Association between Oral Contraceptive Use and Interleukin-6 Levels and Periodontal Health

Background and aims. Changes in the balance of sexual hormones during pregnancy decrease gingival crevicular fluid levels of interleukin-6 and the resistance of gingival tissue against inflammations. Hormonal contraceptives are agents that are based on the effects of gestational hormones and simulate a state of pregnancy; therefore, they prevent ovulation. This study evaluates the effect of these drugs on periodontal tissues and levels of IL-6 in gingival crevicular fluid. Materials and methods. Twenty-five patients who had not used oral contraceptives (control) and 35 patients using oral contraceptives (case) were examined clinically and their medical history, dosage and duration of oral contraceptives use were recorded. Periodontal indices such as bleeding on probing, plaque index, probing pocket depth, clinical attachment loss and levels of IL-6 in gingival crevicular fluid were measured. Student’s t-test and Mann-Whitney test were used to analyze data. Results. Mann-Whitney test showed a statistically significant difference in the mean of bleeding on probing in the case and control groups (P<0.05). Student’s t-test showed a statistically significant difference in the mean of IL-6 levels (P<0.05), probing pocket depth (P<0.05) and clinical attachment loss between the case and control groups (P<0.05) but no statistically significant differences were found between the plaque index of the case and control groups (P>0.05). Conclusion. It seems that use of oral contraceptives may affect the periodontal health status of patients, leading to more gingival inflammation. Therefore, patients must have a strict oral hygiene care.

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PROSTAGLANDIN LEVELS IN GINGIVAL CREVICULAR FLUID IN PERIODONTITIS PATIENT WITH HYPERTENSION

International Journal of Applied Pharmaceutics ◽

10.22159/ijap.2020.v12s2.op-58 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 19-22

Author(s):

RADITYA PRIHARNANTO ◽

ROBERT LESSANG ◽

SRI LELYATI C MASULILI ◽

FATIMAH MARIA TADJOEDIN ◽

HERLIS RAHDEWATI ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Blood Pressure ◽

Periodontal Disease ◽

Prostaglandin E2 ◽

Gingival Crevicular Fluid ◽

Clinical Sample ◽

Tooth Surface ◽

Pocket Depth ◽

Clinical Attachment Loss ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Crevicular Fluid

Objective: Periodontitis is an infection that involved tooth-supporting tissues by dental plaque biofilm on the tooth surface and host immune responseas causal to as inflammation resolution. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) as an inflammatory mediator has been implicated in the pathogenesis of variouschronic inflammatory diseases, including periodontitis, and as a regulator of blood pressure. This study aims to compare the levels of prostaglandinin the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) of periodontitis patients with hypertension and non-hypertension.Methods: A total sample of 62 patients was examined and consists of 44 patients (aged 50–90 years) who were hypertension group and 18 patients(aged 30–49 years) who were non-hypertension groups as a control. Hypertension state was measured by blood pressure based on anamnesisand using sphygmomanometer mercury. The clinical sample was collected from 62 gingival crevicular fluids [GCF] of periodontal disease subject.Measurement of the clinical parameter of probing pocket depth [PD], and bleeding on probing [BOP ≥1] was included as a diagnostic requisition.The PD and clinical attachment loss [CAL] was defined as present if the PD was ≥5 mm and CAL was ≥1 mm. Prostaglandin E2 level was estimated ingingival crevicular fluid samples by using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.Results: The level of PGE2 was statistically significant difference in hypertension patient compare with non-hypertension (p<0.05). There was asignificant difference in PD, recession, and CAL (p<0.05).Conclusion: Higher blood pressure might be related to the potential risk of inflammation and progression periodontal disease.

