Short-Term Amphibian Toxicity Tests and Paraquat Toxicity Assessment

2009 ◽  
pp. 189-189-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
G Linder ◽  
J Barbitta ◽  
T Kwaiser
Keyword(s):  
Toxicity Assessment ◽  
Toxicity Tests ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Paraquat Toxicity

scholarly journals A Comparison of Short‐term and Continuous Exposures in Toxicity Tests of Produced Waters, Condensate and Crude Oil to Marine Invertebrates and Fish

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesca Gissi ◽  
Joanna Strzelecki ◽  
Monique T. Binet ◽  
Lisa A. Golding ◽  
Merrin S. Adams ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crude Oil ◽  
Marine Invertebrates ◽  
Toxicity Tests ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Produced Waters

Safety assessment of food-contact paper and board using a battery of short-term toxicity tests: European union BIOSAFEPAPER project

2005 ◽  
Vol 22 (10) ◽  
pp. 1032-1041 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Severin ◽  
L. Dahbi ◽  
J. -C. Lhuguenot ◽  
M. A. Andersson ◽  
D. Hoornstra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Safety Assessment ◽  
Toxicity Tests ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Food Contact

scholarly journals Short-Term Pulmonary Toxicity Assessment of Pre- and Post-incinerated Organomodified Nanoclay in Mice

ACS Nano ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 2292-2310 ◽  
Author(s):  
Todd A. Stueckle ◽  
Donna C. Davidson ◽  
Ray Derk ◽  
Tiffany G. Kornberg ◽  
Lori Battelli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pulmonary Toxicity ◽  
Toxicity Assessment ◽  
Short Term

A new method for early assessment of effects of exposing two non-target crustacean species, Asellus aquaticus and Gammarus fossarum, to pesticides, a laboratory study

2010 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 217-228 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simon Lukančič ◽  
Uroš Žibrat ◽  
Tadej Mezek ◽  
Andreja Jerebic ◽  
Tatjana Simčič ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stress Factors ◽  
Toxicity Tests ◽  
Asellus Aquaticus ◽  
Early Assessment ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Aquatic Animals ◽  
Test Species ◽  
Gammarus Fossarum ◽  
Ets Activity ◽  
Short Term Exposure

A reliable method is needed for assessing the condition of aquatic animals and their resistance to toxic pollutants. The physiological responses of two freshwater crustaceans, Asellus aquaticus and Gammarus fossarum, following in vitro exposure to two pesticides (atrazine and imidacloprid), were measured by a combination of electron transport system (ETS) activity and respiration (R). Short-term exposure concentrations were selected according to standard toxicity tests and ranged from 0.01 mg L—1 to 10 mg L—1. When pesticide concentration was greater than 1 mg l— 1 (which is below the LC50 [48 hours] determined for both species), A. aquaticus and G. fossarum responded to short-term exposure with elevated levels of R and/or lower levels of ETS activity. One hour exposure to concentrations of up to 10 mg L—1 showed an effect in both test species. Laboratory tests confirmed that G. fossarum is more sensitive to short-term pesticide exposure than A. aquaticus. The combination of these two methods provides a useful and effective tool for assessing the general condition of aquatic animals. It also enables to determine toxic effects on freshwater biota of specific or combined pollutants. ETS/R ratio may be used as a quick predictor of effects on organisms exposed to pesticides and other stress factors such as changes in temperature, light, salinity, oxygen concentration and food.

Final Report on the Safety Assessment of Sodium p -Chloro- m -Cresol, p -Chloro- m -Cresol, Chlorothymol, Mixed Cresols, m -Cresol, o -Cresol, p -Cresol, Isopropyl Cresols, Thymol, o -Cymen-5-ol, and Carvacrol1

2006 ◽  
Vol 25 (1_suppl) ◽  
pp. 29-127 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Liver Function ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Expert Panel ◽  
Toxicity Tests ◽  
Inhalation Toxicity ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Oral Toxicity ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Antitumor Effects ◽  
Toxicity Studies

