Cuticular Wax Profiles of Leaves of Some Traditionally Used African Bignoniaceae

2004 ◽  
Vol 59 (9-10) ◽  
pp. 631-635 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rainer Gormann ◽  
Lukas Schreiber ◽  
Herbert Kolodziej
Keyword(s):  
Carboxylic Acids ◽  
Oleanolic Acid ◽  
Homologous Series ◽  
Cuticular Wax ◽  
Cuticular Waxes ◽  
Chloroform Extraction

Abstract The cuticular waxes, obtained by chloroform extraction from the leaves of four African Bignoniaceae, Newbouldia laevis, Markhamia acuminata, Spathodea campanulata and Kigelia africana were analysed by GC-MS. The principal constituents were represented by a homologous series of n-alkanes (C23-C33), n-alcohols (C18-C30) and related carboxylic acids (C16-C36). For N. laevis and M. acuminata, ursolic and oleanolic acid were the most abundant wax components (52 and 60%, respectively), followed by the C29, the C31 and the C33 n-alkanes. The predominant components of S. campanulata were n-alcohols (35%), with octacosanol and triacontanol as the most abundant ones, while K. africana is distinguished from these three members by the conspicuous absence of triterpenoic acids and the predominance of n-alkanes (70%) with hentriacontane and tritriacontane as the main representatives. Other notable constituents were sterols, albeit present in trace amounts. The wax profiles are discussed in terms of taxonomic characters.

Composition of Epicuticular Waxes from Fruits of Jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis [Link] Schneider)

1982 ◽  
Vol 37 (11-12) ◽  
pp. 1053-1056 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul-Gerhard Gülz
Keyword(s):  
Homologous Series ◽  
Cuticular Wax ◽  
Wax Esters ◽  
Hydrocarbon Fraction ◽  
Simmondsia Chinensis ◽  
Epicuticular Waxes ◽  
Cuticular Waxes ◽  
Branched Alkanes ◽  
Seed Coats ◽  
Long Chain

Abstract Epicuticular waxes were extracted with hexane from dry Jojoba pericarp and seed. These cuticular waxes consisted of hydrocarbons, wax esters, free acids, free alcohols and sterols; additionally aldehydes were found in the wax obtained from seed coats. The hydrocarbon fraction contained a homologous series of n-alkanes and branched alkanes but no alkenes. The composition of the wax esters of the cuticular wax was similar to that of the cotyledons. The esters are composed of monounsaturated long chain acids and alcohols.

scholarly journals Dissecting the Roles of Cuticular Wax in Plant Resistance to Shoot Dehydration and Low-Temperature Stress in Arabidopsis

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 1554
Author(s):  
Tawhidur Rahman ◽  
Mingxuan Shao ◽  
Shankar Pahari ◽  
Prakash Venglat ◽  
Raju Soolanayakanahally ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Cold Acclimation ◽  
Water Loss ◽  
Cuticular Wax ◽  
Dehydration Stress ◽  
Wax Deposition ◽  
Cuticular Waxes ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectroscopy

Cuticular waxes are a mixture of hydrophobic very-long-chain fatty acids and their derivatives accumulated in the plant cuticle. Most studies define the role of cuticular wax largely based on reducing nonstomatal water loss. The present study investigated the role of cuticular wax in reducing both low-temperature and dehydration stress in plants using Arabidopsis thaliana mutants and transgenic genotypes altered in the formation of cuticular wax. cer3-6, a known Arabidopsis wax-deficient mutant (with distinct reduction in aldehydes, n-alkanes, secondary n-alcohols, and ketones compared to wild type (WT)), was most sensitive to water loss, while dewax, a known wax overproducer (greater alkanes and ketones compared to WT), was more resistant to dehydration compared to WT. Furthermore, cold-acclimated cer3-6 froze at warmer temperatures, while cold-acclimated dewax displayed freezing exotherms at colder temperatures compared to WT. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS) analysis identified a characteristic decrease in the accumulation of certain waxes (e.g., alkanes, alcohols) in Arabidopsis cuticles under cold acclimation, which was additionally reduced in cer3-6. Conversely, the dewax mutant showed a greater ability to accumulate waxes under cold acclimation. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) also supported observations in cuticular wax deposition under cold acclimation. Our data indicate cuticular alkane waxes along with alcohols and fatty acids can facilitate avoidance of both ice formation and leaf water loss under dehydration stress and are promising genetic targets of interest.

