scholarly journals The Integration of National Minorities in Finland and Estonia during the Interwar Period (1918–1939)

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kari Alenius
Keyword(s):  
Interwar Period ◽  
National Minorities

scholarly journals Jan Kuklík, René Petráš, Minorities and law in Czechoslovakia, 1918–1992, Karolinum Press, Prague 2017, pp. 302

2021 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Grzegorz Gąsior
Keyword(s):  
Interwar Period ◽  
State Policy ◽  
National Minorities ◽  
Legal Situation

The reviewed monograph by Jan Kuklík and René Petráš entitled Minorities and law in Czechoslovakia, 1918–1992, Karolinum Press, Prague 2017, is dedicated to the legal situation of national minorities in Czechoslovakia in the years 1918–1992. Although it constitutes a useful guide to appropriate legislation, the authors show some tendency to emphasise the democratic features of state policy towards minorities in the interwar period and lessen the significance of some of its flaws

National Minority Problems in Romania: Continuity or Change?

1994 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-81
Author(s):  
Stephen Fischer-Galati
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
World War I ◽  
Interwar Period ◽  
Body Politic ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
National Minority ◽  
World War ◽  
National Minorities ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
The Russian Empire

The national minorities question in Romania has been one of crises and polemics. This is due, in part, to the fact that Greater Romania, established at the end of World War I, brought the Old Romanian Kingdom into a body politic (a kingdom itself relatively free of minority problems), with territories inhabited largely by national minorities. Thus, the population of Transylvania and the Banat, both of which had been constituent provinces of the defunct Austro-Hungarian Monarchy, included large numbers of Hungarians and Germans, while Bessarabia, a province of the Russian empire, included large numbers of Jews. While the Hungarian (Szeklers and Magyars), Germans (Saxons and Swabians), and Jewish minorities were the largest and most difficult to integrate into Greater Romania, other sizeable national minorities such as the Bulgarians, Russians, Ukrainians, Tatars, Serbians, Turks, and Gypsies also posed problems to the rulers of Greater Romania during the interwar period and, in some cases, even after World War II.

scholarly journals Jewish Swimming and Sports Club Bar Kochba Bratislava – the Most Successful Sports Club of Slovakia in the Interwar Period

2019 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
pp. 86-99
Author(s):  
Peter Bučka
Keyword(s):  
Interwar Period ◽  
Social Life ◽  
National Minorities ◽  
Sports Club ◽  
Interwar Era

Abstract In this article, the author deals with the foundation, development, results and reasons of disappearance of the most successful sports club in the interwar era; the Jewish swimming and sports club Bar Kochba Bratislava. After the birth of Czechoslovakia, sports in Slovakia could develop on a national basis. Large national minorities had the same possibilities. To eliminate the risk of misusing sports for political purposes, sport representatives decided to organise it on the ethnic principle instead of the regional one. Thanks to this a wide variety of national sports organisations were established, including some Jewish ones. Even though Jews constituted only 2.01% of the population in the interwar period in today’s territory of Slovakia (Bergerová, 1992: 108), they succeeded not only in sports but in other areas of social life as well.

scholarly journals The Last Citizen of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania: The Editor Ludwik Abramowicz (1879–1939) and the Idea of "Krajowość"

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aliaksandr Smalianchuk
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
Interwar Period ◽  
The Political ◽  
The Public ◽  
Liberal Democratic ◽  
Political Independence ◽  
National Minorities ◽  
Indigenous Nations ◽  
Grand Duchy Of Lithuania ◽  
Grand Duchy

The Last Citizen of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania: The Editor Ludwik Abramowicz (1879–1939) and the Idea of KrajowośćLudwik Abramowicz was one of the main ideologists of the idea of krajowość in its liberal-democratic version. He defended its principles even in the interwar period, when Poland was dominated by the policy of assimilation of national minorities and relations with Lithuania had the character of a cold war. Thanks to Abramowicz, Przegląd Wileński [Vilnius Review] (1921–1938) became the last bastion of the idea of krajowość, actively popularising it in the public life of the Vilnius Region. Abramowicz unwaveringly defended the idea of the political independence of the Belarusian-Lithuanian Lands and the decision of its future by the representatives of all indigenous nations. Abramowicz’s life and work, his publications in Przegląd Wileński prove that against all political and national-cultural realities, the idea of krajowość as an idea of harmonious coexistence of the nations of the historical Lithuania was popular and found new supporters.Ostatni obywatel Wielkiego Księstwa Litewskiego. Wprowadzenie do biografii redaktora Ludwika Abramowicza (1879–1939)Publicysta i redaktor Ludwik Abramowicz był jednym z głównych ideologów idei krajowej w jej liberalno-demokratycznej wersji. Bronił zasad krajowości nawet w dwudziestoleciu międzywojennym, kiedy w Polsce dominowała polityka asymilacji mniejszości narodowych, a stosunki z Litwą miały charakter zimnej wojny. Dzięki Abramowiczowi „Przegląd Wileński” (1921–1938) stał się ostatnim bastionem idei krajowej, czynnie popularyzując ją w życiu publicznym Wileńszczyzny. Abramowicz konsekwentnie bronił idei politycznej niezależności Kraju Białorusko-Litewskiego i decydowania o jego losie przez przedstawicieli wszystkich rdzennych narodów. Życie i twórczość Abramowicza, publikacje w „Przeglądzie Wileńskim” świadczą, że wbrew wszelkim realiom politycznym i narodowo-kulturowym idea krajowa jako idea harmonijnego współistnienia narodów historycznej Litwy cieszyła się popularnością i znajdowała nowych zwolenników.

