“PURGING THE ELITE” IN TYUMEN IN 1937-1938

The political repressions of the 1930s in the USSR have repeatedly been the subject of interest of historians. Nevertheless, there are practically no studies of political repressions of the 1930s in relation to nomenklatura workers at the level of the provincial Siberian city of Tyumen. This article aims to reveal the cause-and-effect relationship in the issue of physical liquidation of the thinnest layer of the party-economic nomenklatura, using the case of the city party organization of the CPSU(b) of Tyumen in 1937-1938. We have restricted ourselves to one of the components of the “Great Terror”, namely to “purging the elite”. The research was conducted using the documents from two regional departments of the USSR Federal Security Service (FSB), former party archives of the Tyumen and Omsk regions, and periodicals. This required employing prosopographic, comparative-historical, problem-chronological, and system-structural methods. Such approach allowed clarifying the biographical data of the leaders of the city in 1936-1938 and classifying the criminal acts, incriminated to the accused. The results of a comprehensive analysis of the sources show that the cause of the personnel purge should be considered a violation of the imbalance between the limited collective leadership and the still limited one-man dictatorship of I. V. Stalin’s dictatorship. The limited collective leadership was no longer in line with the reality of one man’s increasing power. Rotation of undesirable workers as an alternative to personnel cleansing proved to be unsuccessful. The motive for repressions against workers who had never participated in the opposition was their casual contacts and acquaintances with former opposition figures described as “spies and terrorists” in 1937-1938. The party, Soviet, and Komsomol workers who had no such contacts, though subjected to repression, were rehabilitated. Finally, in terms of their educational and professional level, the new generation of city party workers did not differ from the previous one.

LINGUISTIC REPRESENTATION OF THE EVERYDAY LIFE CATEGORY IN THE NOVEL WRITTEN BY G. SH. YAKHINA “ZULEIKHA OPENS HER EYES” AND IN ITS TRANSLATION INTO CHINESE

This article examines the linguistic means of representing the category of everyday life in the novel by G. Sh. Yakhina “Zuleikha opens her eyes” and in its translation into Chinese. Recently, there has been an increasing interest in the anthropology of everyday life, a broad line of research into everyday life. Comparative study of linguistic units, which reveal the essence of everyday human existence, makes it possible to identify lacunar units that are difficult to translate fiction in the context of the Russian-Chinese language pair. The scientific novelty of the research is determined by the involvement in the analysis of linguistic methods of conveying the category of everyday life in the aspect of translating a Russian literary text into Chinese. The work used the methods of comparative, component, contextual analysis, the method of linguoculturological commenting. As a result of the study, the lexical-semantic, lexical-stylistic and grammatical lacunar units were identified, which demonstrate linguocultural barriers in the process of translating a text into Chinese. A comparative analysis of the texts was carried out in order to comprehend the lexical and grammatical transformations performed in the process of translation. As a result, the main ways of compensating for the lacunae of everyday life in Russian-Chinese translation were identified: transcription, tracing, descriptive translation, lexical-semantic replacement. In addition, it was found that the study of various options for depicting everyday life in a literary text not only makes it possible to identify lacunar units of everyday life, but also reveals the artistic and philosophical intention of the work.

STRUCTURAL AND SEMANTIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE NAMES AND DESCRIPTIONS OF DISHES IN GERMAN RESTAURANT DISCOURSE

This article is devoted to a comprehensive study of the structural and semantic features of dish names and their descriptions in German in the field of restaurant discourse. The study employs cognitive discourse analysis, elements of comparative and contextological approaches, taking into account linguocultural parameters. The relevance of the comprehensive study of the names of dishes in restaurant discourse is due to an increased interest in the parameterization of lexical units in different types of institutional discourse. The scientific novelty of this work lies in the fact that for the first time, within the framework of a restaurant menu, not only the nomination of a dish is considered, but also the structural and semantic characteristics of its description are analysed. An attempt is made to analyse a connection between the nominations of dishes and their description in the restaurant menu, as well as to determine the semantic dominants of the genre under study. It is concluded that the text of the menu as a whole presents a combination of the language for special purposes and the language of advertising. In interaction with extralinguistic factors, the nominations of dishes and their descriptions not only document the culture of food in society, but also reflect the ethnocultural picture of the world. Based on the analysis of the menu texts, it is established that structurally the names of dishes are complex words or phrases, built mainly according to the attributive model. The description of dishes performs the function of verbalizing the sensations of taste and clarifying the method of preparing dishes, characterizing the quality of dishes, their ingredients, and the intensity of taste. Evaluative parameters in descriptions are expressed at the lexical, grammatical, syntactic and stylistic levels.