Sodium p -Chloro- m -Cresol, p -Chloro- m -Cresol (PCMC), Mixed Cresols, m -Cresol, o -Cresol, p -Cresol, Isopropyl Cresols, Thymol, Chlorothymol, o -Cymen-5-ol, and Carvacrol are substituted phenols used as cosmetic biocides/preservatives and/or fragrance ingredients. Only PCMC, Thymol, and o -Cymen-5-ol are reported to be in current use, with the highest concentration of use at 0.5% for o -Cymen-5-ol in perfumes. The use of PCMC in cosmetics is restricted in Europe and Japan. Cresols can be absorbed through skin, the respiratory tract, and the digestive tract; metabolized by the liver; and excreted by the kidney as glucuronide and sulfate metabolites. Several of these cresols increase the dermal penetration of other agents, including azidothymidine. In acute oral toxicity studies, LD50 values were in the 200 to 5000 mg/kg day-1 range across several species. In short-term studies in rats and mice, an o -Cresol, m -Cresol, p -Cresol or m -Cresol/ p -Cresol mixture at 30,000 ppm in the diet produced increases in liver and kidney weights, deficits in liver function, bone marrow hypocellularity, irritation to the gastrointestinal tract and nasal epithelia, and atrophy of female reproductive organs. The no observed effect levels (NOEL) of o -Cresol was 240 mg/kg in mink and 778 mg/kg in ferrets in short-term feeding studies, with no significant dose-related toxicity (excluding body weight parameters). In mice, 0.5% p -Cresol, but neither m -Cresol nor o -Cresol, caused loss of pigmentation. Short-term and subchronic oral toxicity tests performed with various cresols using mice, rats, hamsters, and rabbits resulted in no observed adverse effect levels (NOAELs) for mice of 625 ppm and rats of 50 mg/kg day -1, although the NOEL was 2000 ppm ina chronic study using rats. In rabbits, 160 mg/kg PCMC was found to produce irritation and erythema, but no systemic effects. Hamsters dosed with 1.5% p -Cresol in diet for 20 weeks had a greater incidence of mild and moderate forestomach hyperplasia as compared to the control. Acute inhalation toxicity studies using rats yielded LC50 values ranging from > 20 mg/m3 for o -Cresol to > 583 mg/m3 for PCMC. No deaths were recorded in mice given o -Cresol at 50 mg/m3. Cats exposed (short-term) to 9 to 50 mg/m3 of o -Cresol developed inflammation and irritation of the upper respiratory tract, pulmonary edema, and hemorrhage and perivascular sclerosis in the lungs. Rats exposed (subchronic) to o -Cresol at 9 mg/m3 had changes in leukocytes, spinal cord smears, nervous activity, liver function, blood effects, clinical signs, and neurological effects. In guinea pigs, exposure to 9 mg/m3 produced changes in hemoglobin concentrations and electrocardiograms (EKGs). Rats exposed (subchronic) to 0.05 mg/m3 Mixed Cresols by inhalation exhibited central nervous system (CNS) excitation, denaturation of lung protein, and decreased weight gain. All cresols appear to be ocular irritants. Numerous sensitization studies have been reported and most positive reactions were seen with higher concentrations of Cresol ingredients. Developmental toxicity is seen in studies of m -Cresol, o -Cresol, and p -Cresol, but only at maternally toxic levels. In a reproductive toxicity study of a mixture of m -Cresol and p -Cresol using mice under a continuous breeding protocol, 1.0% caused minimal adult reproductive and significant postnatal toxicity in the presence of systemic maternal toxicity. The o -Cresol NOAEL was 0.2% for both reproductive and general toxicity in both generations. Cresol ingredients were generally nongenotoxic in bacterial, fruit fly, and mammalian cell assays. Thymol did not induce primary lung tumors in mice. No skin tumors were found in mice exposed dermally to m -Cresol, o -Cresol, or p -Cresol for 12 weeks. In the tryphan blue exclusion assay, antitumor effects were observed for Thymol and Carvacrol. Clinical patch testing with 2% PCMC may produce irritant reactions, particularly in people with multiple patch test reactions, that are misinterpreted as allergic responses. o -Cresol, p -Cresol, Thymol, Carvacrol, and o -Cymen-5-ol caused no dermal irritation at or above use concentrations. In two predictive patch tests, PCMC did not produce a sensitization reaction. Overall, these ingredients are not significant sensitizing or photosensitizing agents. The Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR) Expert Panel noted some of these ingredients may increase the penetration of other cosmetic ingredients and advised cosmetic formulators to take this into consideration. The CIR Expert Panel concluded that the toxic effects of these ingredients are observed at doses higher than would be available from cosmetics. A concentration limitation of 0.5% was chosen to ensure the absence of a chemical leukoderma effect. For p -Cresol and Mixed Cresols (which contain p -Cresol), the Panel considered that the available data are insufficient to support the safety of these two ingredients in cosmetics. Studies that would demonstrate no chemical leukoderma at concentrations of use of p -Cresol and Mixed Cresols, or would demonstrate a dose response from which a safe concentration could be derived, are needed.