scholarly journals Genetic resistance of Eucalyptus globulus to autumn gum moth defoliation and the role of cuticular waxes

2002 ◽  
Vol 32 (11) ◽  
pp. 1961-1969 ◽  
Author(s):  
T H Jones ◽  
B M Potts ◽  
R E Vaillancourt ◽  
N W Davies
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Eucalyptus Globulus ◽  
Field Trial ◽  
Genetic Resistance ◽  
Cuticular Wax ◽  
Wax Esters ◽  
Broad Sense ◽  
Broad Sense Heritability ◽  
Cuticular Waxes

This study investigated the association between resistance of Eucalyptus globulus Labill. to autumn gum moth (Mnesempala privata Guenée) defoliation and cuticular wax compounds. In a field trial consisting of clonally replicated F2 families of E. globulus, situated in Tasmania, Australia, significant genetic variation in resistance was detected in two of three F2 families. The broad-sense heritability for defoliation within families ranged from 0.24 to 0.33. The 15 most resistant and the 15 most susceptible genotypes within each variable family were compared for their relative levels of 26 cuticular wax compounds. While no significant correlation between resistance and total wax yield estimates was found, significant differences were detected between resistant and susceptible classes in the relative quantities of several aliphatic phenylethyl and benzyl wax esters within both families. This association does not appear to be a response induced by defoliation. The broad-sense heritabilities of the variation in these compounds were high (0.82–0.94). Our findings suggest that these wax compounds are a mechanism of genetic resistance to autumn gum moth in E. globulus.

scholarly journals Genetic mapping and candidate gene identification of BoGL5, a gene essential for cuticular wax biosynthesis in broccoli

BMC Genomics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fengqing Han ◽  
Jingjing Huang ◽  
Qi Xie ◽  
Yumei Liu ◽  
Zhiyuan Fang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Abiotic Stresses ◽  
Genetic Basis ◽  
Ectopic Expression ◽  
Recessive Gene ◽  
Cuticular Wax ◽  
Terrestrial Plants ◽  
Cuticular Waxes ◽  
Biotic And Abiotic Stresses ◽  
Defective Mutant ◽  
Interval Sequence

Abstract Background The aerial organs of most terrestrial plants are covered by cuticular waxes, which impart plants a glaucous appearance and play important roles in protecting against various biotic and abiotic stresses. Despite many glossy green (wax-defective) mutants being well characterized in model plants, little is known about the genetic basis of glossy green mutant in broccoli. Results B156 is a spontaneous broccoli mutant showing a glossy green phenotype. Detection by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) revealed that B156 is a cuticular wax-defective mutant, lacking waxes mostly longer than C28. Inheritance analysis revealed that this trait was controlled by a single recessive gene, BoGL5. Whole-genome InDel markers were developed, and a segregating F2 population was constructed to map BoGL5. Ultimately, BoGL5 was mapped to a 94.1 kb interval on C01. The BoCER2 gene, which is homologous to the Arabidopsis CER2 gene, was identified as a candidate of BoGL5 from the target interval. Sequence analyses revealed that Bocer2 in B156 harbored a G-to-T SNP mutation at the 485th nucleotide of the CDS, resulting in a W-to-L transition at the 162nd amino acid, a conserved site adjacent to an HXXXD motif of the deduced protein sequence. Expression analysis revealed that BoCER2 was significantly down-regulated in the leaves, stems, and siliques of B156 mutant than that of B3. Last, ectopic expression of BoCER2 in A. thaliana could, whereas Bocer2 could not, rescue the phenotype of cer2 mutant. Conclusions Overall, this study mapped the locus determining glossy phenotype of B156 and proved BoCER2 is functional gene involved in cuticular wax biosynthesis which would promotes the utilization of BoCER2 to enhance plant resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses, and breeding of B. oleracea cultivars with glossy traits.

