Il costrutto allocutivo a Nando! in romanesco: fonologia, morfologia, sintassi, semantica, pragmatica

2021 ◽  
Vol 137 (2) ◽  
pp. 561-600
Author(s):  
Michele Loporcaro ◽  
Vincenzo Faraoni
Keyword(s):  
Lexical Semantics ◽  
Proper Names ◽  
Linguistic Analysis ◽  
Time And Space ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
Part Of Speech ◽  
Condition B ◽  
Speech Condition

Abstract Both proper names and common nouns, when used as terms of address in Romanesco, can be preceded by the particle a (a Nando! ‘Hey, Fernando!’) and undergo truncation of the poststress material ((a) dottó’! ‘Hey, doc!’). The article presents a panchronic study of this construction in Romanesco, showing how and when truncation and the vocative particle a first arose and providing a synchronic analysis of the conditions under which they occur today. Vocative truncation is widespread in Central-Southern Italo-Romance, where it obeys conditions that vary subtly across time and space and that the article will touch upon based on the studies available to date. These conditions will be described in detail for Romanesco, showing that they are hierarchically organized and involve all levels of linguistic analysis: the list includes (a) a part-of-speech condition, (b) a condition referring to the syntactic constituent, (c) a semantic/pragmatic condition, (d) one of prosodic minimality, and finally (e) one of lexical semantics, relative to the animacy/definiteness hierarchy. Also the occurrence of the a particle is subject to conditions which are syntactic-textual, pragmatic and phonological in nature and which identify preferences rather than clear-cut (un)grammaticality, contrary to those that constrain truncation.

VOLOST: HISTORY AND PERSONALITIES

2020 ◽  
pp. 288-293
Author(s):  
E.Ch. Dyzhitova ◽  
N.Ch. Budaeva
Keyword(s):  
Proper Names ◽  
Linguistic Analysis ◽  
The State ◽  
State Archive ◽  
Historical Information

The article, based on materials extracted from the fonds of the State Archive of the Zabaikal'sky krai, presents historical information about the Khori-Buryats of the Khoatsai volost. A linguistic analysis of proper names is carried out, revealing the presence of the names of the Tibet-Mongolian language anthroponymic system.

Die wichtigsten Charakterzüge der Übersetzungsmethode des Übersetzers František Benhart beim Übersetzen slowenischer Prosa ins Tschechische

2019 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 175-189
Author(s):  
Jana Šnytová
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Proper Names ◽  
Linguistic Analysis ◽  
Target Language ◽  
Translation Method ◽  
Original Text ◽  
Cultural Environment ◽  
Crucial Importance ◽  
Source Language ◽  
Basic Features

Summary In this paper, I focused on the translation work by František Benhart which, due to its extensiveness, was of crucial importance to the reception of Slovenian literature in the Czech cultural environment of the second half of the 20th century. The aim of this study is the linguistic analysis of the literary translations of selected literary works of the canon of Slovenian literature into Czech. Translation can be considered to be a cultural transposition, i. e. a transfer of the text and cultural environment from the source language into the text and cultural environment of the target language. In the analyses, I focused on some partial issues that either dominated in the particular text (expressivity, phraseology, idiomatic or proper names) or occurred across the texts analysed (realia) and in this context, I searched for his specific translation solutions. I also examined short excerpts of the original text and its translated counterpart looking for the presence of stylistically marked elements. Based on the results of individual analyses, I presented Benhart’s specific translation approaches and I attempted to summarize and indicate the basic features of his translation method. Furthermore, my second objective was to point out the possible consequences of Benhart’s translation method for the reception of the Slovenian literature in the Czech cultural environment.

scholarly journals Humans store about 1.5 megabytes of information during language acquisition

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 181393 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francis Mollica ◽  
Steven T. Piantadosi
Keyword(s):  
Language Acquisition ◽  
Word Frequency ◽  
Upper Bound ◽  
Lexical Semantics ◽  
Linguistic Analysis ◽  
Amount Of Information ◽  
English Speaking

We introduce theory-neutral estimates of the amount of information learners possess about how language works. We provide estimates at several levels of linguistic analysis: phonemes, wordforms, lexical semantics, word frequency and syntax. Our best guess is that the average English-speaking adult has learned 12.5 million bits of information, the majority of which is lexical semantics. Interestingly, very little of this information is syntactic, even in our upper bound analyses. Generally, our results suggest that learners possess remarkable inferential mechanisms capable of extracting, on average, nearly 2000 bits of information about how language works each day for 18 years.

