopropyl)-2-cyclohexen-1-one (17) was produced in 59% yield. Although thermal rearrangement (~425–450 °C) of compounds 11 and 17 produced high yields of the annulation products 19 and 22, respectively, similar reactions involving the β-cyclopropyl enones 12 and 13 were not efficient in terms of production of the corresponding bicyclic systems (23, 26, and/or 27, respectively). In these cases, predominant (24 + 25 from 12) or significant (28 + 29 from 13) amounts of monocyclic dienones were formed. The annulation product 22 served as a convenient starting material for a new formal total synthesis of the sesquiterpenoid (±)-zizaene (30). Conjugate addition of lithium divinylcuprate to 22 afforded the ketone 36 which was converted by standard methods (via 38 and 39) into the enone 40. Treatment of the latter substance with thiophenol in the presence of tetra-n-butylammonium fluoride gave 41, which was transformed via ketalization (41 → 42), hydroboration(42 → 43), tosylation (43 → 44), and oxidation (44 → 45) into the sulfone 45. When the latter compound was treated with potassium tert-butoxide in hexamethylphosphoramide, the tricyclic ketal sulfone 46 was produced in 85% yield. Reduction of 46 with sodium amalgam afforded the ketal 47, which upon hydrolysis under mild conditions gave the ketone 32. Treatment of the latter substance with sodium methoxide in methanol provided a 1:2 mixture of the epimeric ketones 31 and 32, which had been converted previously by Coates and Sowerby into (±)-zizaene (30).

Cyanoethylations and Michael additions. II. The synthesis of allylic cyclohexenols by γ-cyanoethylation of α,β-unsaturated aldehydes and ketones. Part II

1970 ◽  
Vol 48 (18) ◽  
pp. 2819-2838 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ch. R. Engel ◽  
J. Lessard
Keyword(s):  
Membered Ring ◽  
Detailed Report ◽  
Michael Additions ◽  
Unsaturated Aldehydes ◽  
Single Operation ◽  
Aldehydes And Ketones ◽  
High Yields

The detailed report of the first cyclo-γ-cyanoethylation of an α,β-unsaturated carbonyl system, 3β-acetoxy-5α-pregn-17-en-21-al, is given. This reaction, which proceeds in high yields, gives rise, in a single operation, to products with an additional functionalized six-membered ring, primarily to allylic α′-cyanohexenols.

PYRANOSE–FURANOSE AND ANOMERIC EQUILIBRIA: INFLUENCE OF SOLVENT AND OF PARTIAL METHYLATION

1966 ◽  
Vol 44 (17) ◽  
pp. 2039-2049 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Mackie ◽  
A. S. Perlin
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Dimethyl Sulfoxide ◽  
Ring Structure ◽  
Tautomeric Equilibrium ◽  
Membered Ring ◽  
Partial Methylation ◽  
Hydroxyl Proton ◽  
Methyl Derivatives ◽  
Influence Of Solvent

Sugars possessing the arabino (2,3,4-trans,cis) configuration exist as furanoses to a greater extent in dimethyl sulfoxide than in water. Their 2,3-di-O-methyl derivatives show an even stronger preference for a five membered ring structure in both solvents. This is most marked for 2,3-di-O-methyl-D-arabinose and 2,3-di-O-methyl-D-altrose, which are 65% and 80% furanose, respectively, in dimethyl sulfoxide. Compounds in the xylo (2,3,4-trans,trans) or lyxo (2,3,4-cis,trans) series show little tendency to be furanoses in either solvent. However, α-pyranoses in the lyxo series are relatively more stable in dimethyl sulfoxide than in water, whereas the anomeric composition for members of the xylo series is the same in both solvents. Some of these variations in the equilibria are attributed to the preferential stabilization of pyranose forms in water. D-Lyxose and D-ribose show nuclear magnetic resonance spectral differences in the two solvents that appear to be due to conformational, as well as tautomeric, equilibrium changes.An equatorial anomeric hydroxyl proton of a given pair in dimethyl sulfoxide shows a larger spacing (6.5–8.0 c.p.s.) than an axial anomeric hydroxyl proton (4–5 c.p.s.). The signal for the latter proton occurs at higher field than an equatorial OH-1, except when OH-2 is axial.

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