scholarly journals Update on Cuticular Wax Biosynthesis and Its Roles in Plant Disease Resistance

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (15) ◽  
pp. 5514
Author(s):  
Xiaoyu Wang ◽  
Lingyao Kong ◽  
Pengfei Zhi ◽  
Cheng Chang
Keyword(s):  
Disease Resistance ◽  
Plant Disease Resistance ◽  
Plant Disease ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Higher Plants ◽  
Defense Responses ◽  
Cuticular Wax ◽  
Cuticular Waxes ◽  
Infection Processes ◽  
Plant Pathogen Interactions

The aerial surface of higher plants is covered by a hydrophobic layer of cuticular waxes to protect plant tissues against enormous environmental challenges including the infection of various pathogens. As the first contact site between plants and pathogens, the layer of cuticular waxes could function as a plant physical barrier that limits the entry of pathogens, acts as a reservoir of signals to trigger plant defense responses, and even gives cues exploited by pathogens to initiate their infection processes. Past decades have seen unprecedented proceedings in understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying the biosynthesis of plant cuticular waxes and their functions regulating plant–pathogen interactions. In this review, we summarized the recent progress in the molecular biology of cuticular wax biosynthesis and highlighted its multiple roles in plant disease resistance against bacterial, fungal, and insect pathogens.

Effects of palmitic acid (16:0), hexacosanoic acid (26:0), ethephon and methyl jasmonate on the cuticular wax composition, structure and expression of key gene in the fruits of three pear cultivars

2020 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 156
Author(s):  
Xiao Wu ◽  
Yangyang Chen ◽  
Xinjie Shi ◽  
Kaijie Qi ◽  
Peng Cao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Palmitic Acid ◽  
Methyl Jasmonate ◽  
Gene Expression Analysis ◽  
Cuticular Wax ◽  
Pear Fruit ◽  
Cuticular Waxes ◽  
Hexacosanoic Acid ◽  
Wax Crystal ◽  
Composition Structure ◽  
Wax Synthesis

The chemical composition, crystal morphology and expression levels of associated genes involved in the cuticular wax of three pear cultivars ‘Housui’, ‘Cuiguan’ and ‘Yuluxiang’ after treatment with palmitic acid (PA), hexacosanoic acid (HA), ethephon and methyl jasmonate (Meja) were determined. A total of 59 cuticular wax compounds were detected across all samples. The wax coverage of ‘Housui’ fruits increased by 71.74, 93.48 and 89.13% after treatment with PA, ethephon and Meja, respectively, and treatment with PA, HA and Meja also increased the wax coverage in ‘Cuiguan’ (65.33, 20.00 and 21.33% respectively) and in ‘Yuluxiang’ (38.60, 63.16 and 42.11% respectively) fruits. Heatmap clustering analysis and partial least-squares-discriminate analysis (PLS-DA) also revealed that the different treatments exerted various influences on cuticular wax among the different cultivars. In addition, the wax component coverage and wax crystal structures showed variations among the different cultivars as well as different treatments. Gene expression analysis revealed 11 genes likely to be involved in pear fruit wax synthesis, transport and regulation. Taken together, the results of this study demonstrate that the differences in the cuticular waxes of the fruits of different cultivars after treatment with PA, HA, ethephon or Meja might lead to a better understanding of the regulatory effect of a substrate or elicitor on the composition and deposition of cuticular waxes.

scholarly journals Dissecting the Roles of Cuticular Wax in Plant Resistance to Shoot Dehydration and Low-Temperature Stress in Arabidopsis

