scholarly journals Cortical Synaptic Arrangements of the Third Visual Pathway in Three Primate Species: Macaca mulatta, Saimiri sciureus, and Aotus trivirgatus

2002 ◽  
Vol 22 (7) ◽  
pp. 2885-2893 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuri Shostak ◽  
Yuchuan Ding ◽  
Julia Mavity-Hudson ◽  
Vivien A. Casagrande
Keyword(s):  
Macaca Mulatta ◽  
Visual Pathway ◽  
Primate Species ◽  
Saimiri Sciureus ◽  
The Third

scholarly journals Recommendations for Abnormal Behaviour Ethograms in Monkey Research

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 1461
Author(s):  
Andrea Polanco ◽  
Brenda McCowan ◽  
Lee Niel ◽  
David L. Pearl ◽  
Georgia Mason
Keyword(s):  
Macaca Mulatta ◽  
Regression Models ◽  
Convergent Validity ◽  
P Value ◽  
Morphological Similarity ◽  
Abnormal Behaviour ◽  
Logistic Regression Models ◽  
The Third ◽  
Welfare Implications ◽  
Self Stimulation

Laboratory monkey ethograms currently include subcategories of abnormal behaviours that are based on superficial morphological similarity. Yet, such ethograms may be misclassifying behaviour, with potential welfare implications as different abnormal behaviours are likely to have distinct risk factors and treatments. We therefore investigated the convergent validity of four hypothesized subcategories of abnormal behaviours (‘motor’, e.g., pacing; ‘self-stimulation’, e.g., self-sucking; ‘postural’, e.g., hanging; and ‘self-abuse’, e.g., self-biting). This hypothesis predicts positive relationships between the behaviours within each subcategory. Rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) data on 19 abnormal behaviours were obtained from indoor-housed animals (n = 1183). Logistic regression models, controlling for sex, age, and the number of observations, revealed that only 1/6 ‘motor’ behaviours positively predicted pacing, while 2/3 ‘self-abuse’ behaviours positively predicted self-biting (one-tailed p-value < 0.05). Furthermore, ‘self-stimulation’ behaviours did not predict self-sucking, and none of the ‘postural’ behaviours predicted hanging. Thus, none of the subcategories fully met convergent validity. Subsequently, we created four new valid subcategories formed of comorbid behaviours. The first consisted of self-biting, self-hitting, self-injurious behaviour, floating limb, leg-lifting, and self-clasping. The second comprised twirling, bouncing, rocking, swinging, and hanging. The third comprised pacing and head-twisting, while the final subcategory consisted of flipping and eye-poking. Self-sucking, hair-plucking, threat-biting, and withdrawn remained as individual behaviours. We encourage laboratories to replicate the validation of these subcategories first, and for scientists working with other species to validate their ethograms before using them in welfare assessments.

scholarly journals Primate community of the tropical rain forests of Saracá-Taqüera National Forest, Pará, Brazil

2009 ◽  
Vol 69 (4) ◽  
pp. 1091-1099 ◽  
Author(s):  
LC. Oliveira ◽  
D. Loretto ◽  
LR. Viana ◽  
JS. Silva-Jr. ◽  
W. G. Fernandes
Keyword(s):  
Primate Species ◽  
Saimiri Sciureus ◽  
Conservation Strategies ◽  
National Forest ◽  
Tropical Rain Forests ◽  
Cebus Olivaceus ◽  
Museum Data ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Chiropotes Sagulatus ◽  
Primate Community

Brazil is the richest country in the world in terms of primate species and the Amazonian rain forest is one of the richest biomes containing 15 (ca. 90%) of the Neotropical primate genera. Although considered key elements in conservation strategies, there is only anecdotal information on primates for several protected areas within the region. Here we present new data on the community composition of the primates in the Saracá-Taqüera National Forest (429,600 ha), an actively mined, bauxite rich area, in Pará, Brazil. We used information from the literature, technical reports, museum data, and interviews conducted with agents from the Brazilian Institute of the Environment and Natural Renewable Resources (Instituto Brasileiro do Meio Ambiente e dos Recursos Naturais Renováveis - IBAMA) and members of the local "Quilombo" community. In addition, from July 2003 to June 2007, we carried out 19 field trips ranging from 10 to15 days each, amounting to a total effort of 1,230 hours and 1,420 km of censuses, resulting in 1,034 records of eight primate species (Saguinus martinsi, Saguinus midas, Saimiri sciureus, Cebus apella, Pithecia pithecia, Chiropotes sagulatus, Ateles paniscus, and Alouatta macconelli). Two other species (Cebus olivaceus and Aotus trivirgatus) were recorded only indirectly, through interviews and literature data. In all, Alouatta macconelli was the most frequently recorded species (43% of all records); while Saguinus midas and P. pithecia were the least (ca. 0.4 and 0.6% of all records). Based on our results, we discuss group sizes as well as taxonomic problems concerning the genera Pithecia and Chiropotes, for which we registered individuals displaying phenotypic geographical variation and two different forms, respectively. Despite the deforestation inherent in bauxite mining, the Saracá-Taqüera National Forest still has a remarkable richness of primate species. Our study results place this National Forest amongst the richest reserves, in terms of primate species, in the Amazon region.

