Targeting lipid sensing in the central nervous system: new therapy against the development of obesity and type 2 diabetes

One of the most sexually dimorphic aspects of metabolic regulation is the bidirectional modulation of glucose and energy homeostasis by testosterone in males and females. Testosterone deficiency predisposes men to metabolic dysfunction, with excess adiposity, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes, whereas androgen excess predisposes women to insulin resistance, adiposity, and type 2 diabetes. This review discusses how testosterone acts in the central nervous system, and especially the hypothalamus, to promote metabolic homeostasis or dysfunction in a sexually dimorphic manner. We compare the organizational actions of testosterone, which program the hypothalamic control of metabolic homeostasis during development, and the activational actions of testosterone, which affect metabolic function after puberty. We also discuss how the metabolic effect of testosterone is centrally mediated via the androgen receptor.

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Measurement of the visual system response and its correlation with the central nervous system in patients diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM)

Journal of Applied Biomedicine ◽

10.1016/j.bbe.2020.09.002 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 40 (4) ◽

pp. 1499-1511

Author(s):

José Alfredo Padilla Medina ◽

Carlos Alonso Herrera Ramírez ◽

Luz María Cardona Torres ◽

Delia Angélica Galicia Reséndiz ◽

Juan Prado Olivares ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Central Nervous System ◽

Nervous System ◽

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Visual System ◽

System Response ◽

The Central Nervous System

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Update in the CNS Response to Hypoglycemia

The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism ◽

10.1210/jc.2011-1927 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 97 (1) ◽

pp. 1-8 ◽

Cited By ~ 35

Author(s):

Rory J. McCrimmon

Keyword(s):

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Central Nervous System ◽

Type 1 Diabetes ◽

Nervous System ◽

Animal Studies ◽

Human Subjects ◽

Diabetes Research ◽

The Central Nervous System

Hypoglycemia remains a major clinical issue in the management of people with type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Research in basic science is only beginning to unravel the mechanisms that: 1) underpin the detection of hypoglycemia and initiation of a counterregulatory defense response; and 2) contribute to the development of defective counterregulation in both type 1 and type 2 diabetes, particularly after prior exposure to repeated hypoglycemia. In animal studies, the central nervous system has emerged as key to these processes. However, bench-based research needs to be translated through studies in human subjects as a first step to the future development of clinical intervention. This Update reviews studies published in the last 2 yr that examined the central nervous system effects of hypoglycemia in human subjects, largely through neuroimaging techniques, and compares these data with those obtained from animal studies and the implications for future therapies. Based on these studies, it is increasingly clear that our understanding of how the brain responds and adapts to recurrent hypoglycemia remains very limited. Current therapies have provided little evidence that they can prevent severe hypoglycemia or improve hypoglycemia awareness in type 1 diabetes. There remains an urgent need to increase our understanding of how and why defective counterregulation develops in type 1 diabetes in order for novel therapeutic interventions to be developed and tested.

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Interleukin 33 Mediates Type 2 Immunity and Inflammation in the Central Nervous System of Mice Infected With Angiostrongylus cantonensis

The Journal of Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1093/infdis/jis682 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 207 (5) ◽

pp. 860-869 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Hui Peng ◽

Rui Sun ◽

Qixian Zhang ◽

Jia Zhao ◽

Jie Wei ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Central Nervous System ◽

Nervous System ◽

Angiostrongylus Cantonensis ◽

Interleukin 33 ◽

Type 2 Immunity ◽

The Central Nervous System

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Development and regeneration in the central nervous system

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B Biological Sciences ◽

10.1098/rstb.1990.0049 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 327 (1239) ◽

pp. 127-143 ◽

Cited By ~ 22

Keyword(s):