Hebrew Poetry and the Appositive Style: Parallelism, Requiescat in pace

2019 ◽  
Vol 69 (4-5) ◽  
pp. 617-648
Author(s):  
Robert D. Holmstedt
Keyword(s):  
Lexical Semantics ◽  
Linguistic Analysis ◽  
Traditional Model ◽  
Teaching Resources ◽  
Hebrew Poetry ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Verse Structure

AbstractMichael O’Connor (whose 1980 opus, Hebrew Verse Structure, provides a compelling linguistically grounded description of the poetic line) has called the endurance of Lowthian parallelism a “horror” that wreaks havoc on lexical semantics and “is beyond the comprehension of any sensitive student of language.” Why does a model known to be a descriptive failure for a century persist in teaching resources and commentaries? It is because nothing compelling has risen to replace it. O’Connor’s linguistic analysis of the line offered the first piece to replacing the traditional model, but O’Connor’s model was more compelling for the structure of the poetic line than for the relationship of lines. In this study I take up interlineal syntax and offer an analysis that compliments and completes O’Connor’s approach, allowing us to provide a proper burial for the admirable but ultimately unworkable Lowthian parallelism.

scholarly journals Open information extraction

2017 ◽  
Vol 01 (01) ◽  
pp. 1630003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Duc-Thuan Vo ◽  
Ebrahim Bagheri
Keyword(s):  
Information Extraction ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Linear Chain ◽  
Linguistic Analysis ◽  
Verb Phrase ◽  
Part Of Speech ◽  
Open Information Extraction

Open information extraction (Open IE) systems aim to obtain relation tuples with highly scalable extraction in portable across domain by identifying a variety of relation phrases and their arguments in arbitrary sentences. The first generation of Open IE learns linear chain models based on unlexicalized features such as Part-of-Speech (POS) or shallow tags to label the intermediate words between pair of potential arguments for identifying extractable relations. Open IE currently is developed in the second generation that is able to extract instances of the most frequently observed relation types such as Verb, Noun and Prep, Verb and Prep, and Infinitive with deep linguistic analysis. They expose simple yet principled ways in which verbs express relationships in linguistics such as verb phrase-based extraction or clause-based extraction. They obtain a significantly higher performance over previous systems in the first generation. In this paper, we describe an overview of two Open IE generations including strengths, weaknesses and application areas.

scholarly journals LEXICO-SEMANTIC FEATURES OF GASTRONOMIC DISCOURSE IN JULIE AND JULIA

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (14) ◽  
pp. 75-80
Author(s):  
Galyna Tsapro ◽  
Hanna Lohvynenko
Keyword(s):  
Waiting Time ◽  
Personal Growth ◽  
Proper Names ◽  
Semantic Features ◽  
Time And Space ◽  
Professional Skills

The article is devoted to the study of the gastronomic discourse in the film “Julie and Julia”. It is characterized by the time and space categories. The first comprises time needed to fulfill tasks such as to cook, to prepare for events, to write blog entries, as well as the waiting time and time associated with gastronomic habits. The latter includes restaurants, the cooking school, kitchens, houses, Julia’s office. Lexico-semantic peculiarities of the gastronomic discourse in the film cover names of dishes (varying from one-word name to collocations including either ingredients or proper names), gastronomic symbols (BUTTER as glutamic pleasure, EGG as personal growth, LOBSTER as professional skills, DUCK as victory), and recipes (interrelation between the recipe and main characters’ specific period in life).

Onomastic Space of Animated Films about Russian Heroes by the Studio of Animation Cinema “Mill”

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (8) ◽  
pp. 84-96
Author(s):  
E. N. Ilyina ◽  
V. S. Tivo
Keyword(s):  
Proper Names ◽  
Linguistic Analysis ◽  
Animated Films ◽  
Verbal Component ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Media Texts ◽  
First Time

The article is devoted to the study of the system of proper names in the texts of animated films with a folklore precedent basis. The relevance of the research is due to the need to study media texts that translate folklore imagery in linguocognitive and linguostylistic aspects. The material for the research is character and voice-over texts of animated films about Russian heroes: “Alyosha Popovich i Tugarin Zmey” (2004), “Dobrynya Nikitich i The Zmey Gorynych” (2006), “Ilya Muromets I Solovey Razboynik” (2007). The complex of names of geographical objects, the naming system of anthropo- and zoomorphic characters is considered, the precedent base for the formation of the onomastic space of animated films is determined, and the ways of introducing new components to the proper names system of this content are characterized. Special attention is paid to the description of intertextual links of the polycode content under study with works of epic genres of Russian folklore and with other sources. The scientific novelty of the work is seen in the fact that the verbal component of the studied animated films is currently insufficiently studied, and their proper names system becomes the subject of linguistic analysis for the first time.