scholarly journals Leukemia in a Rhesus Monkey (Macaca Mulatta) Following Exposure to Whole-Body Proton Irradiation

Blood ◽  
1968 ◽  
Vol 32 (6) ◽  
pp. 989-996 ◽  
Author(s):  
ALAN M. SIEGAL ◽  
HAROLD W. CASEY ◽  
ROBERT W. BOWMAN ◽  
JOSEPH E. TRAYNOR
Keyword(s):  
Rhesus Monkey ◽  
Macaca Mulatta ◽  
Proton Irradiation ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
The Third ◽  
Granulocytic Leukemia

Abstract A rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) developed acute granulocytic leukemia 2½ years after whole-body irradiation with protons. This is the third reported case of primate leukemia following irradiation.

scholarly journals Determinación de los orígenes geográficos de los mamíferos silvestres decomisados por la Secretaría Distrital del Ambiente (SDA) en Bogotá (Colombia) mediante análisis moleculares durante 2017-2018

2020 ◽  
pp. 111-136
Author(s):  
Manuel Ruiz-García ◽  
Norberto Leguizamón ◽  
Aurita Bello ◽  
Myreya Pinedo-Castro ◽  
Juan Manuel Ortega ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mammalian Species ◽  
Atlantic Coast ◽  
Geographic Area ◽  
Cebus Apella ◽  
Primate Species ◽  
Saimiri Sciureus ◽  
Wild Mammals ◽  
Cebus Albifrons ◽  
Colombian Amazon ◽  
Surrounding Areas

Resumen En un país megadiverso, como Colombia, el nivel de tráfico ilegal de fauna es elevado. Una vez que esa fauna es decomisada es importante volverla a reintroducir en los lugares geográficos de donde proviene (en el supuesto caso que esa fauna esté en las condiciones óptimas para ser liberada). Durante 2017-2018, la Secretaría Distrital del Ambiente (SDA) decomisó 172 especímenes de mamíferos silvestres en la ciudad de Bogotá (Colombia). Estos mamíferos pertenecieron a cinco órdenes (Primates, Rodentia, Carnivora, Didelphimorpha, y Xenarthra) y representaron 28 especies diferentes. El objetivo fundamental de este trabajo es mostrar la utilización de un conjunto de genes mitocondriales y nucleares (dependiendo de las especies) para determinar los orígenes geográficos de cada uno de esos especímenes. Aquí se muestran esos orígenes, lo que permite visualizar de qué áreas del país se produce mayoritariamente tráfico ilegal de mamíferos silvestres que llega a Bogotá, aunque en algunos casos no se pudo determinar el origen exacto de algunos especímenes. Cuatro especies de mamíferos, tres primates y una ardilla, (Cebus albifrons, Saimiri sciureus, Sciurus granatensis, y Cebus apella) representaron el 70 % de los ejemplares de mamíferos decomisados en Bogotá durante 2017-2018. La primera especie de primate y la ardilla procedieron mayoritariamente del norte del país (Costa Atlántica, Antioquia, y Santanderes), mientras que las otras dos especies de primates procedieron primordialmente de los Llanos Orientales y zona amazónica cercana a los Llanos. Adicionalmente, un segundo objetivo, más colateral, es la discusión de algunas cuestiones sistemáticas de los taxones decomisados. Abstra ct In a megadiverse country, such as Colombia is, the level of illegal fauna traffic is high. Once this fauna is confiscated, it is relevant to reintroduce it to the precise wild geographic area where was extracted (in the case that this fauna is in optimal condition to be released). During 2017-2018, the Secretaría Distrital del Ambiente (SDA) seized 172 specimens of wild mammals in the city of Bogotá (Colombia). These mammals belonged to five orders (Primates, Rodentia, Carnivora, Didelphimorpha, and Xenarthra) and represented 28 different species. The first and main objective is to show how a set of mitochondrial and nuclear genes (depending on each species) could help to determine the geographical origins of each one of these specimens. We herein show these origins, which allows us to know from what country’s area the illegal fauna is coming to Bogotá, although in some cases we did not identify the precise origin of some specimens. Four mammalian species, three primates and one squirrel, (Cebus albifrons, Saimiri sciureus, Sciurus granatensis, and Cebus apella) represented 70 % of the mammalian specimens seized in Bogotá during 2017-2018. The first primate and the squirrel species were mainly originated from the northern area of the country (Atlantic coast, Antioquia, and Santanderes), meanwhile the other two primate species were primarily from the Eastern Llanos and surrounding areas from the northern Colombian Amazon. Additionally, a second, more collateral, objective is the discussion of some systematical questions of these taxa seized.

scholarly journals Olfactory sensitivity for aliphatic alcohols in squirrel monkeys and pigtail macaques