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Origin of MMP-8 and Lactoferrin levels from gingival crevicular fluid, salivary glands and whole saliva

BMC Oral Health ◽

10.1186/s12903-021-01743-5 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Liza L. Ramenzoni ◽

Deborah Hofer ◽

Alex Solderer ◽

Daniel Wiedemeier ◽

Thomas Attin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Matrix Metalloproteinase ◽

Salivary Glands ◽

Gingival Crevicular Fluid ◽

Clinical Parameters ◽

Pocket Depth ◽

Active Matrix ◽

Probing Pocket Depth ◽

Whole Saliva ◽

Biomarker Testing ◽

Crevicular Fluid

Abstract Background Pathologically elevated levels of matrix metalloproteinase-8 (MMP-8) and Lactoferrin in oral fluids have been associated with the presence of gingivitis/periodontitis. This study aimed to assess the origin of MMP-8 and Lactoferrin in periodontitis patients and to identify the degree to which conventional clinical parameters correlate with their presence. Methods A total of ten periodontitis and ten healthy patients were included in this study. Whole saliva (stimulated and unstimulated), parotid/sublingual glandular fluid and gingival crevicular fluid from pockets and sulci were tested for MMP-8 and Lactoferrin and protein concentrations were quantified using an ELISA assay. Clinical parameters were checked for potential associations with MMP-8 and Lactoferrin levels. Results Periodontal patients presented higher concentrations of MMP-8 and Lactoferrin in pockets than other sources (P = 0.03). Lactoferrin measurement was higher in the parotid compared to sublingual glandular fluid in periodontitis patients (P = 0.03). Increased probing pocket depth was positively correlated with high MMP-8 and Lactoferrin levels. Conclusions Periodontal pockets appear to be the major source of active matrix metalloproteinase and Lactoferrin, which also may also enter the oral cavity through the salivary glands. Since clinically healthy sites in periodontitis patients also had elevated biomarker levels, gingival crevicular fluid biomarker testing may be more predictive of future tissue breakdown than conventional clinical parameters.

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A COMPARATIVE STUDY TO ASSES THE EFFICACY OF NANOBIO FUSION GEL AS AN ADJUNCT TO SCALING AND POLISHING IN CHRONIC PERIODONTITIS. - A CLINICAL STUDY

10.36106/gjra/4108515 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 1-3

Author(s):

Patil A. Veena ◽

Ansari T. Sobia ◽

Agarwal Priyanka ◽

Ayesha Ayesha ◽

Sultana Shahnaaz

Keyword(s):

Periodontal Disease ◽

Chronic Periodontitis ◽

Antimicrobial Agents ◽

Test Group ◽

Controlled Clinical Trial ◽

Pocket Depth ◽

Antioxidant Power ◽

Probing Pocket Depth ◽

Significant Difference ◽

And Control

Introduction: Various chemical agents such as nonsteroidal, anti-inflammatory drugs and antimicrobial agents has gained popularity in treatment of periodontal disease but simultaneously lead to condition such as drug resistance and drug allergy. Hence , the topical application of herbal agents such as propolis, aloevera, green tea extracts, Neem reduces the potency and effectiveness to prevent progression of periodontal disease. NanoBioFusion(NBF)gel contains the natural antioxidant power of propolis,vit C,vit E which allows the ultrafine antioxidant to surpase the moist intraoral environment to enter the cells and rejuvenate,revitalize,support,protect and optimize gum and soft oral tissue.Hence the present study is aimed to evaluate the clinical effect of locally delivered NBF gel as an adjunctive therapy to scaling and polishing in the treatment of Periodontitis. Materials and Methods: Chronic Periodontitis patients with 40 sites and probing pocket depth (PD) between 5 and 7 mm were selected in a randomized controlled clinical trial. SRP was performed in both control and test group followed by NBF gel application in 40 sites. The plaque index, gingival index and probing Pocket depth,were recorded at baseline, 6 weeks, and 3 months.The statistical analysis with paired t‑test was used to compare the test and control sites. Results: From baseline to a period of 3 months, a statistically significant difference was seen between both groups for Pocket probing depth and from baseline to 6 weeks the mean GI and PI score have a statistically significant result was obtained(P=0.01& 0.00). Conclusions: Locally delivered NBF gel exhibited a significant improvement compared with SRP alone in chronic periodontitis.