Stem Cells ◽

Central Nervous System ◽

Nervous System ◽

Progenitor Cells ◽

Progenitor Cell ◽

Cell Types ◽

The Central Nervous System

As part of our attempts to understand principles that underly organism development, we have been studying the development of the rat optic nerve. This simple tissue is composed of three glial cell types derived from two distinct cellular lineages. Type-1 astrocytes appear to be derived from a monopotential neuroepithelial precursor, whereas type-2 astrocytes and oligodendrocytes are derived from a common oligodendrocyte-type-2 astrocyte (O-2A) progenitor cell. Type-1 astrocytes modulate division and differentiation of O-2A progenitor cells through secretion of platelet-derived growth factor, and can themselves be stimulated to divide by peptide mitogens and through stimulation of neurotransmitter receptors. In vitro analysis indicates that many dividing O-2A progenitors derived from optic nerves of perinatal rats differentiate symmetrically and clonally to give rise to oligodendrocytes, or can be induced to differentiate into type-2 astrocytes. O-2A perinatal progenitors can also differentiate to form a further O-2A lineage cell, the O-2A adult progenitor, which has properties specialized for the physiological requirements of the adult nervous system. In particular, O-2A adult progenitors have many of the features of stem cells, in that they divide slowly and asymmetrically and appear to have the capacity for extended self-renewal. The apparent derivation of a slowly and asymmetrically dividing cell, with properties appropriate for homeostatic maintenance of existing populations in the mature animal, from a rapidly dividing cell with properties suitable for the rapid population and myelination of central nervous system (CNS) axon tracts during early development, offers novel and unexpected insights into the possible origin of self-renewing stem cells and also into the role that generation of stem cells may play in helping to terminate the explosive growth of embryogenesis. Moreover, the properties of O-2A adult progenitor cells are consistent with, and may explain, the failure of successful myelin repair in conditions such as multiple sclerosis, and thus seem to provide a cellular biological basis for understanding one of the key features of an important human disease.

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Brief report on similar mutational changes in neurofibromatosis type 2 gene in minute pulmonary meningothelial-like nodule and meningioma of the central nervous system

Oncotarget ◽

10.18632/oncotarget.26325 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 9 (89) ◽

pp. 36012-36016

Author(s):

Mitsunori Higuchi ◽

Masayuki Watanabe ◽

Takuya Inoue ◽

Takumi Yamaura ◽

Tomoko Suzuki ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Central Nervous System ◽

Nervous System ◽

Neurofibromatosis Type ◽

Neurofibromatosis Type 2 ◽

The Central Nervous System

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Type 2 diabetes mellitus: A central nervous system etiology

Surgical Neurology International ◽

10.4103/2152-7806.66460 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

pp. 31 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

PeterJ Jannetta ◽

LynnH Fletcher ◽

PeterM Grondziowski ◽

KennethF Casey ◽

RaymondF Sekula

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Central Nervous System ◽

Nervous System ◽

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

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Cyanidin-3-O-glucoside inhibits different enzymes involved in central nervous system pathologies and type-2 diabetes

South African Journal of Botany ◽

10.1016/j.sajb.2018.07.001 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 120 ◽

pp. 241-246 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Guillermo Cásedas ◽

Francisco Les ◽

Elena González-Burgos ◽

Maria Pilar Gómez-Serranillos ◽

Carine Smith ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Central Nervous System ◽

Nervous System

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A Complete Constellation of Nervous System Lesions of NF2: Imaging Evaluation

Case Reports in Radiology ◽

10.1155/2012/353179 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 2012 ◽

pp. 1-4

Author(s):

Kiran Gangadhar ◽

Sandeep Kumar ◽

Lovekesh Bhatia ◽

Arjit Agarwal

Keyword(s):

Central Nervous System ◽

Nervous System ◽

Hearing Loss ◽

Neurofibromatosis Type ◽

Radiological Findings ◽

Case Patient ◽

Cutaneous Lesions ◽

Imaging Evaluation ◽

The Central Nervous System

The radiological findings fulfilling the criteria of neurofibromatosis type 2 (NF2) were reviewed. NF2 is a rare disease with few cutaneous but frequent, typical radiological findings in the central nervous system. The presenting symptom is most commonly hearing loss due to acoustic schwannomas, although symptoms emanating from other intracranial or tumors are not uncommon. The discovery of multiple spinal neurofibromas or multiple meningiomas without cutaneous lesions should initiate a search for acoustic schwannomas even when the patient has normal hearing as in our case patient who actually presented for weakness of all four limbs.

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