Function intertextual game in a literary text by V. P. Krapivin

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-47
Author(s):  
Natalya S. Kochneva
Keyword(s):  
Proper Names ◽  
Linguistic Analysis ◽  
Component Analysis ◽  
Literary Text ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Evaluation Function ◽  
Fictional World ◽  
Text Formation

Proper names are important elements of a fiction story. Unfortunately, they are not enough researched through the prism of onomastic game. In this article, we verify the hypothesis that intertextual proper names, or “gamemes”, perform important functions in a fiction text. Using them, an author creates a ludic text, which reflects a non-standard and creative approach to its consideration. This article aims to analyze the functions of “gamemes” used in a tale by Vladislav Krapivin, a Russian children’s writer. To achieve this goal, the author of this article has applied the methods of interpretation, classification, linguistic analysis, contextual and component analysis. The research novelty of this article lies in the analysis of the functions of game intertextual onomastic units in V. Krapivin’s “The Piroskaf Grandfather Mazai”. The research object is V. Krapivin’s novel “The Piroskaf Grandfather Mazai” (the version of 2018), which is interesting from the onomastic point of view. One can say that this novel is a proper names’ manifest, because there are a significant amount of onomastic units concentrated in a relatively small text. The gamemes used in the text are the units, analyzed in this article. The results allow defining three dominant functions, which create a special ludic context in perception of onomastic units. In addition, we describe linguistic mechanisms for implementing these functions. The sense-forming function plays a big part in the text formation: the intertextual onomastic “layering” effects in carnivalization, attracting the interest of the text’s core audience — children. The evaluation function shows author’s modality through the connotation loop of intertextual gamemes. The marking function is the indicator of a fictional world, or chronotope.

scholarly journals On the Linguistic Representational Power of Neural Machine Translation Models

2020 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-52
Author(s):  
Yonatan Belinkov ◽  
Nadir Durrani ◽  
Fahim Dalvi ◽  
Hassan Sajjad ◽  
James Glass
Keyword(s):  
Machine Translation ◽  
Language Processing ◽  
Lexical Semantics ◽  
Linguistic Information ◽  
Neural Machine Translation ◽  
Recent Success ◽  
Part Of Speech ◽  
Morphologically Rich Languages ◽  
Representational Power ◽  
Semantic Dependencies

Despite the recent success of deep neural networks in natural language processing and other spheres of artificial intelligence, their interpretability remains a challenge. We analyze the representations learned by neural machine translation (NMT) models at various levels of granularity and evaluate their quality through relevant extrinsic properties. In particular, we seek answers to the following questions: (i) How accurately is word structure captured within the learned representations, which is an important aspect in translating morphologically rich languages? (ii) Do the representations capture long-range dependencies, and effectively handle syntactically divergent languages? (iii) Do the representations capture lexical semantics? We conduct a thorough investigation along several parameters: (i) Which layers in the architecture capture each of these linguistic phenomena; (ii) How does the choice of translation unit (word, character, or subword unit) impact the linguistic properties captured by the underlying representations? (iii) Do the encoder and decoder learn differently and independently? (iv) Do the representations learned by multilingual NMT models capture the same amount of linguistic information as their bilingual counterparts? Our data-driven, quantitative evaluation illuminates important aspects in NMT models and their ability to capture various linguistic phenomena. We show that deep NMT models trained in an end-to-end fashion, without being provided any direct supervision during the training process, learn a non-trivial amount of linguistic information. Notable findings include the following observations: (i) Word morphology and part-of-speech information are captured at the lower layers of the model; (ii) In contrast, lexical semantics or non-local syntactic and semantic dependencies are better represented at the higher layers of the model; (iii) Representations learned using characters are more informed about word-morphology compared to those learned using subword units; and (iv) Representations learned by multilingual models are richer compared to bilingual models.

Is toponymy necessary?

2015 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 230-235 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua Nash
Keyword(s):  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Lexical Semantics ◽  
Linguistic Analysis ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Linguistic Study ◽  
Semantic Domain ◽  
Norfolk Island ◽  
General Linguistic

Like other areas of linguistic study, toponymy as a domain of analysis does not present itself as being overly reflective of its own assumptions. I ask whether a sub-category or sub-analysis dedicated to toponymy is required at all if we analyse toponyms, landscape terms, and geographical names within the scope of general linguistic analysis (lexical semantics, morphosyntax, and phonology). Or put succinctly: Is toponymy necessary? Data from a longitudinal study of Norfolk Island and Kangaroo Island toponymy indicate there are no marked aberrancies in either sets of data which cannot be accounted for by either more general Norf’k (the Norfolk Island language) or English rules. I conclude by suggesting future studies in landscape terminology should be more mindful of the requirements of the linguistic study of toponymy, especially within lexical, morphosyntactic, and phonological concerns, rather than just within the semantic domain.

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