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tawhidur Rahman ◽  
Mingxuan Shao ◽  
Shankar Pahari ◽  
Prakash Venglat ◽  
Raju Soolanayakanahally ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Cold Acclimation ◽  
Water Loss ◽  
Cuticular Wax ◽  
Dehydration Stress ◽  
Wax Deposition ◽  
Cuticular Waxes ◽  
Leaf Water Loss

Cuticular waxes are a mixture of hydrophobic very-long-chain fatty acids and their derivatives accumulated in the plant cuticle. Most studies define the role of cuticular wax largely based on reducing non-stomatal water loss. The present study investigated the role of cuticular wax in reducing both low-temperature and dehydration stress in plants using Arabidopsis thaliana mutants and transgenic genotypes altered in the formation of cuticular wax. cer3-6, a known Arabidopsis wax-deficient mutant (with distinct reduction in aldehydes, n-alkanes, secondary n-alcohols, and ketones compared to wild type (WT)), was most sensitive to water loss; while dewax, a known wax overproducer (greater alkanes and ketones compared to WT), was more resistant to dehydration compared to WT. Furthermore, cold-acclimated cer3-6 froze at warmer temperatures, while cold-acclimated dewax displayed freezing exotherms at colder temperatures compared to WT. GC-MS analysis identified a characteristic decrease in the accumulation of certain waxes (e.g. alkanes, alcohols) in Arabidopsis cuticles under cold acclimation, which was additionally reduced in cer3-6. Conversely, the dewax mutant showed a greater ability to accumulate waxes under cold acclimation. FTIR spectroscopy also supported observations in cuticular wax deposition under cold acclimation. Our data indicate cuticular alkane waxes along with alcohols and fatty acids can facilitate avoidance of both ice formation and leaf water loss under dehydration stress, and are promising genetic targets of interest.

scholarly journals Increased cuticular wax accumulation and enhanced drought tolerance in transgenic alfalfa (Medicago sativa) by overexpression of a transcription factor gene

2006 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
pp. 145-150
Author(s):  
J.I.-Yi Zhang ◽  
Mary Sledge ◽  
Joseph Bouton ◽  
Zeng-Y.U. Wang
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factor ◽  
Drought Tolerance ◽  
Medicago Sativa ◽  
Cuticular Wax ◽  
Transcription Factor Gene ◽  
Cuticular Waxes ◽  
Model Legume ◽  
Factor Gene ◽  
Transgenic Alfalfa ◽  
Ap2 Domain

Plant cuticular waxes play an important role in protecting aerial organs from damage caused by multiple environmental stresses such as drought, cold, UV radiation, pathogen infection, and insect attack. We characterized a novel AP2 domain-containing transcription factor gene, designated WXP1, from the model legume plant Medicago truncatula. The gene is able to activate wax production and confer drought tolerance in alfalfa (Medicago sativa). The predicted protein of WXP1 has 371 aa; it is one of the longest peptides of all the single AP2 domain proteins in M. truncatula. Transcript level of WXP1 is inducible by cold, ABA and drought treatment in shoot tissues. Overexpression of WXP1 under the control of CaMV35S promoter led to a significant increase in cuticular wax loading on leaves of transgenic alfalfa. Transgenic leaves showed reduced water loss and chlorophyll leaching. Transgenic alfalfa plants with increased cuticular waxes showed enhanced drought tolerance demonstrated by delayed wilting after watering was ceased and quicker and better recovery when the dehydrated plants were re-watered.

scholarly journals Cuticular wax coverage and its transpiration barrier properties in Quercus coccifera L. leaves: does the environment matter?

