scholarly journals Sanctions Against “Nord Stream – 2”. Economic Consequences

2020 ◽  
pp. 173-181
Author(s):  
Alexey Lebedev ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Effect ◽  
Economic Consequences ◽  
Economic Interests ◽  
The Us ◽  
Nord Stream ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
Restrictive Measures ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Liquefied Gas ◽  
The Eu

Sanctions, being one of the instruments of US economic policy, have turned into a non-market tool for economic and political pressure, promoting America’s own economic interests and unfair competition. Restrictive measures essentially serve purposes that are far from officially declared, and often even the opposite. One of the most striking examples of this approach are the US sanctions against the Nord Stream 2 project under the pretext of concern for the energy security of the EU countries and the preservation of gas transit through Ukraine. In fact, the sanctions against Nord Stream 2, which fit into the mainstream of Washington's "containment of Russia" policy, pursue the goal of promoting American shale liquefied gas on the European market. The article observes US efforts to counteract the implementation of the project. It analyzes the US sanction laws and their impact on the pipeline construction process. Based on a comparison of the cost of transporting gas along the bottom of the Baltic Sea with the route through the territory of the Ukraine, the economic effect of the suspension of construction is estimated. The consequences of the project’s failure are also considered.

scholarly journals European strategic autonomy: Energy at the heart of European security?

European View ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 238-244
Author(s):  
Eloïse Ryon
Keyword(s):  
Economic Consequences ◽  
European Security ◽  
Political Concept ◽  
Energy Union ◽  
Practical Development ◽  
Nord Stream ◽  
Strategic Autonomy ◽  
Radical Transformation ◽  
The Eu

Since Brexit and the COVID-19 pandemic, there has been a radical transformation of the meaning, use and role of the concept of strategic autonomy within the European project. Whereas its application was originally restricted to defence matters, it is now explicitly mentioned in other sectors, including pharmaceuticals. The COVID-19 pandemic and its political, social and economic consequences have considerably boosted the trend to broaden the concept’s sphere of application. Strategic autonomy has found new life as a key political concept that will help shape the future of the EU. But does the concept really apply to all sectors? To what extent is European strategic autonomy behind the development of the Energy Union? The article attempts to provide an answer to these questions through an analysis of the theoretical and practical development of the concept, focusing particularly on the debate around Nord Stream 2.

scholarly journals Between Strategic Autonomy and International Norm-setting

2021 ◽  
pp. 261-286
Author(s):  
Yuliya Miadzvetskaya
Keyword(s):  
Global Strategy ◽  
Deterrence Theory ◽  
State Behavior ◽  
Strategic Competition ◽  
Operational Characteristics ◽  
The Us ◽  
International Discourse ◽  
Restrictive Measures ◽  
Strategic Autonomy ◽  
The Eu

According to the 2016 EU Global Strategy (EUGS), today's world is characterized by an increased strategic competition and rising threats to multilateralism and a rules-based order. In this fast-evolving environment, the EU has shifted from its traditional Þ-U+201C-Þvalues-basedÞ-U+201D-Þ approach in foreign policy to a Þ-U+201C-Þprincipled pragmatismÞ-U+201D-Þ. This holds that the EU should solidify relations with countries with shared values, while also engaging strategically with rivals. The EU's goal is to protect its strategic interests in the world marked by the US-China rivalry, a confrontational relationship with the Trump administration, and Russia's growing ambitions in their shared neighborhood. The present chapter examines some aspects of the EU's efforts to secure its autonomy in an emergent terrain for international competition: cyberspace. The analysis will begin with an explanation of the broader context for the EU's approach to cybersecurity, which should be understood as part of the Union's longstanding pursuit of Þ-U+201C-Þstrategic autonomyÞ-U+201D-Þ in an increasingly competitive geopolitical environment. It then offers a description of deterrence theory and its application to cyberspace, before turning to the development of the EU Cyber Diplomacy toolbox and targeted restrictive measures in response to cyberattacks. It will then seek to assess the deterrence potential of restrictive measures on the basis of some generic attributes of the concept of deterrence identified in rich theoretic contributions on deterrence theory and cyberspace. It concludes that while sanctions might appear to be ineffective and non-aligned with the operational characteristics of the cyber domain, their potential for establishing good practices should not be discarded. They should instead be used as a vehicle for promoting and informing the international discourse on the norms of responsible state behavior in cyberspace.

EU will avoid new Russia sanctions as long as it can

2019 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
European Parliament ◽  
Legal Action ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Us ◽  
Nord Stream ◽  
Eu Support ◽  
The Eu

Subject EU responses to Russian actions around Ukraine. Significance EU sanctions imposed in 2014 remain in place owing to continuing concerns about Russian interference in elections, the poison attack on former spy Sergey Skripal and covert Russian activities in Ukraine and elsewhere. However, the EU has resisted pressure to take immediate action after the Kerch Straits incident, in which Russian coast guards captured three Ukrainian naval vessels. Impacts The US position on sanctions currently mirrors EU restraint, but Washington would be forced to act by blatant Russian aggression. Ukraine will call for EU support while using legal action in an attempt to hamper Gazprom's alternative gas export routes. European Parliament resolutions condemning Nord Stream 2 will have little impact on German support for the project.

MBOC and BOC(1,1) Performance Comparison

2008 ◽  
Vol 61 (4) ◽  
pp. 613-627 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Hoult ◽  
L. E. Aguado ◽  
P. Xia
Keyword(s):  
Performance Comparison ◽  
Tracking Performance ◽  
Modulation Scheme ◽  
Binary Offset Carrier ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Cost ◽  
New System ◽  
The Eu

In recent months the US and the EU have agreed to change the modulation scheme for the new civil GPS and Galileo signals in the L1 band from Binary Offset Carrier (1,1) (BOC(1,1)) to a scheme having the so-called Multiplexed Binary Offset Carrier (MBOC) spectrum, although each system will implement this differently. This paper compares the performance of the new system in a number of areas against the original baseline. It is shown that the MBOC signal offers significant advantages in multipath and tracking performance, while retaining compatibility with BOC(1,1) receivers at the cost of a small correlation loss.