scholarly journals Языковая ситуация межвоенного периода среди славянских меньшинств в Латгалии (по нарративам информантов)

2018 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
pp. 124-150
Author(s):  
Глеб [Gleb] Пилипенко [Pilipenko]
Keyword(s):  
Collective Memory ◽  
Interwar Period ◽  
Public Service ◽  
Military Service ◽  
Access To Education ◽  
Language Of Instruction ◽  
Language Competence ◽  
The Public ◽  
National Minorities ◽  
The Public Sphere

The language situation of the Slavic minorities in Latgale in the interwar period (according to the narratives of the informants)This article presents the language situation of the Slavic minorities (Russians, Poles and Belarusians) in Latgale in the 1920s and 1930s in individual and collective memory. As perceived by the informants, the interwar period is associated with the dominance of the Latvian language in the public sphere (the army, public service, education, official place names). In their view, military service and education at Latvian schools contributed to the development of Latvian language competence among national minorities. On the other hand, the 1920s and 1930s were also a period when Poles and Belarusians had access to education with their native language as the language of instruction. Although the accounts under consideration reflect a collective perception of the period and reveal its atmosphere, each of them is unique as it includes particular details and conveys feelings of individual informants (participants in the events and their descendants). The informants developed a stereotypical perception of the period, according to which there was a direct link between the level of command of the Latvian language and participation in certain spheres of public activity. Sytuacja językowa mniejszości słowiańskich w Łatgalii w okresie międzywojennym (w narracjach respondentów)Artykuł przedstawia sytuację językową mniejszości słowiańskich (Rosjan, Polaków i Białorusinów) w Łatgalii w okresie międzywojennym w pamięci indywidualnej i zbiorowej. W odczuciu respondentów lata 20. i 30. XX wieku były okresem dominacji języka łotewskiego w sferze publicznej (wojsku, administracji, oświacie, oficjalnym nazewnictwie). Ich zdaniem, służba wojskowa i nauka w łotewskich szkołach przyczyniały się do wzrostu stopnia znajomości języka łotewskiego wśrod mniejszości narodowych. Z drugiej zaś strony, w tym samym okresie Polacy i Białorusini mieli dostęp do edukacji w języku ojczystym. Pomimo tego, że omawiane narracje oddają zbiorowe opinie na temat lat międzywojennych i ich atmosferę, każda z nich jest jedyna w swoim rodzaju, zawiera bowiem konkretne szczegóły przywoływane przez respondentów (uczestników wydarzeń lub ich potomków) i ich osobiste odczucia. Badane osoby wyrobiły sobie stereotypowy obraz omawianego okresu, zgodnie z którym zachodził bezpośredni związek pomiędzy stopniem znajomości języka łotewskiego a uczestnictwem w określonych sferach życia publicznego.

scholarly journals Unholy Alliances? Nationalist Exiles, Minorities and Anti-Fascism in Interwar Europe

2016 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 597-617
Author(s):  
XOSÉ M. NÚÑEZ SEIXAS
Keyword(s):  
Public Opinion ◽  
Interwar Period ◽  
National Minorities ◽  
International Alliances ◽  
European Public ◽  
Interwar Europe ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Unique Species

Ethno-nationalist exiles in the interwar period were a unique species. While some of them relied on their own diasporic networks and waited for a chance, others established agitation platforms and regarded themselves as an alternative International of the ‘oppressed peoples’. Most of these alliances ended in failure, as it proved extremely difficult to reconcile the demands stemming from divergent national claims, such as those of autonomist factions versus irredentist or pro-independence groups, or those of national minorities seeking reintegration into their motherland as opposed to groups seeking independence. This article explores the relationship between minority nationalist exiles and anti-fascism by focusing on three issues: the emergence and evolution of ‘international alliances’ of minority activists in interwar Europe; contacts and ideological exchanges between ethno-nationalist exiles and liberal and anti-fascist segments of European public opinion and, finally, the emergence of a transnational anti-fascist nationality theory.

scholarly journals Vilnius Question and Kaunas Jewish Community in the Interwar Years

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 ◽  
pp. 138-145
Author(s):  
Julijana Leganovic
Keyword(s):  
Jewish Community ◽  
Interwar Period ◽  
Political Development ◽  
Jewish Communities ◽  
National Minorities ◽  
Democratic Relations ◽  
New System