SPATIAL LAYOUT OF THE SOVIET UNION TIMBER PROCESSING COMPLEX: THE IDEA BEHIND THE FIRST FIVE-YEAR PLAN

During the years of Soviet power, principal changes took place in the country’s wood industry, including in spatial layout development. Having the large-scale crisis in the industry in the late 1980s — 2000s and the positive changes in its functioning in recent years and the development of an industry strategy, it becomes relevant to analyze the experience of planning the spatial layout of the wood industry during the period of Stalin’s modernization, particularly during the first five-year plan. The aim of the article is to analyze the reason behind spatial layout of the Soviet wood industry during the implementation of the first five-year plan. The study is based on the modernization concept. In our research we conducted mapping of the wood industry by region as well as of planned construction of the industry facilities. It was revealed that the discussion and development of an industrialization project by the Soviet Union party-state and planning agencies in the second half of the 1920s led to increased attention to the wood industry. The sector, which enterprises were concentrated mainly in the north-west, west and central regions of the country, was set the task of increasing the volume of harvesting, export of wood and production to meet the domestic needs and the export needs of wood resources and materials. Due to weak level of development of the wood industry, the scale of these tasks required restructuring of the branch, its inclusion to the centralized economic system, the direction of large capital investments to the development of new forest areas and the construction of enterprises. It was concluded that according to the first five-year plan, the priority principles for the spatial development of the wood industry were the approach of production to forests and seaports, intrasectoral and intersectoral combining. The framework of the industry was meant to strengthen and expand by including forests to the economic turnover and building new enterprises in the European North and the Urals, where the main capital investments were sent, as well as in the Vyatka region, Transcaucasia, Siberia and the Far East.

NO FURTHER — THE BATTLE FOR NARO-FOMINSK, 20-31 OCTOBER AND 1-3 DECEMBER 1941. PART TWO

This article is a part of a much bigger project. Two of the authors (Jack Radey and Charles Sharp) are writing a book on the fighting west of Moscow from about 9 October to 31 October 1941. Our purpose is to examine why the German offensive against Moscow was stopped by the end of October. There are no studies in English that convincingly explain this. Our approach is operational and tactical analysis, based on extensive use of Soviet and German archival documents, as well as memoirs, and secondary historical books and articles in all languages. We have found that nearly all the documents are contradictory or omit important information, sometimes deliberately, sometimes because accurate data was lacking. Our method has been to compare them critically to determine what actually happened. This is challenging work, but we are confident that our analysis explains and clarifies the data from the raw documents. Our conclusions so far point to the outcome of these battles being the result of several factors, the most important being: incompetent German planning and logistics, an absence of clear and obtainable German objectives, and effective Soviet resistance. This research was done to clarify our understanding of the fighting around Naro-Fominsk and because the Naro-Fominsk fighting reflects these factors in microcosm. Here, the second part of the research is presented.

EXPRESSION OF PURPOSE IN OLD FRENCH LEGAL DOCUMENTS

The article examines the ways of expressing purpose in the early texts of laws written in Old French. The analysis is carried out using the text interpretation method, context-situational method and the method of actual division. It is found that, if in the works of art of this period, subordinate ends are used quite rarely, then in old French legal documents the semantic relation of the goal is often conveyed and not only by subordinate goals, but much more often with the help of equivalent prepositional-infinitive and prepositional-substantive constructions. The emerging system of alliances, introducing a clause of purpose, and their features (variability, polysemy) are revealed. The appearance time of the target union “pour que” is specified. The use of moods in subordinate purposes is explained by the anticipation in the speaker’s mind of the action result, presenting it as desired. The article analyzes the cases of preposition and postposition of a subordinate goal, due to the structure of a complex sentence, the rhythm of the phrase, the logical-communicative division specifics of the sentence. Equivalent means of expressing the goal — prepositional constructions with an infinitive and a noun — are used when the subjects of two actions coincide. In these constructions, the preposition “pour” is mainly used, as a part of the subordinate unions expressing the goal. Analyzing the goals that are guided by different subjects of law, there is found a connection which is established between the spheres of the emotional and moral, social.

CODEX B 19A: STAGES OF LEGITIMATION OF THE MASORET BIBLE ANCIENT EXAMPLE

This article examines the cultural and historical circumstances of the appearance and introduction into the scientific circulation of the oldest manuscript code of the Hebrew Bible — the Leningrad Code B 19A. The authors of the article make an attempt to restore the contextual connections of the Code with Jewish philosophy and biblical textology. The concept of the research is built on the basis of genealogical analysis, which opened up the opportunity to first analyze the stages of legitimation of Codex B 19A that are closest to the present, and then move into the depth of chronology, right up to the moment of creation of the studied text. The result of the study was the identification and explication of internal links between the Codex B 19A, Masoretic schools, Rabbanites, Karaites and, finally, medieval critics of the biblical text. The research methodology is based on the principles of philosophical hermeneutics, the comparative historical approach of the genealogical method as applied to textual criticism. Revealing the cause-and-effect relationship in the legitimization of the Masoretic Bible showed that the need to create a single standard for the sacred text arose already by the middle of the 8th century, the time of the emergence of the Karaite movement. The refusal of the Karaites to submit to the authority of classical rabbinical literature led to a rethinking of the biblical text. Together with the status of the main sacred book, the Bible turned out to be a text around which philological, philosophical and theological discussions became possible. Awareness of the fact that the biblical text has different interpretations led the Rabbanites and Karaites to the conclusion that it was necessary to create a philological standard for the Bible. For this reason, the authority of the Masoretes as specialists in the vocalization of the text, the direct creators of the vocalization system, has sharply increased. The Ben Asher family of Tiberias emerged as the main Masoretic school, and its last representative, Aaron Ben Asher, became the most authoritative Masoretic. Aaron Ben Asher owns the Masorah system introduced in the Aleppo Codex and copied in the Leningrad Codex B 19A. Maimonides was the first among Jewish philosophers to appreciate the textual achievements of Aaron Ben Asher, which significantly raised the authority of the Masoret in rabbinic and Karaite intellectual circles.