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Folate-receptor 1 level in periodontal disease: a pilot study

BMC Oral Health ◽

10.1186/s12903-019-0909-z ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 19 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Duygu Alkan ◽

Berrak Guven ◽

Cigdem Coskun Turer ◽

Umut Balli ◽

Murat Can

Keyword(s):

Periodontal Disease ◽

Gingival Crevicular Fluid ◽

Folate Receptor ◽

Serum Folate ◽

Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽

Control Group ◽

Serum Samples ◽

Pocket Depth ◽

Probing Pocket Depth ◽

Significant Difference

Abstract Background The purpose of this study was to investigate gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and serum folate-receptor 1 (FOLR1) levels in subjects with different periodontal status. Methods The study consists of three groups: Healthy group (n = 15), gingivitis group (n = 15) and chronic periodontitis group (n = 15). Clinical periodontal parameters including probing pocket depth (PPD), clinical attachment level (CAL), gingival index (GI) and bleeding on probing (BOP) were assessed. GCF and serum samples were collected from each patient and were analyzed FOLR1 levels by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results The values of FOLR1 in GCF were higher in gingivitis and periodontitis groups than among patient in control group (p < 0.016). Serum FOLR1 levels showed no significant difference between the groups. A significant correlation was observed between FOLR1 levels of GCF and BOP (p < 0.05). Conclusions Our preliminary data suggest that FOLR1 is not useful in monitoring the periodontal disease. Further studies are necessary to clarify the role, regulation and function of folate and it’s receptors in the pathogenesis of periodontal disease.

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Effects of Initial Periodontal Therapy on Heat Shock Protein 70 Levels in Gingival Crevicular Fluid from Periodontitis Patients

Journal of Clinical Medicine ◽

10.3390/jcm9103072 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (10) ◽

pp. 3072

Author(s):

Nobuhisa Furuse ◽

Hideki Takai ◽

Yorimasa Ogata

Keyword(s):

Heat Shock ◽

Gingival Crevicular Fluid ◽

Periodontal Therapy ◽

Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽

Microbial Infection ◽

Pocket Depth ◽

Probing Pocket Depth ◽

Factor Α ◽

Crevicular Fluid ◽

Shock Proteins

Periodontitis is an inflammatory disease of periodontium which is caused by periodontopathic bacteria. Moreover, various cytokines such as interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and IL-6 are expressed in the inflamed periodontium. Heat shock proteins (HSPs) protect cells from abnormal conditions including inflammation, microbial infection and diseases. The 70-kDa HSPs (HSP70s) are major HSPs that express in the inflamed tissues. In this study, an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was applied to measure the levels of HSP70 in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) from two periodontal pockets in each of 10 patients with Stage III, Grade B periodontitis. Sites with probing pocket depth (PPD) of ≤3 mm were named the healthy control (HC) sites, and sites with PPD of ≥5 mm were named the diseased sites. HSP70 levels in GCF were expressed higher at diseased sites than at HC sites, and decreased after initial periodontal therapy at diseased sites. These results suggest the association of HSP70 with the stage of periodontitis.

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Association between Chronic Periodontitis and Oral/Oropharyngeal Cancer

Brazilian Dental Journal ◽

10.1590/0103-6440201600754 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 27 (3) ◽

pp. 261-266 ◽

Cited By ~ 22

Author(s):

Renata Costa de Moraes ◽

Fernando Luiz Dias ◽

Carlos Marcelo da Silva Figueredo ◽

Ricardo Guimarães Fischer

Keyword(s):

Oral Cavity ◽

Chronic Periodontitis ◽

Oropharyngeal Cancer ◽

Risk Indicators ◽

Control Group ◽

Case Group ◽

Pocket Depth ◽

Clinical Attachment Loss ◽

Probing Pocket Depth ◽

Significant Difference

Abstract The aim of this case control study was to assess the association between the extent and severity of chronic periodontitis and oral cavity and/or oropharyngeal cancer. The case group comprised 35 patients (mean age 56.1±8.4), diagnosed for oral and/or oropharyngeal cancer. The control group comprised 40 individuals (mean age 55.4±9.4) without diagnostic of cancer. All individuals were subjected to a periodontal examination, including bleeding on probing, plaque index, gingival index, probing pocket depth (PPD), clinical attachment loss (CAL), and decayed, extracted and filled teeth index (DMFT). The case group had significantly more sites with plaque. GI and BOP had similar values in both groups. The median PPD and CAL values were significantly higher for the case group. Chronic generalized periodontitis was predominant in 80% of patients with oral and/or oropharyngeal cancer. Eighty nine percent of the patients in the case group presented severe chronic periodontitis. There was no significant difference between groups for median values of DMFT. The extent and severity of chronic periodontitis remained as risk indicators for oral cavity and/or oropharyngeal cancer even after the adjustments for traditional confound factors, i.e. smoking and alcohol consumption.