One of the most prominent and at the same time the most complicated storylines of Lithuanian history between two world wars — the conflict between Lithuania and Poland for Vilnius. It is important to note that dramatic events occurred in Vilnius and around it, which essentially determined the democratic relations between Lithuania and Poland in the interwar period, influenced not only Lithuanians and Poles, but also national minorities living there for many centuries, first of all — the most numerous and influential Jewish communities. Geopolitical changes, the loss of historical capital and proclamation of Provisional capital affect the new search of coexistence of Vilnius and Kaunas Jewish communities with the dominant nation and directly affects cultural, political development. This paper attempts to present how the Vilnius question influenced the positions and choices of the Kaunas Jewish community in interwar years. Kaunas Jews have survived the crisis of identity in a provisional capital. In this period, Kaunas Jews began to create a new system — the alternative “Jerusalem of Lithuania”. Furthermore, Kaunas Jews joined the Vilnius liberation campaign in 1930s together with Lithuanians.

scholarly journals Polityka językowa Polski i Czechosłowacji wobec mniejszości ukraińskiej w okresie międzywojennym na przykładzie szkolnictwa Galicji i Zakarpacia

2017 ◽  
Vol 23 ◽  
pp. 131-142
Author(s):  
Oksana Ruda
Keyword(s):  
Language Policy ◽  
Interwar Period ◽  
Primary Schools ◽  
Regional Differences ◽  
Mother Tongue ◽  
Minority Language ◽  
International Treaties ◽  
Linguistic Rights ◽  
National Minorities ◽  
The Right

Language policy of Poland and Czechoslovakia concerning the Ukrainian minority in the interwar period on the example of the schooling of Galicia and TranscarpathiaIn the article the international treaties and internal laws and orders of Poland and the Czechoslovakia, which regulate the linguistic rights of national minorities in field of education are studiedInternal legislation of the Czechoslovakia guaranteed free use of minority language both orally and in writing, and provided the right for national minorities to study in their native language in public primary, secondary and higher educationOn the contrary, in the constitutional acts of Poland only the right of minorities to study their mother tongue in public primary schools was guaranteed. Due the prevalence of Ukrainians in Galicia, the Polish authorities with respect to these territories performed different national and language policy aimed at deepening regional differences and assimilation of the Ukrainian population.

scholarly journals Wpływ traktatu z Trianon na relacje węgiersko-słowackie

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 81-94
Author(s):  
Aleksandra Puzyniak
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Central Europe ◽  
Interwar Period ◽  
Traumatic Memory ◽  
Historical Experience ◽  
The Past ◽  
National Minorities ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Mutual Relations ◽  
The Impact

The influence of the Treaty of Trianon on Hungarian-Slovak relations In modern Central Europe there is still no shortage of countries whose mutual relations largely determine historical experience, and more specifically a different interpretation and assessment of events from the past. An excellent example of this is Hungary’s relations with neighboring countries, which are marked by events from the second half of the nineteenth century, i.e. the period when the authorities of the then Kingdom of Hungary conducted intensive Magyarization of national minorities and the first half of the twentieth century, as a result of the provisions of the Trianon Treaty, Budapest lost more than half of its area, and 3,227 million Hungarians were outside the country. The Trianon Treaty, which is still a traumatic memory and an unhealed wound, has a great impact on mutual relations. This article presents the impact of the Trianon Treaty on Hungarian-Slovak relations. Currently, 460,000 Hungarians live in Slovakia, who found themselves in the Republic as a result of the provisions of the said treaty. Importantly, it is the second-largest Hungarian minority in the Carpathian Sea Basin. In addition, it is a compact community, inhabiting the southern area of the country along the Hungarian border, conducting active political and cultural activities, and remaining in strong relations with their motherland. The abovementioned factors and fears of the Slovaks against the revisionist policy of Budapest in the interwar period and in the early 1990s meant that the topic of Trianon permanently inscribed in mutual relations.

scholarly journals Slavic national minorities in the political thought of the peasant movement in the interwar period

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 191-210
Author(s):  
Ewelina Podgajna
Keyword(s):  
Interwar Period ◽  
Political Thought ◽  
The State ◽  
The Other ◽  
Social Awareness ◽  
The Political ◽  
National Minorities ◽  
Peasant Movement

The peasant movement presented various positions towards the national minorities living in Poland in the interwar period. The attitude towards the Slavic minorities was different, the attitude towards the Jewish minority and the other national groups. In the 1920s, a favorable position towards Slavic minorities was represented by PSL Wyzwolenie, SCh and PSL Lewica, while PSL Piast remained unfavorable. In the 1930s, after the reunification in the SL, politicians and leaders of the party proclaimed the need to make far-reaching changes and reforms in the Eastern Borderlands. The agrarians emphasized that the care for favorable relations with the Slavic minorities was primarily due to the concern for the interests of the Polish state, so that minorities would not be the cause of unrest and internal disputes. According to the peasantry, it was necessary to cooperate in the field of peasant interests, to change social awareness and to strive to create the union of Slavic states. In the harmonious coexistence of all citizens of the Polish state, regardless of their nationality, they saw the source of integration and the strength of the state.

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