More sanctions support US interests but not activity

2019 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Baltic Sea ◽  
Central Europe ◽  
The Baltic Sea ◽  
Russian Government ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Us ◽  
Us Government ◽  
Nord Stream ◽  
The Baltic

Subject US sanctions. Significance The US government views the new Nord Stream 2 gas pipeline, running from Russia to Germany under the Baltic Sea, as increasing European dependence on Russian fuels when the Russian government is reasserting its influence in Eastern and Central Europe. The US administration has imposed extraterritorial sanctions against corporations constructing the pipeline. This may simply be a tactic to encourage more European purchases of US natural gas, but it is also consistent with the US administration’s mercantilist attitude towards trade. Impacts Nord Stream 2 sanctions will hurt some European firms, akin to the effect of US sanctions against European firms still operating in Iran. No evidence shows that the US policy is improving firms’ sales, which may discourage firms from currying favour with the administration. The US corruption probe into Airbus may boost Boeing and Lockheed Martin in the US market and make it harder for China’s COMAC to enter.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the economic effect of biological therapy in patients with severe COVID-19 and cytokine storm

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 377-387
Author(s):  
M. Yu. Frolov ◽  
A. S. Salasyuk ◽  
V. A. Rogov
Keyword(s):  
Biological Therapy ◽  
Economic Effect ◽  
Economic Consequences ◽  
Cytokine Storm ◽  
Effective Treatment Option ◽  
Microsoft Excel ◽  
Study Results ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Equal Efficacy

Aim. The study aimed to assess the economic effect of biological therapy with anti-interleukin (IL)-6 drugs: tocilizumab, olokizumab, and levilimab in patients with severe COVID-19 and cytokine storm.Materials and Methods. An assessment of the economic consequences of severe COVID-19 therapy was carried out using the cost of illness analysis in a model developed in Microsoft Excel 2016 (Microsoft, USA). The direct medical costs of providing care for COVID-19 were taken into account (ICU service, the cost of biological therapy, and the use of glucocorticosteroids (GC)). Data from a prospective, historical controlled CHIC study conducted in the Netherlands were used as a source of efficacy. A mathematical model has been developed for extrapolating the CHIC study results to clinical outcomes (transfer to mechanical ventilation, discharge from ICU, lethal outcome) and forecasting the costs of managing severe patients with COVID-19 in real clinical practice in the Russian Federation.Results. The reduction in the cost of therapy when the hypothesis of equal efficacy of tocilizumab, olokizumab, and levilimab is accepted by reducing the cost of drug therapy will be 1,251,698.99 rubles per 72 patients when comparing olokizumab with tocilizumab and 939,718.84 rubles per 72 patients when comparing olokizumab with levilimab.Conclusion. Anti-interleukin (IL)-6 drugs in combination with GC are an effective treatment option for moderate to severe patients with COVID-19 and cytokine storm symptoms. This group of drugs is indicated as the main one for the treatment of this condition.

German-Russian ties should survive Navalny attack

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Content Type ◽  
North West ◽  
Natural Gas Pipeline ◽  
The North ◽  
Intelligence Services ◽  
Nord Stream ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
The Military ◽  
The Eu

Significance Leading politicians have called for the cancellation for the Nord Stream 2 (NS2) natural gas pipeline from Russia to Germany, while NATO and the EU are considering fresh sanctions on Russian individuals in the military and intelligence services. Impacts Germany will likely increase its capacity for importing US LNG, focusing on the Wilhelmshaven and Brunsbuettel terminals in the north-west. Russia's questioning of Germany's investigation of the poisoning will make Berlin more vigilant over Russian disinformation efforts. Continuing to 'work' with Russia could undermine German credibility in Poland, the Baltic states and Ukraine.

scholarly journals THE CONSEQUENCES OF THE US SANCTIONS POLICY IMPLEMENTATION: THE NORD STREAM 2 GAS PIPELINE CASE

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jorge Morales Pedraza
Keyword(s):  
Great Powers ◽  
Gas Pipeline ◽  
International Peace ◽  
The Us ◽  
Peace And Security ◽  
Us Government ◽  
Nord Stream ◽  
Sanction Policy ◽  
Political Economic ◽  
The Eu

It has become common practice for the US administration to apply sanctions to countries that adopt policies to defend their political, economic, and military interests but affect or are against those of the US. The application of the US sanctions policy has been extended in recent years to include even friendly or allied countries. When is the US sanction policy applied? In principle, when other countries assume positions or adopt political, economic, and military policies that do not respect or reflect the US interests or do not support its commercial, economic, political, or military policies and positions. As a result of the US sanctions policy's expansion application, now the US government does not distinguish between allies, friends, adversaries, or enemies. Sanctions against Germany and other European countries and companies and Russian companies for constructing the Nord Stream 2 gas pipeline are clear examples of what has been said above. But, what happens if all great powers apply the same US sanction policy? The reaction of China, Russia, and the EU, among others rejecting the US sanctions policy covering political, economic, and military issues, complicates the search for acceptable solutions to the main world problems increasing tensions at this level. Undoubtedly, this is not the way to find acceptable solutions to international or regional disputes. They can only be found through negotiations in good faith, the use of diplomacy, and increasing trust among countries involved in regional and international disputes. The use of unilateral force, the adoption of arbitrary sanctions, or the threat of military actions to force change another country's position or policy will not strengthen international peace and security but the contrary.

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