2002 ◽  
Vol 205 (11) ◽  
pp. 1633-1643 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthias Laska ◽  
Alexandra Seibt
Keyword(s):  
Detection Threshold ◽  
Squirrel Monkeys ◽  
Aliphatic Alcohols ◽  
Macaca Nemestrina ◽  
Primate Species ◽  
Saimiri Sciureus ◽  
Carbon Chain Length ◽  
Olfactory Sensitivity ◽  
Olfactory Detection ◽  
Pigtail Macaques

SUMMARY The view that primates are microsmatic animals is based mainly on an interpretation of neuroanatomical features, whereas physiological evidence of a poorly developed sense of smell in this order of mammals is largely lacking. Using a conditioning paradigm, we therefore assessed the olfactory sensitivity of three squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) and of four pigtail macaques (Macaca nemestrina) for a homologous series of aliphatic alcohols (ethanol to 1-octanol) and isomeric forms of some of these substances. In the majority of cases, the animals of both species significantly discriminated concentrations below 1 part per million from the odourless solvent, and with 1-hexanol individual monkeys even demonstrated thresholds below 10 parts per billion. The results showed (i) that both primate species have a well-developed olfactory sensitivity for aliphatic alcohols, which for the majority of substances matches or even is better than that of species such as the rat, (ii) that both species generally show very similar olfactory detection thresholds for aliphatic alcohols, and (iii) that a significant negative correlation between perceptibility in terms of olfactory detection threshold and carbon chain length of both the aliphatic 1-and 2-alcohols exists in both species. These findings support the idea that across-species comparisons of neuroanatomical features are a poor predictor of olfactory performance and that general labels such as `microsmat' or`macrosmat', which are usually based on allometric comparisons of olfactory brain structures, are inadequate to describe the olfactory capabilities of a species. Further, our findings suggest that olfaction may play an important and hitherto underestimated role in the regulation of behaviour in the species tested.

scholarly journals Experimental evidence that female rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) perceive variation in male facial masculinity

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin A. Rosenfield ◽  
Stuart Semple ◽  
Alexander V. Georgiev ◽  
Dario Maestripieri ◽  
James P. Higham ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Macaca Mulatta ◽  
Rhesus Macaques ◽  
Female Mate Choice ◽  
Primate Species ◽  
Necessary Condition ◽  
Sexually Dimorphic ◽  
Face Shape ◽  
Facial Masculinity ◽  
Facial Shape ◽  
Free Ranging

AbstractAmong many primate species, face shape is sexually dimorphic, and male facial masculinity has been proposed to influence female mate choice and male-male competition by signalling competitive ability. However, whether conspecifics pay attention to facial masculinity has only been assessed in humans. In a study of free-ranging rhesus macaques, Macaca mulatta, we used a two-alternative look-time experiment to test whether females perceive male facial masculinity. We presented 107 females with pairs of images of male faces – one with a more masculine shape and one more feminine – and recorded their looking behaviour. Females looked at the masculine face longer than at the feminine face in more trials than predicted by chance. Although there was no overall difference in average look-time between masculine and feminine faces across all trials, females looked significantly longer at masculine faces in a subset of trials for which the within-pair difference in masculinity was most pronounced. Additionally, the proportion of time subjects looked toward the masculine face increased as the within-pair difference in masculinity increased. This study provides evidence that female macaques perceive variation in male facial shape, a necessary condition for intersexual selection to operate on such a trait. It also highlights the potential impact of perceptual thresholds on look-time experiments.

scholarly journals Experimental evidence that female rhesus macaques ( Macaca mulatta ) perceive variation in male facial masculinity

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 181415 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin A. Rosenfield ◽  
Stuart Semple ◽  
Alexander V. Georgiev ◽  
Dario Maestripieri ◽  
James P. Higham ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Macaca Mulatta ◽  
Rhesus Macaques ◽  
Female Mate Choice ◽  
Primate Species ◽  
Necessary Condition ◽  
Sexually Dimorphic ◽  
Face Shape ◽  
Facial Masculinity ◽  
Facial Shape ◽  
Free Ranging

Among many primate species, face shape is sexually dimorphic, and male facial masculinity has been proposed to influence female mate choice and male–male competition by signalling competitive ability. However, whether conspecifics pay attention to facial masculinity has only been assessed in humans. In a study of free-ranging rhesus macaques, Macaca mulatta , we used a two-alternative look-time experiment to test whether females perceive male facial masculinity. We presented 107 females with pairs of images of male faces—one with a more masculine shape and one more feminine—and recorded their looking behaviour. Females looked at the masculine face longer than at the feminine face in more trials than predicted by chance. Although there was no overall difference in average look-time between masculine and feminine faces across all trials, females looked significantly longer at masculine faces in a subset of trials for which the within-pair difference in masculinity was most pronounced. Additionally, the proportion of time subjects looked toward the masculine face increased as the within-pair difference in masculinity increased. This study provides evidence that female macaques perceive variation in male facial shape, a necessary condition for intersexual selection to operate on such a trait. It also highlights the potential impact of perceptual thresholds on look-time experiments.

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