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GCF Adrenomedullin Levels in Healthy and Periodontitis Patients with or without Type 2—Diabetes Mellitus: Clinicobiochemical Study

World Journal of Dentistry ◽

10.5005/jp-journals-10015-1256 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

pp. 42-46

Author(s):

SM Apoorva ◽

Divya Bhat ◽

Akanksha Garg ◽

A Suchetha ◽

N Sapna ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Gingival Crevicular Fluid ◽

Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽

Pocket Depth ◽

Probing Pocket Depth ◽

Crevicular Fluid

ABSTRACT Background The literature suggests that periodontal disease and diabetes mellitus share a two-way relationship. The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the levels of adrenomedullin (ADM) in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) of periodontally healthy and periodontitis patients with or without type 2 diabetes with different glycemic controls. Methods Ninety patients were included in the study and were divided into five groups based on CPI scores and ADA classification of diabetes. Probing pocket depth (PPD) and clinical attachment level (CAL) were measured in all the subjects. GCF was collected from all the participants using micropipettes. ADM levels were measured in GCF samples by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results The results showed higher levels of ADM in patients with periodontitis as compared to healthy group. Significant correlation was present between PPD and CAL and ADM levels in all periodontitis patients with or without type 2 diabetes. Conclusion Increase in GCF levels of ADM from periodontal health to disease and in periodontitis patients with type 2 diabetes with the worsening of glycemic control underlines the possible role of ADM in mounting a protective response to worsening disease state. How to cite this article Garg A, Suchetha A, Sapna N, Apoorva SM, Bhat D, Puzhankara L. GCF Adrenomedullin Levels in Healthy and Periodontitis Patients with or without Type 2—Diabetes Mellitus: Clinicobiochemical Study. World J Dent 2014;5(1):42-46.

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Effectiveness of non-surgical treatment to reduce il-18 levels in the gingival crevicular fluid of patients with periodontal disease

Brazilian Dental Journal ◽

10.1590/s0103-64402012000400020 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 23 (4) ◽

pp. 428-432 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Bernardo Oliveira de Campos ◽

Ricardo Guimarães Fischer ◽

Anders Gustafsson ◽

Carlos Marcelo da Silva Figueredo

Keyword(s):

Surgical Treatment ◽

Periodontal Disease ◽

Gingival Crevicular Fluid ◽

Gingival Index ◽

Pocket Depth ◽

Probing Pocket Depth ◽

Crevicular Fluid ◽

Attachment Level ◽

Gingival Fluid ◽

Non Surgical Treatment

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the non-surgical periodontal treatment in reducing the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) levels of IL-18 from inflamed periodontal sites. Fourteen patients with periodontal disease were included, being 9 patients with chronic periodontitis (mean age: 48.8 SD ± 7.4 years) and 5 patients with gingivitis (mean age: 43.6 SD ± 11.8). The patients were divided in the following groups: gingivitis sites from periodontitis patients (sites GP), periodontitis sites from periodontitis patients (sites PP), and gingivitis sites from gingivitis patients (sites GG). Probing pocket depth (PPD), probing attachment level (AL), plaque index (PI) and gingival index (GI) were recorded, and gingival fluid samples were collected. The subjects received non-surgical treatment and were re-evaluated 30 days after treatment (day 30 AT). There was a significant reduction in PI in GG (1.0 ± 0.4 to 0.5 ± 0.2), GP (1.2 ± 0.3 to 0.5 ± 0.3), and in PP (1.3 ± 0.4 to 0.7 ± 0.3) 30 AT. There was also a significant reduction in the GI in GG (1.3 ± 0.3 to 0.7 ± 0.4). PPD reduced significantly in GG (2.4 ± 0.6 to 1.9 ± 0.1), and PP (6.7 ± 1.1 to 5.2 ± 0.9) 30 AT. When all the samples were analyzed together, there was a significant reduction in IL-18 (12.9 ± 7.2 to 10.0 ± 3.1). This study showed that non-surgical treatment was effective in reducing GCF levels of IL-18 from inflamed periodontal sites.