ONCE AGAIN ABOUT THE COGNOMEN OF IVAN KALITA

The article is devoted to the etymology of the Moscow Prince Ivan Danilovich Kalita’s cognomen. The cognomen “Kalita” was first recorded around 1446 in the appendix to the Komissionnyj copy of the Novgorod First Chronicle. However, the article “Genealogy of the same princes” with this cognomen could be created in 1415-1439 and have a North-Eastern Rus’ origin. Thus, Ivan Kalita first received the cognomen only 100 years after his death. With the gradual spread of princely genealogies in Russia, the cognomen was perceived by three (or four) scribes of the 16th century. By chance, almost all the texts of the 16th century with the mention of “Kalita” — the appendix of the Voskresenskaya Chronicle, The Book of degrees of the royal genealogy and the Volokolamsk Paterik (through the “Core of Russian History”) — were published in the second half of the 18th century and became available to historians, including N. M. Karamzin. The authority and fame of N. M. Karamzin played a decisive role in securing the cognomen “Kalita” for Prince Ivan Danilovich in the minds of most historians and ordinary readers alike. The historians of the 19th century followed the hagiographic tradition and believed that Ivan Kalita got his cognomen for the fact that he wore a purse (kalita) filled with money on his belt, which he distributed to beggars. The historians of the 20th-21th centuries usually perceive the cognomen “kalita” in a figurative sense and see in its carrier not an owner of a purse on a belt, but a ruler with certain character traits — thrift, unscrupulousness, etc. This prevents an objective assessment of the policy and personal qualities of Ivan Danilovich.

METAPHORICAL MODELS WITH THE HUMAN SUBJECTIVE ZONE IN THE POETRY OF A. MARIENGOFF AND S. YESENIN

This article analyzes the metaphorical models with the subject “human” and “part of the body” in the poetry of A. Mariengof and S. Yesenin. The object of the research is comparative paths in which metaphorical models are realized. Based on the consideration of metaphors and comparisons, metaphorical models are isolated and characterized, reflecting the connection between two conceptual areas. The comparison of metaphorical models in the poetry of A. Mariengof and S. Yesenin is carried out, the features of similarity and difference are highlighted. It was revealed that both poets pay considerable attention to a person as a subject of figurative comparisons. The model “human — being” is represented by comparisons with different representatives of the fauna, the semantics of images of which in poetic systems do not coincide. The most important for the authors figurative correspondences of a person, the most significant for each poet, subjects and objects of comparison are determined. The model “human — plant” occupies an important place in the figurative world of S. Yesenin, A. Mariengof mainly uses comparisons with objects of inanimate nature. Models with the subject “part of the body” are characterized by a variety of comparison subjects, especially in the poetry of A. Mariengof. The somatic vocabulary which is used by the authors is considered. Cases of combination in the realizations of metaphorical models of high and low are noted. Figurative correspondences through which poets characterize themselves are identified.

THE FRENCH IN ST. PETERSBURG IN THE LATE 19TH — EARLY 20TH CENTURIES. HISTORIOGRAPHY OF RECENT YEARS

The article provides an overview of historiography on the issue of the French presence in St. Petersburg in the late 19th — early 20th centuries. Without pretending to be an exhaustive list of publications on the stated topic, the author noted the most significant works of recent years. The main goal of the study is to trace the development of the views and interests of historians in the study of the French presence in the Northern capital. On the basis of the comparative historical method, an attempt is made to trace the creation of the image of the French immigrant by modern historians, as well as to restore the picture of the social, political, cultural and spiritual life of the French in St. Petersburg. The presented studies are devoted to the study of “French routes” in the city on the Neva, the French as a separate ethnic group and its assimilation, professional activity, periodicals in French and many other issues. Raising them, one can embark on the path of reconstruction of historical events. As one of the key conclusions, we fix that, despite the fact that sometimes Russia and France have complex relationships, the cooperation of scientists over the centuries-old history of contacts has practically not been interrupted. Today, the tendency to exchange research experience, help in scientific research continues. It can be seen when encountering a significant number of collections, catalogs, and articles of Russian-French authorship. At the same time, bilateral work on the introduction of archival materials, diplomatic documentation, the publication of memoirs, and the organization of joint exhibitions into the public domain allowed scientists to continue their research to restore the picture of the life of the French diaspora in St. Petersburg.