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (7) ◽  
pp. 827-840 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amauri Bueno ◽  
Domingo Sancho-Knapik ◽  
Eustaquio Gil-Pelegrín ◽  
Jana Leide ◽  
José Javier Peguero-Pina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Solar Radiation ◽  
Lipid Composition ◽  
Water Loss ◽  
Vapour Pressure Deficit ◽  
Barrier Properties ◽  
Cuticular Wax ◽  
Atmospheric Conditions ◽  
Cuticular Lipid ◽  
Quercus Coccifera ◽  
Cuticular Waxes

Abstract Plants prevent uncontrolled water loss by synthesizing, depositing and maintaining a hydrophobic layer over their primary aerial organs—the plant cuticle. Quercus coccifera L. can plastically respond to environmental conditions at the cuticular level. When exposed to hot summer conditions with high vapour-pressure deficit (VPD) and intense solar radiation (Mediterranean atmospheric conditions; MED), this plant species accumulates leaf cuticular waxes even over the stomata, thereby decreasing transpirational water loss. However, under mild summer conditions with moderate VPD and regular solar radiation (temperate atmospheric conditions; TEM), this effect is sharply reduced. Despite the ecophysiological importance of the cuticular waxes of Q. coccifera, the wax composition and its contribution to avoiding uncontrolled dehydration remain unknown. Thus, we determined several leaf traits for plants exposed to both MED and TEM conditions. Further, we qualitatively and quantitatively investigated the cuticular lipid composition by gas chromatography. Finally, we measured the minimum leaf conductance (gmin) as an indicator of the efficacy of the cuticular transpiration barrier. The MED leaves were smaller, stiffer and contained a higher load of cuticular lipids than TEM leaves. The amounts of leaf cutin and cuticular waxes of MED plants were 1.4 times and 2.6 times higher than that found for TEM plants, respectively. In detail, MED plants produced higher amounts of all compound classes of cuticular waxes, except for the equivalence of alkanoic acids. Although MED leaves contained higher cutin and cuticular wax loads, the gmin was not different between the two habitats. Our findings suggest that the qualitative accumulation of equivalent cuticular waxes might compensate for the higher wax amount of MED plants, thereby contributing equally to the efficacy of the cuticular transpirational barrier of Q. coccifera. In conclusion, we showed that atmospheric conditions profoundly affect the cuticular lipid composition of Q. coccifera leaves, but do not alter its transpiration barrier properties.

Physiological characterization and gene mapping of a novel cuticular wax-related mutant in barley

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yunxia Fang ◽  
Xiaoqin Zhang ◽  
Tao Tong ◽  
Ziling Zhang ◽  
Bin Tian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stress Resistance ◽  
Self Assembly ◽  
Nuclear Gene ◽  
Cuticular Wax ◽  
Chromosome 2 ◽  
Cuticular Waxes ◽  
Physiological Characterization ◽  
Assembly Mechanism ◽  
Specific Locus ◽  
Type Water

Abstract Background: Cuticular wax is a type of lipid covering the surface of plants, which is directly related to crop stress resistance. Thus, it is important to study wax-related genes and their regulatory mechanism in wax biosynthesis pathway for improving stress resistance.Results: In this study, a wax-deficient barley mutant barley cuticular wax1（bcw1）was identified, and genetic analysis indicated that the trait was controlled by a single recessive nuclear gene. Phenotype observations showed that the tubule-shaped waxy crystals covering the sheath and stem epidermis of mutants disappeared, but there was no significant differences were detected in the leaf epidermis between mutant and wild type. Water loss data confirmed that the cuticular waxes and cutins improved plant resistance to drought stress. By combining the bulk segregant analysis (BSA) and specific locus amplified fragment sequencing (SLAF-seq) strategy, the wax-related gene BCW1 was located on chromosome 2 with a total length of 15.10 Mb. No cuticular wax-related genes have been reported in the regions, indicating that BCW1 is a novel gene that plays roles in cuticular wax biosynthesis and wax crystals formation.Conclusions: The research showed that mutation of BCW1 did not affect the crystal shape or cutin formation outside the leaf surfaces, but decreased the wax and cutin accumulation outside stems and sheaths. Therefore, our work provides the basis for the cloning of BCW1 and studying of the crystal self-assembly mechanism.

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