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Rheumatoid arthritis serotype and synthetic disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs in patients with periodontitis: A case-control study

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0252859 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (6) ◽

pp. e0252859

Author(s):

Nik-Madihah Nik-Azis ◽

Nurulhuda Mohd ◽

Fazalina Mohd Fadzilah ◽

Nor Hazla Mohamed Haflah ◽

Mohd Shahrir Mohamed Said ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Rheumatoid Arthritis ◽

Health Assessment ◽

Pocket Depth ◽

Clinical Attachment Loss ◽

Probing Pocket Depth ◽

Probing Depth ◽

Disease Modifying ◽

And Control ◽

The Relationship ◽

Periodontal Probing

Patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) experience a higher prevalence of periodontitis. This study aimed to examine the variation of periodontitis experienced with different serotypes suffered by RA patients and to examine the relationship between the different medications taken for RA that may influence this relationship. Two hundred and sixty RA and control participants underwent standardized periodontal examinations. Medical, serological and radiological (Sharp/van der Heijde) records were assessed. Functional status was assessed using the administered Health Assessment Questionnaire. Moreover, disease parameters, including disease activity (DAS28-ESR) and anti-citrullinated protein antibodies (ACPA) and rheumatoid factor (RF) seropositivity were evaluated. Periodontitis was higher in RA (71.54%) compared with controls (54.62%). The stage of periodontitis experienced by ACPA-positive participants were higher than APCA-negative participants. The probing pocket depth and recession experienced by RF-positive participants were higher than those who were RF-negative. RA participants on methotrexate had lower clinical attachment loss and lower periodontal probing depth compared with participants on a combination methotrexate and other disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs. Participants taking corticosteroids had lower gingival index scores. The association between seropositivity and the type of medications taken with periodontal health parameters in this group of patients suggests that both seropositivity and medications taken are important modifiers in the relationship between periodontitis and RA.

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BETA GLUCURONIDASE ACTIVITY IN DIABETES ASSOCIATED PERIODONTITIS

International Journal of Advanced Research ◽

10.21474/ijar01/11778 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (9) ◽

pp. 1222-1230

Author(s):

Gawali S ◽

◽

Padhye A ◽

Chavan P ◽

◽

...

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Enzyme Activity ◽

Periodontal Disease ◽

Gingival Crevicular Fluid ◽

Diabetic Patients ◽

Tissue Destruction ◽

Pocket Depth ◽

Glucuronidase Activity ◽

Probing Pocket Depth ◽

Crevicular Fluid

Diabetes mellitus is a risk factor for development of periodontal disease with progressive periodontal destruction seen in diabetic patients. Advances in oral and periodontal disease diagnostic research are moving towards methods whereby periodontal risk can be identified and quantified by objective measures such as biomarkers. The aim of this study was to identify the presence of beta glucuronidase activity as an enzymatic biomarker of periodontal tissue destruction in patients of Diabetes mellitus associated with Periodontitis. β Glucuronidase activitywas estimated in saliva, GCF (Gingival Crevicular Fluid) and serum in healthy subjects and patients with Diabetes mellitus, Periodontitis and Diabetes associated periodontitis. Enzyme activity was compared with clinical parameters like Probing pocket depth, Plaque Index and Gingival Index. It was maximally raised in diabetic cases with periodontitis. Enzyme activity was found to be highest in crevicular fluid compared to saliva and serum. However, serum Glucuronidase correlated significantly with clinical indices. β-glucuronidase may be employed on routine basis as a chair side test for screening and diagnosis of patients with periodontitis in diabetics.

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