scholarly journals Nitrite toxicity assessment in Danio rerio and Poecilia reticulata

2011 ◽  
Vol 80 (3) ◽  
pp. 309-312 ◽  
Author(s):  
Petra Doleželová ◽  
Stanislava Mácová ◽  
Vladimíra Pištěková ◽  
Zdeňka Svobodová ◽  
Iveta Bedáňová ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Fish Species ◽  
Danio Rerio ◽  
Poecilia Reticulata ◽  
Toxicity Assessment ◽  
Model Organisms ◽  
Toxicity Tests ◽  
Uptake Mechanism ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Species Specific

Nitrite is a natural component of the nitrogen cycle in the environment. Although it usually occurs in low concentrations, elevated concentrations caused by effluents or affected nitrification process can lead to serious health deterioration of fish. Two aquarium fish zebrafish (Danio rerio) and guppy (Poecilia reticulata) are recommended to use as model organisms in toxicity tests. However, their sensitivity to nitrite can differ. The aim of this study was to define acute toxicity of nitrite by the semistatic method according to OECD No. 203 (Fish, Acute toxicity test). The series of 4 acute toxicity tests was performed, with 10 fish of both species used for each concentration and for the control. The 96hLC50 NO2- value for D. rerio and P. reticulata was 242.55 ± 15.79 mg·l-1 and 30.2 ± 8.74 mg·l-1, respectively. We have proved significant difference (p < 0.05) in sensitivity between D. rerio and P. reticulata. The results showed different sensitivities to nitrites in tested fish species, which could be related to species-specific branchial chloride uptake mechanism. This is the first study on this fish species.

Factors Affecting Survival and Cation Concentration in the Blackflies Prosimulium fuscum/mixtum and the Mayfly Leptophlebia cupida during Spring Snowmelt

1988 ◽  
Vol 45 (12) ◽  
pp. 2123-2132 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald J. Hall ◽  
R. C. Bailey ◽  
Joseph Findeis
Keyword(s):  
Whole Body ◽  
Toxicity Tests ◽  
Transplant Experiment ◽  
Gut Content ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
Zn Concentration ◽  
Spring Snowmelt

We used a transplant experiment to examine the effects of short-term pH depressions in spring on whole-body concentrations of nine metal cations (Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Pb, Al, Mn, Cd, and Fe) and survival of two species of aquatic insects collected from two habitats with year-round differences in pH. Survival of Leptophlebia cupida and Prosimulium fuscum/mixtum was close to 100% in 4- and 10-d in situ toxicity tests prior to and during snowmelt at pH levels ranging from 6.5 to 4.2. Differences in metal concentrations (Zn, Cd, and Na) existed between mayflies collected from different streams with pH values of 6.2−5.6. Both species transplanted from pH 6.2 to 4.2 streamwater had significant decreases in whole-body concentrations of Ca, Al, and Mn. Additionally, mayflies had significant losses of Mg, Fe, and Pb, while blackflies decreased in whole-body Na and Zn concentration. Percentages of the whole-body Al concentration in the adsorbed, absorbed, and gut content fractions were 3.3, 31.7, and 65%, respectively, for L. cupida and 1.6, 56.4, and 42%, respectively, for P. fuscum/mixtum. The percent adsorbed doubled in transplanted (versus control) mayflies, but the overall whole-body Al concentration decreased.

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